THE QUEENS OF AFRICA, HAVE ALWAYS BEEN INFLUENTIAL, FORCEFUL AND REMEMBERED, FOR THEIR LEADERSHIP AND CHARISMA. WHERE ARE THEY NOW?

(1)SOBEKNEFERU KEMETIC(KEMET : Egyptian name for Egypt) PHARAOH 1806-1802BC She was the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty, she ruled for 3years-10 months-24 days. Sobekneferu is the 1st female Pharaoh, for whom there is confirmed proof, that she was a Kemetic Pharaoh reigning as an independent monarch. (2) HATSHEPSUT 1507-1458BC The 18th Dynasty of Kemet. The 2nd historically confirmed female Pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut came to the throne in 1478BC, her rise to power is remarkable and noteworthy, due to the the fact that : she had to use her bloodline, her education, her understanding of her religion. Her bloodline was untainted, she was the Daughter, Sister, Wife, of a male Pharaoh. (3)SHANAKDAKHETE(or SHANAKHDAKHETO) 170-160 or 170-150BC 1ST NUBIAN QUEEN OF THE KINGDOM OF KUSH She is the earliest known ruling queen of ancient Nubia. She ruled with full power, in the Meroe Empire without a king. The Meroe Empire was situated on the east bank of the Nile. Bagrawiyah was the capital city of Kush, for several centuries. Shanakdakhete played a significant role in the Meroitic religion. She styled herself as : Son of Re Lord of the two Lands. (4) QUEEN KANDAKE(CANDACE) OF THE MEROITE 40-10BC Was 1 of the greatest generals, of the ancient world. This formidable African Queen, earned fame as a military tactician, field commander, in Ethiopia. Caesar Augustus opted not to test his army, against this aggressive, fierce 1 eyed queen. He halted his army at the borders of Ethiopia, then granted an audience with the representatives of Kandake, on the island of Samos. Negotiating a peace deal, with a buffer zone. This is the 1st recorded instance, of African diplomats representing a sub-Saharan kingdom, travelling to Europe to achieve a treaty via a diplomatic solution. (5) DIHYA BERBER QUEEN 7TH CENTURY Born into the Jrawa Zenata tribe Religious and military leader, who led an indigenous resistance, against the Arab-Muslim expansion in the Maghreb. Their armies met near Meskiana(present day Algeria), where she defeated the Umayyads' encroaching army so soundly, that it retired fleeing to Cyrenaica(now Libya). Staying there for 4-5- years, before giving up the idea of, a north African hegemony. This was significant, because the Muslim armies had made notable victories against, the Eastern Roman + Sassanid Persian Empires. Dihya had 5 years of relative peace, before Musa Bin Nusayr returned, where Dihya was defeated and killed. (6) LALLA AICHA BIB ALI IBN RASHIDAL ALAMI QUEEN PIRATE MUSLIM 1485-14-7-1561 Turbulent times in Granada at 2 years of age Lalla was forced to flee to Morocco, by the Reconquista(Spanish movement wanting to expel the Moors from Spain). The family settled in Chefchaouen, where Lalla still led a privileged life; learning languages, mathematics, theology, along with other disciplines. She was married in the early 16th century, the Sultan granting her, husband, with other exiles to settle, in the ruins of Tetouan. They rebuilt the city(which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site), In 1515 after the death of her husband, she assumed all powers as the governor of the city. This is when people referred to her as, "Sayyida al-Hurra, Hakimit Titwan,"(The Honourable Great Lady, governor of Tetouen). This was a rare occurrence in Islamic society, also sadly she would be the last Queen, in Islamic history; to rule independently. After her husbands death, she refused to travel to Fez, to marry her new husband, King Ahmed al-Watassi. So he had to travel to Tetouan to marry Lalla; it was only the 2nd time, a Sultan had married outside of his capital. After this Sayyida took to piracy, to defend her coastal town, from the warring Iberians. In this new occupation she struck up a partnership with, Oruc Reis of Algiers(he was Turkish, AKA Barbarossa + Red Beard), he had used his fleet from 1504-1510, to ferry refugees from Spain to Africa, as the persecution of religious minorities intensified. In 1512 he picked up another nickname, "Gumu? Kol," (Silver Arm), due to the fact he lost his original arm, in a battle against the Spanish. Then had a replacement made, to replace it. Lalla terrorised Portuguese + Spanish shipping along the western Mediterranean. She took retribution for her families exile, becoming very wealthy in the process, from the booty + ransoms. As her power grew she became the focal point, for European negotiations, for their prisoners release. It was largely these ransoms, that were responsible for her being targeted as a pirate. Lalla ruled Tetuoan +the seas for over 30 years, until her son-in-law, Muhammad al-Hassan al-Mandri usurped her position, in October 1542. She spent her remaining days, in her childhood town, in Morocco. Sayyida was a rare, possibly unique woman + pirate, as she lived for another 20 years, until she was 75. (7) QUEEN IDIA OF BENIN MID TO LATE 15th CENTURY Mother of Esigie, the Oba who ruled from 1504-1550. She played a very significant role, in the rise + reign of her son. Being described as a great female warrior, who fought relentlessly, before as well as during her sons reign; as the Oba of the Edo. Queen Idia was instrumental in securing the title, of Oba, for Esigie, following the death of his father, Oba Ozolua. It was Idia who raised the army, to fight off his brother Arhuaran, who was beaten in the battle. Esigie became the 17th Oba of Benin, on the outcome of the battle with his brother. Esigie instituted the title of "Iyoba(Queen Mother)," conferring it on his own mother 1st; along with Eguae-Iyoba, Palace of the Queen Mother. (7) TURUNKU BAKWA SARAUNIYA OF ZAZZAU(later to become ZARIA) 16th CENTURY She had 2 daughters : Amina + Zaria, She was not originally Hausa but Fulani, having moved to Macina, with the hoard of guns she had acquired from traders, at the coast. Turunku Bakwa was a member of a warlike matriarchal clan. In 1536 she founded Zazzau, in north-central Nigeria, then changing the name to Zaria, after her youngest daughter. (8) AMINA(AKA AMINATU) QUEEN OF ZAZZAU 1533-1610(REIGN : 1576 to 1610) HAUSA WARRIOR QUEEN She grew up in her grandfathers' court, as his favourite he carried her around, instructing her in the ways of kingship, political as well as military matters. Due to the fact that matrilineal equality, allowed women to inherit the crown as well men. At the age of 16, Amina became Magajiya.(heir apparent)After the death of her parents in 1566, Aminas' brother became king, with Amina already established as a leading warrior, in her brothers' cavalry; gaining notoriety for her military skills. She is still celebrated today, in traditional Hausa praise songs as, "Amina daughter of Nikatau, a woman as capable as a man, that was able to lead men to war." After the death of her brother in 1576, Amina ascended the throne, only 3 months after being crowned queen, she waged a 34 year campaign, against her neighbours to expand the land and borders of Zazzau. Her army comprised of 20,000 foot soldiers, 1,000 cavalry all highly trained. Aminas' legacies were : i Creating trade routes throughout north Africa, ii Kola nut cultivation, iii Great Hausa fortifications known as "Ganuwar Amina."