Reflections on Key Issues in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in 2024

Introduction

As we delve into the dynamics of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in 2024, it becomes evident that this sector, while vital for many communities in Africa, is fraught with challenges that require urgent attention. Not only has it been a source of livelihood for communities, but ASM has emerged as a significant player in the global critical minerals market, particularly in the context of the clean energy transition. This overview examines key issues, developments, and trends affecting ASM in Africa. The reflections presented here aim to synthesize the key issues observed throughout the year, highlighting the interconnections between economic necessity, environmental sustainability, and social justice.

The Dual Nature of ASM: Economic Lifeline vs. Environmental Burden

Artisanal and small-scale mining serves as a crucial economic lifeline for millions of individuals worldwide. It provides employment and income in regions where alternative livelihoods are scarce. However, this economic benefit often comes at a significant environmental cost. Significant issues has been noted in Zimbabwe where riverbed mining has been rampant. The major river systems such as Mutare River, Mbembesi River and Mazowe river has been affected. The government made significant efforts to ban river bed mining through policies.

In Ghana, the environmental impact of galamsey, or illegal small-scale mining, has been profound, resulting in extensive pollution of water bodies, significant land degradation, and widespread deforestation. The activities associated with galamsey have led to severe contamination of major rivers such as the Pra and Ankobra, making them unsafe for domestic and agricultural use due to high levels of toxic substances like mercury and cyanide. Additionally, the destruction of forests and agricultural lands has not only harmed local ecosystems but has also threatened food security by reducing arable land necessary for farming. The cumulative effects of these practices contribute to a significant ecological crisis in Ghana, undermining both the environment and public health

The use of hazardous materials, particularly mercury in gold extraction, has devastating effects on local ecosystems and public health. Despite across Africa to reduce mercury use in the ASGM sector. It continues to be a viable recovery chemical. The mercury is burnt in open air releasing significant portions into the environment. Where there is development, adoption of mechanized equipment to concentrate the ore has been prominent.

Mercury exposure is a significant public health concern due to its widespread presence in the environment and its serious health effects. Awareness of the sources of mercury and preventive measures are crucial for minimizing risk, especially for vulnerable mining communities and populations such as pregnant women and young children.

Reflecting on this duality, it is clear that the challenge lies in finding a balance between sustaining livelihoods and protecting the environment. The push for sustainable mining practices must not only focus on reducing environmental harm but also consider how to support miners in transitioning to safer methods. This requires a concerted effort from governments, NGOs, and the private sector to invest in cleaner technologies and training programs.

Health and Safety: A Persistent Challenge

The health risks associated with ASM are alarming. Miners often work under perilous conditions without adequate safety measures or access to healthcare. Reports of silicosis and mercury poisoning are stark reminders of the human cost of unregulated mining activities. Silicosis as a risk factor in the ASGM in Zimbabwe has been attributed to dry drilling activities in the sector. Training and awareness programs on silicosis are crucial.

In reflecting on these health challenges, it becomes apparent that any effort to improve ASM must prioritize the well-being of its workers. This includes implementing strict safety regulations and providing education on health risks. Moreover, enhancing access to healthcare services for miners and their families is essential for fostering healthier communities.

Human Rights: A Call for Justice

The human rights issues embedded within ASM are profound. The prevalence of child labour, gender inequality, and lack of legal protections for workers highlights systemic injustices that must be addressed. Many miners operate without formal recognition, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation. Several African countries does not recognise artisanal mining rights as fundamental to formalisation efforts and regularisation of artisanal mining activities. Key lessons can be learnt from Zambia and Kenya as they have successfully integrated artisanal mining into the mainstream economic activities.

This year has seen increasing advocacy for stronger legal frameworks that uphold workers' rights within the ASM sector. Reflecting on these efforts, it is crucial to recognize that empowering miners- especially women and marginalized groups- can lead to more equitable outcomes. Initiatives aimed at formalizing ASM operations can help protect workers’ rights while promoting economic stability. Fellow advocate of the artisanal mining sector, once mentioned

What does it mean to empower women in the artisanal and small-scale mining sector when the environment is so unsafe? It raises serious concerns about their well-being and safety, almost as if we are sending them into perilous situations.

However the activities of women in mining has increased significantly with key institutions driving the narrative on the potential of women as drivers of the mining sector.

Supply Chain Transparency: An Ethical Imperative

The integration of ASM into global supply chains presents significant ethical dilemmas. Companies sourcing minerals from ASM operations face challenges in ensuring that their practices do not contribute to human rights abuses or environmental degradation.

Reflecting on the importance of supply chain transparency, it is clear that businesses must adopt rigorous due diligence processes. This not only enhances corporate responsibility but also fosters trust with consumers increasingly concerned about ethical sourcing. The call for greater transparency is not merely a regulatory requirement; it is an ethical imperative that can drive positive change within the ASM sector.

Policy Developments: A Path Forward

In 2024, there has been a notable shift toward recognizing ASM as an integral component of national economic strategies. Governments are beginning to acknowledge the potential benefits of regulating this sector while promoting sustainable practices.

Reflecting on these policy developments, it is encouraging to see frameworks being established that emphasize collaboration among stakeholder- governments, civil society, and private sectors. Such partnerships are essential for creating an inclusive approach that addresses the multifaceted challenges facing ASM.

Conclusion: Towards a Sustainable Future for ASM

As we reflect on the key issues surrounding artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in 2024, it is clear that this sector stands at a crucial juncture. The interplay between economic necessity, environmental sustainability, and social justice presents both challenges and opportunities.

Moving forward, it is imperative for all stakeholders to engage in meaningful dialogue to foster sustainable practices within ASM. Prioritizing health and safety, addressing human rights concerns, ensuring supply chain transparency, and developing supportive policies will pave the way for a more equitable future for artisanal miners worldwide.

The ASM sector faces critical challenges but also significant opportunities for reform. Addressing environmental impacts, health risks, and human rights issues will be essential for fostering sustainability. As global demand for minerals—especially those crucial for clean energy- continues to rise, integrating ASM into broader economic frameworks becomes increasingly important.

In conclusion, these reflections underscore the need for a holistic approach to ASM that acknowledges its complexities while striving for solutions that benefit both people and the planet. The path ahead may be fraught with challenges, but with commitment and collaboration, we can transform the artisanal mining sector into a force for good in our global community. This version streamlines the text while preserving its core message and urgency.