Reactive Power Compensation And Voltage Control Courses

Reactive power is the resultant power in watts of an AC circuit when the current waveform is out of phase with the waveform of the voltage, usually by 90 degrees if the load is purely reactive and is the result of either capacitive or inductive loads.

An example often used is the powering of an incandescent light bulb. In a reactive load energy flows toward the load half the time, whereas in the other half power flows from it, which gives the illusion that the load is not dissipating or consuming power.

Reactive power is also called "phantom power" because it is not apparent where it goes. It is common knowledge that reactive loads such as capacitors and inductors do not actually dissipate power in a sense that it is not used to power them but measuring the voltage and current around them indicates the fact that they drop voltage and draw current.

There are three types of power present in loaded circuits:

• Reactive power — The dissipated power resulting from inductive and capacitive loads measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR)
• True power — The actual amount of power in watts being dissipated by the circuit
• Apparent power — The combination of reactive and true power measure in volt-amperes (VA)

Reactive power can be expressed as

Q = S sin ?

Q = VI sin ?

Q = P tan ?

Where S = apparent power and P = active power.

Reactive power compensation is defined as the management of reactive power to improve the performance of alternating-current (ac) power systems. In general, the problem of reactive power compensation is related to load and voltage support.

In load support the objectives are to increase the value of the system power factor, to balance the real power drawn from the ac supply, to enhance voltage regulation, and to eliminate current harmonic components produced by large and fluctuating nonlinear industrial loads.

Reactive power is both the solution and problem to the power system network for several reasons. It plays an important role in the electrical power system for various functions such as satisfying the reactive power requirement, improving the voltage profiles, decreasing the network loss, providing sufficient reserve to ensure system security in emergencies, and other several functions.

Voltage support is generally required to reduce voltage fluctuation at a given terminal of a transmission line. Reactive power compensation in transmission systems also improves the stability of the ac system by increasing the maximum active power that can be transmitted.

Blackouts occur when control of voltage is lost. Equipment on the grid is designed to operate at certain voltages. Low voltage means higher current, and for a transmission line if the current is too high it can surpass the lines current rating. Once the lines current rating is surpassed it can eventually burn down.

For protection, relays are used to protect equipment on the grid. There are both undervoltage and overvoltage relays that will disconnect equipment if the voltage is too low or high. If the voltage is too high, then arcing can occur which can damage equipment.

Also, low voltage leads to high current which increases losses in the system. That is also why higher voltages are preferred for long distance transmission lines.

Voltage control also deals with power system simulations. In a simulation, low voltage can lead to a voltage collapse. When solving the power flow equation using iterative methods, each previous solution feeds into the next equation. Step by step with each solution the voltage can decay leading to a system failure.

In the world of the physical this voltage collapse does not occur but rather transmission lines would trip out due to undervoltage relays which could lead to a cascading grid failure.

Reactive Power Compensation and Voltage Control Courses

Tonex offers Reactive Power Compensation And Voltage Control, a 2-day course that helps you to understand the physical meaning of reactive power, fundamentals of reactive power compensations, different solutions for reactive power compensation, concept of harmonics and voltage stability.

Who Should Attend

§ All individuals who need to understand the reactive power and its compensation.

§ Power traders to understand the concept of voltage control, reactive power and load compensation.

§ Independent system operator personnel.

§ Faculty members from academic institutes who want to teach the reactive power and voltage control course.

§ Investors and contractors who plan to make investments in power industry.

§ Designers who want to design a system considering all the aspects of stability.

§ Professionals in other energy industries.

§ Marketing people who need to know the background of the products they sell.

§ Electric utility personnel who recently started career in power systems or having new job responsibilities.

§ Technicians, operators, and maintenance personnel who are or will be working at industry or power system related companies.

§ Managers, accountants, and executives of power system industry.

§ Scientists or non-electrical engineers involved in power system related projects or proposals.

The Tonex Way

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