(Aminas' walls), which still stand high and proud today. (9) NZINGA MBANDE QUEEN OF THE NDONGO 1583 to 17-12-1663 In the 17th century around south-west Africa, in the region now known as Angola, it was divided into other communities. It took the influence, skill of 1 determined, astounding woman, to bring them together. Around 1583 a little girl named Nzinga, was born with her umbilical cord wrapped around her neck; this according to the soothsayer was a sign, that she would a strong individual, eventually to become queen. Her father the King of Ndongo, whose enemy were the Kongo, carried Nzinga around with him. She was privy to how he ruled his country, this all happening at the same time as Portuguese missionaries, identified Ndongo as prime target for the slave trade. It was also the missionaries, that taught the young girl Nzinga, to read and write in Portuguese, at which she became fluent; so she was able to negotiate for her father, when he required it. The king 1st worked with the Portuguese, arranging a slave trade then getting a guarantee, that his own people would be left alone. When the old king died, her brother on taking the throne, had her baby son killed, Nzinga sterilised, so he could not be overthrown. It was the Portuguese that usurped him, threw him in jail then took slaves from the Ndongo. Nzinga did not sit idly by, she went straight to the Portuguese governor, ready to demand her brother and people back. Whereupon the governor refused the Queen a chair, so Nzinga had 1 of her servants crouch, so she could be seated as well. When the negotiations ended, the Queen told the servant to rise, then in front of the governor, she slit his throat; it was then the Portuguese realised, they were not dealing with a weak willed women, she was Queen holding the lives of her subjects in her hands. It was also at this point, that Queen Nzinga was Baptised by the Portuguese, she taking the name, Anna de Souza. After the Portuguese returned her brother, both he + her nephew died. So in 1624 Nzinga became Queen of Ndongo; Nzinga then appointed all women, to her government office, including her 2 sisters, Kifunji +Mukumbu; when the Portuguese broke the peace treaty, she led her largely female warrior army against them, inflicting terrible casualties against them. she was forced to leave eventually, during which time her sister was the puppet monarch. She was also acting as spy, for the Queen so she knew what was happening, in her own country. By 1629, Queen Nzinga had formed a new colony in Matamba, hoping to take the Portuguese into a peace treaty, with an impressive harem of Dutch soldiers, to back up her credentials. Based on accounts by a certain Olfert Dapper, of the Dutch West India Company; she always had 50-60 male concubines with her, stating. "She dresses these 50-60 beautiful young men, in female garments, then dresses herself up as a man." They tried to cut off the slave trade routes, realising at the same time, that her kingdom was good for commerce, due to its position. By 1656 the Portuguese finally left, so for the last 10 years of Queen Nzingas' reign, her nation avoided any further European colonization; a success story that outlived Her Majesty. Even though it was not until 1975, that the whole of Angola gained its independence. But its fight was rooted in the body, of Her Majesty Queen Nzinga; she died in 1663, well into her 80s, she is remembered as a fierce, unrelenting, warrior Queen. She has a street named after her in Luanda, then a statue in her image, in Kinaxixi, as well as being remembered as, "The Mother of Angola." (10) THE DAHOMEY AMAZONS FEMALE LIFEGUARDS TO THE KING OF DAHOMEY(present day Benin) 17th century to 1904 From daughters to soldiers, from wives to weapons, virgins for keeps; woe betide anyone who tried to touch them, or take their virginity, instant death! They remain the only documented frontline female troops, in modern warfare history. A sub-Saharan band of female terminators, who left their European colonisers quaking in their boots. Foreign observers named them Dahomey Amazons; while they themselves referred to each other as, "N'Nomiton(our mothers). Protecting their king on the bloodiest of battlefields, they emerged as an elite fighting force, in the Kingdom of Dahomey; described as untouchable, sworn in as virgins, not allowed to marry, or indulge in sex, as they were considered wives of the king, swift decapitation their trademark in battle. At their most virulent, they made up about a third of the army, about 6,000 female warriors, according to European records they were judges to be superior to the male warrior, in all respects in bravery + effectiveness. Their history traces back to the 17th century, to when they were just a band of elephant hunters, the king seeing them was so impressed, that he decided to have them as his personal guards, while the male warriors were away, fighting elsewhere. Only the strongest, healthiest, most courageous, were chosen for the meticulous training, that would turn them into the battle hungry killing machines, the N'Nomiton, that were feared throughout Africa. For 2 centuries they were armed with machetes + Dutch muskets. They fought to the death, as defeat was not an option. Seh-Dong-Hong-Beh was their leader in 1851, under King Gezo; she led an army of 6,000 women against the Egba, a rival tribe at their fortress Abeokuta. In 1892 King Behanzin of Dahomey, fought French colonisers over trading rights, his army of 12,000 including 2,000 Amazons, trained by Seh-Dong-Hong-Beh, fought savagely, but this time neither the Kingdom, nor the N'Nomiton survived. The last surviving N'Nomiton died in 1974, her name was Nawi aged 100; she was discovered living in a remote location, in a village called Kinta. She recalled her last battle in 1892, against the French with their superior weapons, when they lost everything to them. (11) PRINCESS MKABAYI OF THE ZULU ~1750 to 1843 is acknowledged to have been a callous woman, but could have been so easily, along with her sister, dead + forgotten. Being 1 of a twin she was destined to be killed, in infancy; as according to tradition, twins were considered bad luck, a hex on the tribe. But their compassionate father King Jama, could not commit to slaying his daughters; so both Mkabayi and Mmama survived; much to the displeasure and discomfort of his tribe. They all feared the wrath, ire of their ancestors. When Mkabayi realised the Zulu yearned for an heir, she wooed Mthaniya Sibiya for her father; who King Jama eventually married. Between them they produced the required heir, naming him Senzangakhona(well-doer). But the little love she had gleaned from her nation, by achieving this, she soon lost, when she made herself regent, on the death of her father. It was unheard