On the problem of the (dimensionless) force coupling constants
v. 3 n. 18
Richard P. Feynman writes about the fine structure constant, alpha (α): "There is a most profound and beautiful question associated with the observed coupling constant,?e?– the amplitude for a real electron to emit or absorb a real photon. It is a simple number that has been experimentally determined to be close to 0.08542455. (My physicist friends won't recognize this number, because they like to remember it as the inverse of its square: about 137.03597 with about an uncertainty of about 2 in the last decimal place. It has been a mystery ever since it was discovered more than fifty years ago, and all good theoretical physicists put this number up on their wall and worry about it.) Immediately you would like to know where this number for a coupling comes from: is it related to pi or perhaps to the base of natural logarithms? Nobody knows. It's one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man. You might say the "hand of God" wrote that number, and "we don't know how He pushed his pencil." We know what kind of a dance to do experimentally to measure this number very accurately, but we don't know what kind of dance to do on the computer to make this number come out, without putting it in secretly! — Richard P. Feynman?(1985).?QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.?Princeton University Press. p.?129.?ISBN?978-0-691-08388-9. " *
Prominent constants in physics include c, h, G, e, but they all depend on the systems of units used in each. Constants in physics that have no units, pure numbers, include the force coupling constants. These indicate the strengths of the four forces wherever and whenever when referred to the fine structure constant, α. The question has been asked above, or, What is the absolute nature of the fine structure constant?
The fine structure constant (1/137) is conventionally expressed
α = ke^2/?c .......................................................... (1)
where k is the Coulomb force constant and ??=h/2π. Alpha was also expressed as
α/2π = (me/mq)^3/2. ..........................................(1a)
where me is electron mass and mq is light quark mass. ** This expression is a ratio of the fundamental stable matter particles making up the ordinary matter in the Universe. Proton mass is often described as fundamental, alone or in expressions, but it is made up of three of these light quarks plus additional mass/energy, and has (SI) units of kilograms; quarks make up only a small percentage of proton mass/energy. On the other hand, the electron (and quark) is point-like and actually fundamental and characteristic of the fine structure constant as described by Feynman in the introductory quote, with an explanation of the fine structure constant as a ratio of the stable point-like matter particles -- Equation (1a).
The gravitational coupling constant is conventionally given by
α sub-G = Gm^2/?c ............................................. (2)
where mass m can conventionally be that of a proton or electron. Alpha sub-G was also implicitly expressed
γ^2 = (n/2)(α sub-G)^-1 .............. (v→c) ............ (2a)
where γ = 1/(1- v^2/c^2)^1/2, v→c, and n=1 at quark level, assumed primary or point-like. *** This expression also serves as a bridge between relativity and quantum theories. Since the electron is primal compared with the proton as mentioned, the gravitational coupling constant should be based on the electron and calibrated by electron mass in Equation (2), therefore emphasizing the universal importance of the electron and fine structure constant, as intimated in the Feynman quote.
The strong force coupling constant is commonly given as
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α sub-s ? 1
as the maximum value within the proton, considering "asymptotic freedom" of the light quarks therein. That is, the maximum value is about 1 in comparison with the value about 1/137 for electromagnetism and the fine structure constant. Again, the emphasis is on the fine structure constant.
The weak force coupling constant (α sub-w) is commonly given by
(α sub-w) / (α sub-s) ≈??10^-6 to 10^-7,
the comparison here being with the strong force coupling constant, which in turn depends ultimately on the fine structure constant.
In closing, the other force coupling constants are referred to the fine structure constant. The fine structure constant can be based on a mass ratio of the stable point-like matter particles -- all that is not dark.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_physical_constant#Examples
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1 年How the heck can I contact you ???????????????
Sheet metal worker.
2 年Hi Warren. I don't understand why it is referred to as dimensionless. As, it is clearly a measurement of a space created by expansion and rotation of energy to create a system such as the size of the nucleus of a hydrogen atom (orbital shell). Which is usually represented in 2d as a circle. The fine structure constant is the result of equivalent linear and rotational momentum at a velocity. Where, the linear distance from the centre point of the system to the radius (orbital shell) x 2 is equal to one complete rotation (the circumference) of the system. Distance x velocity where the distance is equal to a complete rotation. I'm bad a math. It's either d^2 x v or, d x v^2. Is it constant? If the linear distance from centre to orbital shell is increased at a constant velocity and is equal to a complete rotational distance (orbital shell). A series of orbital shells will appear. The linear distance is a constant velocity. The velocity of the outer shells increase. Until a linear distance measurement is taken from centre to any of the outer orbitals. Then again. linear distance from centre to orbital shell x 2 x velocity where the distance is equal to a complete rotation. Cont...