The processes of Otherization

Development of the Otherisation in administrative and political discourse is important because it will assist us in not repeating history, but writing and amending better policy which may positively secure the society, it will not just take care the interest of the strongest, but also protect the poorest of the poor, justifying the dignity of the weaker section. While going through the chapters one to seven of Farmbry’s book. I want to quote the lines mentioned by him in his foreword, “How we frame strategies that will affect groups of Others, might be a by-product of lessons about the framing of policies and procedures learned through past political and administrative processes”. (Farmbry 2009, p.viii) In this book all the examples are noteworthy, but the Slavery as the Other, Native American as the other and African American as the other make me think twice about the administrative ethics of the people in power.

Chapter 3 of this book is about the Slavery, where colonial Variations by the time of the Revolutionary War misutilised the Others, a unique process evolved conceptualizing the Slave as the other within the society. Several examples illustrate the diversity of processes and factors that influenced the construction of the slave as The Other and the administration feared to the other and forced to bring laws to control their activity. When the number of slaves increased in South Carolina, the General assembly of white people in SC passed a revised version of slave code to control the activities of the slave in South Carolina, as a result they were held to chattel, restricted from gathering and learning at the same time they were restricted to consume alcohol too. These new coded are the process to conceptualize the slaves as the other which is reworked to respond to the fears caused due to The Others. Ultimately, many of the codified notions of Otherness came into play in the centuries following the Jamestown arrival- as policies were shaped for their descendants in the years immediately following and for their descendants in later generations. (Farmbry, P. 35)

Chapter 4 is about the Native American as the other. Throughout this chapter, the author has mentioned how evolving notions of the Native American as the Other enabled the emergence of policies of removal and other atrocities committed by actors working in political and administrative roles. (p.38) In 1823, Edward Everett argued in the North American Review that white conquest of the Indians was inevitable, because of what he saw as white superiority over what he referred to as the aboriginal savages, (p.41) Underscoring much of the forced relocation was a justification based partially on a European and later American image of the Native American as the Other. This image was one that can be traced to the 1600s, frequently to a vision of the Native America as the savage, and later as one needing to be removed from areas where there might be interaction with white settlers. Ultimately, this led to the removal, marginalization and deaths of hundreds of men, women and children- all at the hands of administrators and political leaders working in what was perceived and promoted as being within the scope of the national and regional interne on how to deal with matters pertaining to this group of constructed Others.

In Chapter 5 i.e. social sciences and the other the author examines the early years of the evolution of political, social and administrative areas of social sciences. Here, he explores these fields where the Other is conceptualized by providing foundation for the longer-term development of policy guided by findings from within the social sciences. In this phase, the political economy, the rise of sociology and political science conceptualized the Other, which focuses the statistical processes. Many of the methods and theoretical underpinnings during the era helped to underscore a growing language and discourse for framing discussion in the political and administrative sate of the Other.

Chapter 6 the African American man as the other is really a heart touching presentation in this book. In this chapter the author describes the barbarous act of the whites against the Other and narrates the story of Henry Smith, on the more than three thousand people lynched in the US between 1889 and 1918 (p. 69) who was changed to a heap of ash in a barbarous way. The most important aspect is administrative and political systems did little to respond to the brutal murders of many of these US citizens (p. 70) The Depiction of Negro Dilemma and the Administrative and Political Reaction provides a foundation for questions related to imagery to the wellbeing of African American Males in the present era.

In Chapter 7, the immigrants as the other, the author examines the evolution of three approaches to handling the issue of immigration that surfaced during this era: assimilation, restriction and elimination. Each of these process enabled largely by the framing of the images of the immigrant as The Other in American society. Urbanization and the growth of cities witness the local and global incidents affected the immigrants contributed to their status as the Other. These three aspects, dealt with the immigrants as the Other, found themselves resurfacing during later stages of immigrant debates. Israel Zangwill’s 1908 Play ‘The Melting Pot’ provides a common language for the deployment of the discourse around immigration response, where the character David Quixano argues that “the United States is a land of universal brotherhood where ultimately the divisions between different groups of people would soon disappear”. (p. 80)