of in the Zulu nation, to have a female leader. But the men succumbed to her imposing nature, domineering character. As her half-brother reached his majority, she stepped aside for him. But Senzangakhona was not destined, to be king for long. After a short reign, as well as naming Shaka his heir + successor, before he died, Shaka took the throne. It was his mother Nandi, that he took advice from, put his reliance in. She who had looked after him, seen him survive, protected him from her enemies. Despite Shakas' success and forging the Zulu, into the strongest nation possible, once again the overpowering princess had other plans for the nation. She along with her nephews, Dingane + Mhlangana assassinated Shaka; then wanting Dingane to gain the throne, she herself murdered Mhlangana. She played a major role, in the history of the Zulu nation, behind the scenes, with her power, influence and ingenuity. But is now largely forgotten, because of her part in disposing of Shaka. When A Captain Gardiner, the missionary(ex-RN officer), visited the Digane + the Zulu, Mkabayi was still a powerful woman. But she died a lonely old lady, during the reign of Mpande. (12) QUEEN NANDI MOTHER OF SKAKA THE ZULU 1760 to 10-10-1827 Nandi was the daughter of a past chief of the Bhebhe; she was feisty, strong willed, forceful; apparently a 19th century Aphrodite. It was not long, before she caught the eye of Senzangakhona, prince of the Zulu; who impregnated her out of wedlock. Her tribe and she demanded damages for this incursion; but a highly placed relative to the prince, stated that, the girl was not pregnant, but suffering from a stomach ailment, caused by the iShaka beetle; on which menstrual irregularities were usually blamed. When her son was born, she named him Shaka, to show it was no beetle, that was in her stomach. She also referred to him as, "Umlilwana = Little Blazing Fire." Nandi spent time at his fathers Kraal, but the relationship deteriorated so she left, later her son being returned to her. She had returned to her own people, but suffered at their hands as well, with famine, enemies and assasination attempts. She had humiliation, rejection, disparagement, insults heaped upon her. Nandi was a resourceful, resilient woman, she knew her own worth, fostering these ideas, thoughts upon her own children; they all evolved into strong individuals, because of this. She and her children were finally accepted, by Chief Dingiswayo of the Mthethwa tribe, where they were warmly received. Nandi found this settlement a very pleasant place, to settle with Shaka, Ngwadi + Nomcoba, her 3 children. The chief even naming Shaka, as his successor, before he was assassinated ~1817; also his father had died ~1815. So Shaka forced his leadership, upon the Zulu as well as the Mthethwa. Under Shaka the Zulu, they became a powerful, mythical, legendary force, of some 40,000 strong; which included his established female regiments, who were inspired by his warrior mother, whom he adored, in a goddess-like fashion. Respecting all women with their thoughts and ideas. (13) QUEEN RANAVALONA I (Born : Rabodoadrianampoinimerina,(a commoner) also called Ramavo, ((AKA RANAVALOMANJAKA I)) SOVEREIGN OF MADAGASCAR 1828-1861)) ~1778 to 16-8-1861 After positioning herself as Queen, following the death of her young husband, Radama I; she pursued a policy of isolationism + self-sufficency, reducing all political ties with the European powers. Repelling a French Attack on the coastal town of Foulpointe, eradicating the Malagasy Christian movement, initiated by Radama I with the London Missionary Society. She made regular use, of the traditional practise of "Fanompoana,"(forced labour as a tax payment)to complete public works projects, developing a standing army of 20 -30,000 Merina soldiers, whom she deployed to pacify outlying regions, of the island; to further expand her realm. The combination of, regular warfare, disease, difficult forced labour, harsh trails by ordeal, using a poisonous nut from the Tangena shrub, resulted in a high mortality rate; among both soldiers and civilians. During her reign of 33 years as Queen, the island population dwindled from 5m in 1833, to 2.5m in 1839. Her son Radama II tried to mitigate policies, for when he took over as king; but his forward planning never bared fruit, as he never took the throne until 1861, the year of his mothers death at 83. Her reign, was considered by the Europeans, that she was a tyrant and insane. But in the mid-1970s, research recast Ranavalona decisions + actions, as that of a sovereign, those of a Queen trying to expand her realm, protecting the Malagasy sovereignty; against European incursions, encroachment, with their cultural and political influence. Which was completely different, to her heritage, culture, which she did not want to loose. (14) QUEEN MANTHATISI OF THE TLOKWA(BIRTH NAME : MONYALUE) ~1784 to 1847 Was dreaded in the early 19th century, as she led strong men to ward off, enemies including the British(who referred to her as the Manthatisi Horde). Apparently her favourite weapon was the battle axe, she was beautiful, intelligent, regal and all powerful. She protected her territory, during the southern African slave trade. The people of Batlokoa where she ruled fell in love with her; she was just a queen, but the soul of the army she engineered and ruled. Queen Manthatisi was very influential across southern Africa, in her time, with some chiefs surrendering to her, instead of going to war. She the queen had a diminutive stature, appearance, but was strong in character; earning the plaudit as a brave warrior; also at some time her people nicknamed her, " Mosayane."(the tiny one) The queen fell in love with a chief, from a neighbouring village; which when the union was consummated, produced 4 sons. She shot to fame when her husband died, and her son Sekonyela was too young to take the throne; so she the mother stepped in, claiming the Consort as acting regent, of the Batlokoa(near present day Lesotho). Her kingdom came under intense attack many times, she repelling the enemy forces, with her army. The Queen had a kraal called Nkwe,(the Leopard), so she was referred to as, "Queen of the Wild Cat People." Her kraal was placed high on a ridge, with sharp + rocky sides, which stayed in place for 150 years. In 1823 the Batlokoa were asleep, were attacked by the Mpangazita, it was the time of the harvest, when the Cat People were eating frugally, they were taken by surprise but moved on to the Marabong Mountains, which was to become their new home. Then 1 day the Botswana chief Makaba of the Bangwaketsi stood up to her army, he prepared traps, ambushes, his army had been better fed, so the surprise element unseating the queen and her army. At her behest they retreated, back to the east, where she relinquished her authority, power to her son, now he was of an age to take his throne. Queen Manthatisi died ~1835, was buried in Ficksburg, Free State, South Africa(in or around Jwala-Boholo - Majestic Mountain.) On 15-6-2004 the South African Navy honoured the queen, by naming a submarine after her, "SAS MANTHATISI." (15) LINGEER(QUEEN) NDATE YALLA MBODJ ~1810-1860 Yalla took over the throne, from her older sister Njembot Mbodj(~1800 to 1846 or 1811 to 1846). Njembot took over the throne, at a very early age, because of the death of her parents. Lingeer Yalla was the last great queen of the Waalo, a kingdom in the north/west of Senegal. She was the heroine of the resistance, against the French and the Moors invasions. She was also the mother of, Sidya Leon Diop(Sidya Ndate Yalla Diop), who went on to become 1 of the greatest resistance to, the colonisation to Senegal. Yalla was officially crowned Lingeer of the Waalo, 1-10-1846. Her reign was marked by an ongoing defiance, to the French, who she fought a fierce battle. By 1847 she opposed the free passage, of the Sarakole' people, by sending a letter to the governor of St. Louis. She also repelled and fought the Moors, along with the army led by Louis Faidherbe, the butcher-bandit who later became governor, of St. Louis. 