Postpartum Depression: Risks, Symptoms, Treatment

Depression is a prevalent mental disorder characterized by a prolonged loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, race, or gender. One specific form of this disorder is postpartum depression, which affects mothers after childbirth.

What is Postpartum Depression?

Postpartum depression is a type of depression that occurs in women following childbirth. It typically arises due to a combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue.

Globally, postpartum depression is a common yet often overlooked complication of childbirth, affecting 10-15% of new mothers each year. The prevalence is three times higher in developing countries compared to developed ones, with various risk factors contributing to this disparity. In Southwestern Nigeria, the incidence rate is notably high at 36.7%.

Risk Factors:

Some psychological, physiological, social and behavioural factors predispose mums to postpartum depression. These include:

1.????? Existing conditions of depression or anxiety

2.????? History of domestic violence or sexual abuse

3.????? Hormonal changes after childbirth

4.????? Having a baby with special needs such as Down syndrome and Cerebral palsy

5.????? Lack of support

6.????? Poor eating habits

7.????? Irregular sleep cycles

8.????? Lack of physical activity

?Signs and Symptoms:

Postpartum depression manifests through a range of symptoms including:

Emotional

1.????? Excessive crying

2.????? Frequent mood swings

3.????? Irritability and anger

4.????? Intense anxiety and fear

5.????? Feelings of shame, guilt, or hopelessness

6.????? Extreme sadness and despair

Mental:

1.????? Difficulty focusing or concentrating

2.????? Forgetfulness

3.????? Easily distracted

4.????? Feelings of worthlessness or inadequacy

5.????? Indecisiveness

6.????? Self-blame

Physical:

1.????? Headaches

2.????? Muscle and stomach pains

3.????? Chronic fatigue and loss of energy

4.????? Changes in appetite

5.????? Sleep disturbances

Behavioural:

1.????? Withdrawing from loved ones

2.????? Reluctance to be alone with the baby

3.????? Lack of interest in the baby

4.????? Disinterest in usual activities

5.????? Outbursts of anger or rage

6.????? Avoiding responsibilities

Treatment and Management:

If you are experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression, it is crucial to consult a doctor. The primary treatments include talk therapy targeted at identifying, managing and overcoming underlying stressors, and antidepressants which are used to treat conditions like anxiety and depression.

In Nigeria, certain cultural practices can mitigate the risk of postpartum depression. These include communal living, which provides social support, and traditions like "omugwo/olojojo omo” where a woman’s mother or her mother-in-law stays with her for a period of time to support her in caring for the new child and to adjust to life after childbirth. These practices reduce the stress and anxiety that come with motherhood hence limiting the risk of developing post postpartum depression.

Conclusion:

Postpartum depression is a serious condition that affects many new mothers. If you are going through this phase, it is important to stay connected with family and loved ones. You should also seek professional help through your health provider. If you find yourself around a new mum, kindly be supportive and kind. Avoid stigmatising those who fall into depression, rather help them through it.

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