Post-traumatic stress, lower serotonin, higher glutamate, lower arginine and higher glycolytic ratio
Post-traumatic stress, lower serotonin, higher glutamate, lower arginine and higher glycolytic ratio
? Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome or PTSD is one of the psychiatric disorders that occur after a traumatic event.
It can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. PTSD is characterized by intense, unpleasant, and dysfunctional reactions that appear after an overwhelming traumatic event. It results in moral suffering and physical complications that profoundly alter personal, social and professional life.
It is diagnosed based on symptoms such as difficulty sleeping or concentrating, negative thoughts, memory issues, flashbacks, and avoidance of triggering situations.
? Four #biomarkers can be used to assess people at risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome or PTSD, diagnose post-traumatic stress and monitor treatment responses.
??1°) Glycolytic rate, a measure of how the body breaks down sugar to produce energy.
? ?The metabolic rate defines the rate at which the body burns fuel. Inside tissues, each cell is characterized by a specific metabolic rate, ranging from low for cells such as fibroblasts to very high for muscle cells and neurons.
? Even though our cells can metabolize fatty acids, ketone bodies and amino acids, the main fuel is still glucose. A close correlation is therefore observed between the metabolic rate and the glycolytic rate.
?Brain tissue represents an extreme case, where glucose provides 95% of the total energy intake.
? The metabolic rate of an individual cell can vary over time: for example, adipocytes increase their rate of glucose uptake up to ten times in response to insulin.
? Metabolic rate is also affected by aging and disease. For example, cancer cells exhibit higher metabolic rates than their normal counterparts, a phenomenon implicated in tumor progression and key to the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease.
? The glycolytic rate is sensitive to physiological activity, hormones, stress, aging and malignant transformation.
?? The energy sources of the glycolytic sector are glucose and glycogen, which are broken down during the process of glycolysis and glycogenolysis respectively.
?Remember that glycolysis is a process of transformation of glucose into pyruvic acid. It is from this process that the living cell draws most of the energy necessary for its life and growth. The transformation takes place in the cell in several stages, each reaction being catalyzed by specific enzymes, to lead to the production of high-energy bonds. The process uses either glucose that comes from the breakdown of glycogen or that which normally circulates in the blood (glycaemia).
? In aerobic glycolysis, pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 and H20. In anaerobic glycolysis, which occurs during muscle contraction, it turns into lactic acid.
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?? Glycolytic capacity is a measure of the maximum rate of conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lactate that can be acutely achieved by a cell.
Since glycolytic ATP synthesis is obligately linked to glycolytic carbon flux, glycolytic capacity is also a measure of the maximum capacity of glycolysis to generate ATP
??2°) Arginine, an amino acid that plays a role in the immune and cardiovascular systems.
??3°)Serotonin, a chemical messenger that helps regulate mood, sleep and other functions.
??4°) Glutamate, a chemical messenger that plays a role in learning and memory.
?People with PTSD have significantly higher glycolytic levels and lower arginine than those with high resilience and also significantly lower serotonin and higher glutamate levels than those with high resilience.
? These associations are independent of factors such as sex, age, body mass index, smoking and caffeine consumption.
? These biomarkers have already been linked to stress, depression, anxiety and mental health issues.
??Researchers identify markers of PTSD in the blood
??PTSD Biomarkers Found in Blood
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