10 years into her reign in 1855, she encountered this colonialist pirate Louis Faidherbe, with an army of 15,000; fully armed, ready to fight, ready to dethrone her, then to colonise Waalo + Senegal. He defeated her army. The same year she decried the fact, that foreigners were setting their feet on her land, to the countries dignitaries. In the course of her reign, like a true Lingeer, developed the female army, as 1 of the most formidable forces within her country. The story of this Senegambia queen, is best amplified in the true oral tradition. She later went into exile in Ndimb, in the northern part of Waalo; finally passing away in Dagana. Where a statue stands in the main square, in her honour. The only 1 erected in honour of a queen, nationwide. (16) PRINCESS OMO' BA(meaning : child of a king) AINA(sometimes spelt :INA) OF WEST AFRICA. (new name given the the princess, on her journey to England : SARAH FORBES BONETTA : 3 children : daughters, Victoria, Stella, son, Arthur ) 1843 to 15-8-1880Aina was high ranking Yoruba female, when she was born. At the age of 5, she became an orphan after the death of her parents, due to the King of Dahomey, killing them in a slave hunt. She was taken captive, staying that way for 2 years. In 1850 a Captain Frederick E Forbes RN, an emissary from Britain, who was now trying to stem the flow of the slave trade, as it was now illegal in Great Britain, had been since 1833. As an emissary of the crown, he visited King Gezo of Dahomey, trying to get him to desist, in his savage slave onslaughts, but he refused. Even considering this there was an exchange of gifts, which included the passing of the princess, over the Captain. Which has led historians to believe, that this action saved the young girl, from either death or enslavement. On the journey back to England, the Captain felt the need to give her a new name, so he gave her a rebirth as, Sarah Forbes Bonetta; giving her his surname + plus the name of the ship, she was travelling on. In England, the young princess was presented to Queen Victoria, who was very taken with the young lady. She gave Sarah to a Church Missionary Society, to be educated, but suffering from fragile health, was sent to the Annie Walsh Memorial School in Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1851. When she was 12, she returned to England being placed in the charge of, the Schoen family, who were ex-missionaries, living in Gillingham. Kent. Their daughter Annie told how Sarah took to studying, learning English, French, also having a great talent for music. When Sarah was 19, a Sierra Leone merchant, James Pinson Labulo Davies, declared an interest in Sarah; having met very briefly in Freetown. Much against Sarahs will and misgivings, Queen Victoria gave her consent; whereupon the couple were married on 14-8-1862, at St. Nicholas Church, Brighton, Sussex. As her status as a protegee of Queen Victoria, the wedding was a very lavish affair, with the Bishop of Sierra Leone officiating, at the ceremony. There were reports of, 10 horse drawn carriages, along with 16 bridesmaids, as part of ceremony too. After the wedding, as most of his business was in Africa, the couple moved to Sierra Leone, then onto Lagos. Sarah was already suffering from tuberculosis, so she moved to Maderia, hoping the temperate climate would help her. But she died out there, at the age of 37. Her eldest daughter Victoria, had been presented to the Queen. Upon the death of Sarah her mother, Queen Victoria wrote in her dairy, " Saw poor Victoria Davies, my godchild, who learnt this morning, of the death of her dear mother." Also so proud was Queen Victoria, that when her godchild passed her music examination, all the teachers and children received 1 days holiday. (17) MADAM YOKO OF SIERRA LEONE(BIRTH NAME : SOMA) ~1849-1906 Mammy Yoko was a leader of the Mende of Sierra Leone. She ruled the 14 tribes of the KPA Mende Confederacy, with alliances, intermarriages and judicious force. She herself married 3 times, becoming "Queen of the Sennehoo," with the marriage + death of her 3rd husband. With her Confederation, she was the leader of the largest tribal group, in 19th c. Sierra Leone. It was she that guided her people, through Europes scramble for Africa. At that time at least 15% of all the tribes, in Sierra Leone had female leaders. (18) QUEEN TAYTU BETUL OF ETHIOPIA ~1851 to 11-12-1918 WIFE OF MENELIK II(king of Shoa, then later Negus Negast-King of Kings) Taytu was a formidable Queen, but a short recount of her life before. Before she reached the high age of 3 months, she suffered the indignity of FGM; operated on with either : 1 shards of sharp rock, 2 unrefined slithers of glass, 3 or unclean, blunt knives. Which would indicate health risks, unadulterated pain and intense suffering, to a 3 month old baby. Next, she was either married off to, or made her own arrangements, having had 4 husbands, by the time she was 30. Then was married to the king, after she 30 years old. She used her exceptional intelligence, knowledge, to strengthen extend their power, through an adroit blend of patronages, leadership craft as well as political marriages. Determined to resist imperialist designs, meaning the insurgence of the Italians at the time, trying to claim territory in her country; if diplomacy failed she rode out with her husband, at the head of their army. It was SHE, not he, that devised the plan at Mek'ele, that gave them victory. At the siege of Mek'ele in 1896, the Italians were held in fast at a fort there, fending off all the assaults made by King Menelik II. It was Taytu who took 900 of her men to 1 side, ordering them to cut off the main water supply, to the fortress. The squad of soldiers fulfilled her request, then after 10 days of innate suffering; the Italians surrendered to the Ethiopians. A month later the war ended, with the Italians capitulating to a humiliating defeat, by the united forces of the Ethiopian army; at the battle of Adwa. The Queens presence was crucial at this victory, as it was her that drove the Ethiopian army forward, not the kings. This was the most significant victory, of any African army during the climax of the encroachment, of the disease that was European colonialism. It was Queen Taytu that founded Adis Ababa, as the capital of Ethiopia. There she stands the jewel, just as Queen Taytu dreamed it to be; to this very day. (19) QUEEN RANAVALONA II OF MADAGASCAR 1829 to 13-7-1883 Initially born into the royal family of Imerina, her birth name being Princess Ramoma. She started out as the 1st wife of King Radama II, her cousin. He then decided to marry Rasoherina, who then became queen, whilst Ramoma was relegated th being his 2nd wife. Sadly Radama II was assassinated in 1863, Rasoherina was then chosen to replace him. She passed away in 1868, then Princess Ramoma was chosen to replace her; taking the name of Ranavalona II. Her election to the throne was allegedly, to honour the dynasty founders wish, that women should rule the Imerina. But historians believe it was a contrivance, convenience by the then Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, who wanted to rule himself; with Queen Ranavalona as a figurehead, puppet. Queen Ranavalona was coronated, on the 3rd September 1868, in Andohalo Square, the 1st queen in Madagascar, to have a Christian service, with local pastors in attendance, who had been trained by the London Missionary Society. The new queen made an instant impact on the whole Malagasy society, telling everyone that they had the freedom, to follow whichever religion they liked. Polygamy would be eradicated. That education would be a priority, even for children and adolescents, including girls, up to the age of 14. Then the prime minister consolidated his power in 1869, with his marriage to the queen. British + French missionaries had been working on the island for decades, so with the start of her reign, she had instigated protestant Christianity, as the state religion. She herself had been raised as a Christian, so when she got married, her and her husband were baptised in a public ceremony; which was followed by the conversion, of most of their subjects. In 1873 +1881, they tried to copy the European blueprint, of having a central government, with the assistance of the French. But the European power got too dominant, too forceful, asking for far too much in recompense, as all they wanted to do, was fill their pockets with the riches of Madagascar. So in June 1883 the island erupted, into the French-Malagasy war, the queen urging her people to fight for their independence. She herself survived up until July 13th 1883, then dying in the capital Tananarive, at the age of 54. (20) EMPRESS ZEWDITU(literal meaning : The Crown) (Birth Name : Askala Maryam(named after an Ethiopian Flower.) 29-4-1876 to 2-4-1930 reigned as Empress from : 27-9-1916 to 2-4-1930 The 1st female head of an international country, in the 19th or 20th century. Also the 1st Empress regnant of the Ethiopian Empire. Zewditus' parents separated when she was very young, but she was raised in her fathers court, along with his consort. In 1886 when she was 10, was put into an arranged marriage, with the future heir, Araya Selassie Yohannes, when he was 13. Her reign was not an easy one, with everyone trying to direct her, supposedly to meet their own needs, as most male despots do. But she had her own mind, which enabled her to get her own way, some of the time. Her eventual husband(her 3rd), died in a battle. The Empress suffered with diabetes, was also suffering from typhoid, at the time of his death, she followed him a few days later. The declaration of her death, then as now is undecided, whether it was due to a broken heart, due to her husbands' sudden death. Or, that her body was immersed in a large vat, of cold holy water, to cure the typhoid. Her body just could not take the shock of the cold water, died there and then. (21) QUEEN RANAVALONA LAST SOVEREIGN OF MADAGASCAR (Birth Name : Princess Razafindrahety) 22-11-1861 to 23-5-1917 (Ruled from 30-7-1883 to 28-2-1897) Because of her lineage it was her birth-right, to become queen at the next succession. At a very young age she was given to slaves, of the royal family, to be catered for; it is also believed she lived with them, until she was old enough, to go into the royal training programme. At the right age her great-aunt, Ranavalona II took her into the royal palace, for her extensive education. Those around her were told, that she was to be given the royal treatment, lessons and a private education were forthcoming, from the tutors at the London Missionary Society. Throughout her stay at the palace, the young princess was described as, highly intelligent, patient, humble, an industrious young lady; who learnt exceedingly well whatever the subject matter. Even to the point of helping the slaves with their daily chores, perhaps due to the fact, she spent that time living amongst them. She also loved reading the Bible; subsequently she was baptised as a protestant, 5-4-1874. After her private tuition, she advanced to the Congregational School of Ambatonakanga High School for Girls; followed by further tuition at the London Missionary Society main campus. Throughout her education, she was known as 1 of the brightest girls + royals ever. But right after school her independence ended, at a very tender age; she was married off to a nobleman named Ratrimo. But this was short lived, as he was killed probably by the self-possessed, self-gratifying prime minister, who had eyes for the young girl himself. She was left as a widow, at the very young age of 22, on 8-5-1883. But with life changing results for her, shortly afterwards. On the 13-7-1883 she was declared queen, after the death of her great aunt Ranavalona II, the young girls' coronation taking place on the 22-11-1883, still at the age of 22. Also by design and consequence, she was to marry the prime minister, just as he had one to her 2 predecessors. She was to be a mere symbol, a superficial tool in place for his benefit; while he dictated all the official business of the country. But the queen was not 1 to stand on ceremony, or stay in the background, being completely ignored by her counterpart. During her reign she won the hearts of the slaves, insisting they be treated as equals in the community, she paid visits to hospitals, schools, especially girls schools, soldiers in their barracks, she gave speeches; accepted invitations from anyone that requested her presence, at ceremonies and/or dinners. As a queen she was very passionate, about maintaining its independence and royalty, preventing at all costs the intervention of the French, with its intentions of trying to take it over. The 1st step she took was to establish strong trade ties with the UK + USA; then in 1886 she solicited or attempted to engage with Grover Cleveland, the then US president, to help her block the French, but they showed no interest in her communications. So this led her to signing a treaty with the French, giving them certain manipulations in her country, to prevent a war taking place; but the Francs wanted full control, keeping them at bay until 1-1-1896, when finally the greedy, undignified Francs declared Madagascar, as their own. In the same breath they also exiled the queen and her husband, he left for Algeria dying inb 1897. But the queen and her family remained, with the Francs removing all the tools of power, from her grasp. But Queen Ranavalona III remained resolute, still performing her duties, keeping the peace, tranquillity, equilibrium, among her subjects; despite the accusations, fake news pumped out by the French islanders, that she was instigating a rebellion. The Francs feared an uprising, deciding not to kill the queen, instead exiling her on the 27-2-1897; telling her she had to leave the palace, the country, by 1am that Saturday. The queen was escorted from the palace, by a courtage of close to 400 officials, which officially annulled the royal family of Madagascar. They were sent to Algeria, where the queen received them very warmly at her palace. Ranavalona III made several attempts to return, sending 2 letters 1 in 1910, 1 in 1912, seeking to gain access to her island home. But fearing she may start a revolution, rebellion, she was refused. She eventually died in Algeria 23-5-1917. After her death, the body of the great honourable personage, was allowed back onto the island, after several requests, 21 years later. Her body was exhumed in November 1938, then buried in the Tomb of Queen Rasoherina. (22) EMPRESS CONSORT WOIZERO MENEN ASFAW OF ETHIOPIA(Baptismal Name : Walatta Glyorgis) 3-4-1891 to 15-12-1962 (Coronation 2-11-1930) Menen had been married 3 times, before her actual marriage to the Emperor Haile Selassie. Once they were married, she was his most trusted advisor, in all things official and otherwise. She was a leading patroness, of the Ethiopian Red Cross. The founder of The Empress Menen School for Girls in Adis Ababa. The 1st all girl school, that took boarders and day pupils. In 1936 she was exiled during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, 1936-1941. Then in 1960, she and her family were placed under house arrest, during the Imperial Guard coup. In 1962 she was buried in The Holy Trinity Cathedral, in Adis Ababa. Also both she and her husband, are revered, venerated by the Rastafari Movement; considered to the Alpha King + Omega Queen, which highlights the beginning and the end, of an era. Due to the fact that, Alpha is the 1st letter in the Greek alphabet, Omega being the last. (23) QUEEN SORAYA TARZI LEADER FEMINIST PROGRESSIVE INTELLECTUAL MOTHER WIFE 24-11-1899 to 20-4-1968(Princess Consort 28-2-1919 to 9-6-1926 Queen Consort 9-6-1926 to 14-1-1929) The daughter of a liberal intellectual, who had been exiled; then invited to come back to Afghanistan. Soraya was born in Damascus, which was part of the Ottoman Empire. She was home schooled by her father, then the family were invited to Kings' court, that is where Soraya met the prince, there was a connection almost straight away. Prince Amunallah and Soraya were married in the Qawm-i-Bagh Palace, Kabul, Afghanistan. When Prince Amunallah became King on 20-2-1919, he was formerly known as : His Majesty Amir al-Mumenin Amanu'llah Shah, Sarkar -i-wala, King of Afghanistan. The Queen became his comrade in arms, a leading light not only in the Muslim world, but in the outside world too. She was always at her husbands side at national events, hunts, cabinet meetings, even with him talking to wounded soldiers, during the war of independence. She was the 1st Consort, to appear with the King in public, he also made her Minister of Education. In 1928 on their tour of Europe, they were both given honorary degrees from Oxford. She opened the 1st school for girls, then in 1927 with her mother, founded the countrys 1st womens magazine titled, "Ershad-I-NBiswan,"(Guidance for Women) At a public function the King was talking, finishing his speech thus. "Islam did not require women to cover their bodies, or wear any kind of special veil." With that Queen Soraya tore off her veil in public, with the wives of the other officials doing the same. Between them they made plans, to make Afghanistan more progressive, the elimination of the hijab, education for women, womens active participation in the social, economic, political, cultural processes, of their society. But it would seem, it was too much too soon; in 1928 the elders remonstrated with a rebellion; the royal family abdicated and went to live in Rome. PRINCESS OMO-OBA(child of a king) ADENRELE ADEMOLA OF ABEOKUTA MIDWIFE/NURSE NIGERIA 1916-? How are we to be considered a noble nation? If we are not inclusive, if all we do is just announce ourselves, as an invading force; set upon exterminating all before us, believing we are righteous, that everyone elses' heritage, culture, history aspires to nothing, is of no importance, because we say so? That we set the standard, who gave us the right to domineer, create injustice, spark conflict; it creates a fog, mist of immorality, insensitivity, debasement. It is time to set the record straight, for us to beholden to the African Woman, African Girl, African Princess, the African Rural Female; who has no way of defending herself, from either her own nation of males, or an invading force, bent on corrupting, tainting, despoiling everything it touches. Instead of looking back at past mistakes, which cannot be corrected. Trying to align their misdeeds to how we perceive things today. We need to look forward, in front of us of what is today; not the shadow that has been left, by our dark, depressive disillusioned past. Shine a light on the new tomorrow, by being 1 nation today. Go beyond the horizon, for the sake of our children and theirs; venture past the physical boundary, to ensure a tomorrow exists where we survive together, hand in hand. Where in fact there is no BLACK LIFE, only life that lives together in harmony. Where there is Kenyan, Luo, Swahili, Nigerian, Igbo, Yoruba, Moroccan, Colombian, Peruvian, Crow, Inuit, Sioux, Filipino, Eskimo, Romanian, Tibetan, Aboriginals, Maori, European. Where all life matters, regardless of creed, culture, heritage, history, where we all matter to one another; where we all hold each other in high esteem. So with all that in mind, let me share a story, of a west African princess that came to England, shared herself with the NHS; along with so many others has been largely forgotten, because no-one bothered. She was the Omo-Oba of the Alake of Abeokuta, a significant king in south-west Nigeria. She came over here at her fathers bequest, to learn nursing. She attended school in Somerset in 1936. Then the young princess started a life + career, of over 30 years in the British NHS. some of which was captured on a lost film, taken and produced by the Colonial Film Unit named simply, "Nurse Ademola." Adenrele arrived in Britain aged 22, via Plymouth on 29-6-1935. She resided in the Africa Hostel, Camden Town, established by the West African Students Union; a significant social + political organisation, for west Africans in Britain. The space acted as a haven for Adenrele as well as many others on their arrival, in the early 20th century. The hostel is noted as her residence, until her return to Lagos, Nigeria in 1936. She returned on the steamship(of the Elder Dempster Shipping Line) "ABA," by way of Liverpool, on the 4-5-1937; with her father, her brother Prince Ademola III, the future Chief Justice for the Federation of Nigeria; as guests of the Coronation of King George VI. At this time Princess Adenrele balanced her role as princess, nurse, with the protocols required of her royal standing. The film shows her input, into our small island, which was probably awkward at the time; it also shows the lack of support, appreciation, assistance, we gave our African sisters then, which has not changed, even now. It shows consistent, symbolic insistence that the African Sister, African Woman, African Girl, African Female Child, is invisible, intrusive, worthless unseen! THIS IS NOT THE CASE. THIS IS UNTRUE. The African Womans input, knowledge, skills, capabilities, are immeasurable, priceless. She is the mother that holds us together, the tendon, sinew that is knitted into her continent, holding it together. Here this princess, is mentioned in the British Journal of Nursing, January 1938, as being a nurse at Guys Hospital, London. Then her profession showing, on The Register of Nurses 1946, studying from 1937 to 1941, passing her exams, at Guys, 27-6-1941, her registration number : 110366. After her return in 1937, she is shown as a midwife, at the St. Saviours Ward, Guys Hospital 1939. Registered Nursed at Guys 27-6-1941. Then she moved to the Queen Charlotte Maternity Hospital, London, 1941. Then Adenrele was a midwife at NewEnd Hospital, Hampstead, London. Then finally, at the Bamoral Hostel, Queensgate Gardens, South Kensington, in 1949. (24) BATEBE(Princess Royal) ELIZABETH CHRISTOBEL EDITH BAGAAYA AKIIKI OF TOORO LAWYER MODEL ACTRESS MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AMBASSADOR TO USA, GERMANY, THE VATICAN. UGANDAS HIGH COMMISSIONER IN NIGERIA. UGANDA 1936 Elizabeth started her education in Uganda, at the prestigious Gayaza High School for Girls, in Buganda. Then continuing her education in England, at Sherborne Girls School, in Dorset. Then from there the Batebe went to Girton College, Cambridge, to study Law, Politics, History. In 1965 she graduated, which made her the 1st female east African, to be called the English Bar; also making her the 1st female lawyer, that was available in Uganda; when she returned in 1965, due to the passing of her father. At this time she was also given the title of "Batebe." As well as becoming the chief advisor, to the new King of Tooro, who was her brother. This all happened at the same time, as Milton Obote was creating havoc within his own country, making it unsafe for the royals that were there. Princess Margaret was on hand, to invite the Batebe to a London charity fashion show, asking if she would model for them. This where her short modelling career started, highlighting her elegance, beauty, enhanced stature, also making her the 1st African royal, to become an international model. Then at the invitation of Jackie Onassis, she went over to New York, where she was an instant success. In 1967 she appeared in Vogue, Ebony and Life. Then in June 1969, she had her own 4 page spread, in Vogue; in November the same year, she was the 1st African female, to appear on the cover of Harpers Bazzar. Elizabeth also appeared in films, "Bullfrog in the Sun," Cotton comes to Harlem," "Sheena Queen of the Jungle." The Batebe returned to Uganda in 1971, where on his rise to power, Idi Amin offered her the job of, Minister of Foreign Affairs; the young lady accepted the job, but when she refused to marry him, she was fired.( February to November 1974). In 1980, she found herself fleeing to Kenya, to escape persecution from those plotting against her. She and her boyfriend eventually made it to England, then getting married in 1981. Then from 1986 to 1988, she was Ambassador to the USA; followed by posts to Germany, the Vatican City, sadly her husband died in a plane crash. Then going home once again, Elizabeth became the High Commissioner for Uganda to Nigeria. (25) SUNDAY APRIL 28 1996 : THE BODY OF ZULU PRINCESS NONHLANHLA 35 years old, DEAD! She was discovered hacked and stabbed to death, in the grounds of a workers dormitory, controlled by the Zulu nationalist Inkatha Freedom Party. The hostel is on the doorstep, of the Mbelebeleni Palace, where the assailants armed with guns, wooden clubs and spears, attacked the royal family. She(born 1961) is a direct descendent of the 19th century, Zulu King Mpande. Princess Nonhlanhla disappeared Thursday night(25th April), during a gang attack, on the royal residence in KwaMashu township, near Durban. Her body was found on Friday, in a soccer field at the workers' dormitory'. Police said Saturday, " The murder is expected to heighten tensions, in the region, which has been plagued by political violence. They(the police), believe the attackers came from the dormitory." Last August(1995), the police raided the hostel in search of weapons, they were met by violence and exchanged gunfire, which resulted in the death of 8 people. King Goodwill Zwelithini broke with the Inkatha leader, Mangosutha Buthelezi in 1994, since then tensions between the Zulu Royal Family + IFM, have escalated and got more fractious. CONTINUING THE REPORT : FRIDAY MAY 3RD 1996 0100 HOURS. South African police have arrested 9 people, for the attack on the Zulu kings' palace, in which 1 of his wives,Queen Buhle Mamalte, plus 1 of his daughters, Princess Sibusile, were both injured. The suspects were arrested at a workers hostel, in KwaMashu, according to the provincial police commissioner, Mr. Chris Serfontein. The township a stronghold of the IFM + leader Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. The arrests were made in the early hours, with 2 firearms being recovered as well. They will appear in court, on Monday 6th May, on charges of murder and attempted murder. (26) ZULU PRINCESS GCWALISILE CYNTHIA KABANYANE DOCTORATE DEGREE AUTHOR CHARITY CEO THE PRINCESS WITH A HEART AND HOPE FOR HER PEOPLE Founder + MD Qolothani Makhosikazi Social + Cultural Services(Founded : 2009). The 1st female Zulu Royal, to receive a Doctorate Degree (University of Toronto, Canada) 2011 : (i) Local Hero Award from Nedbank. (ii) The Inyathelo Award for Community Philanthropy. A 1st born female child, who was given a full education; parents with vision, intent and looking after her future, is that rare? She uses her charity to further the steps, of the welfare of women and children. Due to her late father, Prince Gideon Layukona, being a politician, the family business was disrupted by the brutal deaths of her brothers. Prince Mazwendoda who managed the family business; then her youngest brother Prince Mzobanzi, who was in his 2nd year of studies, at the University of Zululand. His killers were never found. Princess Cynthia fears the woes of South Africa, will never be eradicated, due to the corruption, abuse of power, national injustices, greed, any type of of people management, stolen wealth that the politicians try to hide. With all that they still turn a blind eye, to the "rampant killing of women and children." Most of her work is achieved in her home township of Mbekweni, Paarl. At the heart of her organisation, is children, as they try to care for children-headed families and schools. Mbekweni + Imboniselo Primary Schools are her prime subjects, where the use of art, culture, tribal/national heritage, are the tools used to enhance and visualise, the childs vision of the future. She also organises conferences and workshops, to ensure social interaction, to introduce new skills to the women; as well as addressing injustices and human rights. 2011 INYATHELO AWARD FOR COMMUNITY PHILANTHROPY. (i) Built a community kitchen for the poor + vulnerable, personally donating R300,000(~￡14,815.95 December 2020), to get it started. The Princess also pays the wages of the 4 women, that work at the kitchen. (ii) Provides meals for the children, that attend the Sunday school. (iii) Pays for the groceries + school uniforms, of the local child-headed families. (iv) Works closely with the schools, so they can produce their own vegetables, in their own kitchen gardens. (v) Organises "Mothers + Daughters Conferences," to promote, develop, instil leadership skills, financial management skills, develop a healthy living style. (vi) Supports local Skills Development workshops, which teaches woman new skills; such as beadwork, cultural/ tribal jewellery, then markets their creations locally, nationally, internationally. (vii) The Princess uses everything that is at her disposal, if there is any profit at the end of it, that goes into the organisation. Princess Cynthia has also published abook, back in 2007 titled, " Crossing Rivers of Womanhood: The Traditional Rites of Passage of a Zulu Girl." Author : Gcwalislie Cynthia Kabanyane. (27) SULTANA(female equivalent of a sultan) SHAJAR AL-DURR(AKA SHAJARAT, SHAGRAT AL-DURR) died 1258/9 1 of the few women in Muslim history, to have ruled as a Sultana in her own right. She also played an important role, in the 7th Crusade, against the French. Little is known about her beginnings, she was Turkish, also a slave, before she married Salih II Ayyub, the sultan of Egypt in 1240. In 1249 she acted as Regent while her husband was fighting in Damascus. The crusading army led by French King Louis IX, captured Damietta in June 1249, Shajar organised the Egyptian army to confront them. When Salih II returned he died shortly afterwards in November 1249, Shajar concealed his death, by claiming he was to ill to leave his tent. In this way she ruled alone in his name successfully, until her stepson Turan returned from Syria, to claim the throne. In the Spring of 1250, they both organised the defence of Cairo, defeating the crusaders and, capturing Loius IX in the process. He was ransomed back to the French, then sailed to Palestine. In the May Turan was assassinated by Mamluk(Turkish) officers, of the Egyptian army, who wanted a Mamluk sultan. Their choice was Shajar, who then became the 1st female Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, to rule in her own name. Because she was female, the caliph of Baghdad refused to recognise her authority, so Shajar was forced to abdicate. But refusing to give up she married her replacement, a soldier named Aybak. They worked together, when Aybak tried to take a 2nd wife, Shajar had him assassinated. Then continued to rule once again, until Aybaks son had her murdered. Shajar now lies in peace, in a mosque named in her honour. (28) SARRAOUNIA(Hausa meaning : queen or female chief) MANGOU NIGERIEN QUEEN WHO OUTWITTED, OUTCAMPAIGNED THE FRENCH IN1899, BATTLE OF LOUGOU. In the 1890s the French sent out a mission, led by the corrupt, crazed, crude Paul Voulet + Julien Chanoine, to conquer the kingdoms between the Niger River and Lake Chad, in the course of their duties, to unify the territories in French west Africa as well. History tells us, that after leaving the French Sudan in 1899, they became like most Europeans in Africa, acardiac, execrable, malignant; subjecting the African to all kinds of ills and debasement. The pair of Frenchmen seemed invincible, until they came across 1 particular Sarraounia Mangou of the Anza. They were a subgroup of the Hausa, who ruled Niger in the 19th century. Apparently Mangou was born with yellow eyes, so they chose the panther as their totem. She became their queen at 20, after her fathers death. All her people believed their female chief, possessed the powers of a sorceress. She had fought previous incursions with them, seeing off the enemy at a young age. They had driven away the Tuareg, who had often, raided the village, also the Fulani who wanted to convert them to Islam. Now with the onslaught of the French, she sent messengers to both tribes, asking if they wanted to join forces against the common enemy. The Fulani were so enraged with her call for help, they cut off the messengers head, sent it back to her. The Tuareg, were scared and wanted nothing to do with her plans, so she mobilised her own warriors, army, to defend their tribal lands. The Voulet - Chanoine army exerted a fierce attack, on the Logou fortress, by the mighty Sarraounia led from the front, shouting singing fearsome songs, to inspire her followers; to fill her enemies with dread. Both sides suffered casualties, The Africans overwhelmed by the French firepower, but the French were the ones most affected by their dead. As the French counted the cost, the Anza left the fortress; stealing out into the bush and wilderness. The manoeuvre a protracted retreat, used to draw the enemy in so they can be observed, enabling the Anza to use guerrilla tactics against the enemy. The French with the silent fortress before them believing the queen had left, so they entered believing they had won but found nothing, of any use to them. So the French military made their home their. Perhaps this is a good time to mention, that the French Government had sent a messenger, to Voulet telling him to stop his war in Africa. But eager to continue his reply, was much like the Fulani, Voulet just shot the messenger. So every night with their bush-craft and skills, Mangou and the Anza raided the fortress, killing the French soldiers and helping themselves to whatever they needed. As it transpired a lot of the French military were enforced soldiers, perhaps it was with the whispered words of the Sarraounia, during the nightly raids, that she was able to turn those soldiers against their own commanders. Not only were there desertions, but both Voulet and Chanoine were assassinated by their own men, over their resistance to conform to the government orders and, other atrocities they had committed. But other still claim it was due to the, magnificence, power, ordained within the Resplendent Sarraounia Mangou of the Anza, that after 3 months the French failed.