Politics in Islam (4): The Constitution of Madinah

A Proof That Islam is Political

What is the Constitution of Madinah?

The Constitution of Madinah (Sahifat al-Madinah) was a written agreement established by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) after his migration to Madinah. It is widely regarded as the first-ever written constitution in human history, uniting diverse communities under a single political framework.

The document outlined rights, responsibilities, and rules for Muslims, Jews, and other groups living in Madinah, proving that Islam is not limited to personal worship but provides a foundation for governance, coexistence, and justice.

This document poses a significant challenge to those who argue that Islam should remain separate from political systems. If Islam had no political dimension, why would the Prophet establish such a comprehensive legal and social contract?

Historical Context: A Divided City in Crisis

Before the arrival of the Prophet (PBUH), Madinah was a city in chaos:

1. Internal Conflicts: The Aws and Khazraj tribes were locked in decades-long tribal wars, culminating in the devastating Yawm Bu'ath.
2. Religious Divisions: Jewish tribes, such as Banu Nadir, Banu Qaynuqa', and Banu Qurayza, held influence but were often drawn into tribal conflicts.
3. Lawlessness and Distrust: Without a central authority, there was no system of justice or protection for weaker groups.

In such a divided and fragile society, Prophet Muhammad’s leadership and the Constitution of Madinah brought order, unity, and stability.

Islamic Perspective: Islam as a Framework for Governance

The Constitution of Madinah is a practical example of Islam’s teachings on governance, justice, and cooperation. Some key features of the document include:

1. Unity Under One Leadership: All groups—Muslims, Jews, and others—were considered part of a single political community (ummah), led by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This united the city’s diverse inhabitants under shared laws and leadership.
2. Religious Freedom: The constitution guaranteed freedom of religion:
3. Collective Security: All signatories were responsible for defending Madinah against external threats. This created a sense of shared purpose and collective responsibility.
4. Justice for All: The constitution established that disputes would be referred to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) for arbitration, ensuring fairness regardless of tribal or religious affiliations.
5. Protection of the Weak: Islam emphasizes the protection of vulnerable members of society. The constitution prevented exploitation and injustice, safeguarding the rights of all citizens.

Why the Constitution Challenges Secular Arguments

Skeptics who argue for separating religion from politics often claim that religion cannot provide a fair and just political system. The Constitution of Madinah dismantles this argument:

• It demonstrated that religious principles can create inclusive, pluralistic societies.
• It established a legal system rooted in justice, accountability, and equality—principles still missing in many secular regimes today.
• It created unity among diverse groups without forcing them to abandon their beliefs.

If Islam were only concerned with acts of worship, why would the Prophet (PBUH) draft a political constitution? Why would he establish laws, assign responsibilities, and mediate conflicts between different communities?

Comparison: Modern Constitutions vs. The Constitution of Madinah

Many modern political systems claim to offer justice and freedom, yet they often fail to achieve true inclusivity and accountability:

• Secular constitutions tend to prioritize majority interests, leaving minorities marginalized.
• Political corruption, exploitation, and lack of accountability plague many systems today.

In contrast, the Constitution of Madinah created a balanced system where:

• All groups were protected and treated equally under the law.
• Justice was prioritized above tribal, racial, or religious divisions.
• Accountability was clear, as leadership was based on divine guidance, not personal interests.

Modern Times: Lessons From the Constitution of Madinah

The Constitution of Madinah is not a historical relic—it is a timeless example of how Islam integrates faith and politics to build just, unified societies. Its lessons are still relevant today:

1. Unity in Diversity: In a world torn apart by nationalism, racism, and sectarianism, the Constitution of Madinah reminds us that unity is possible under shared principles of justice and accountability.
2. Leadership Based on Accountability: Modern political systems often lack accountability. Islam provides a framework where leaders are answerable to both the people and Allah.
3. Religious Freedom and Coexistence: Islam promotes peaceful coexistence without compromising core beliefs. This challenges modern claims that religion inherently leads to division.

Conclusion: A Blueprint for Justice and Unity

The Constitution of Madinah is a powerful response to those who separate Islam from politics. It proves that Islam provides a practical, inclusive, and just framework for governance.

Under the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), this document united a city on the brink of collapse, creating a model society that upheld justice, accountability, and cooperation.

Critics may struggle with this reality, but history is clear: Islam is not just a religion of rituals—it is a complete way of life that transforms societies for the better.

As we continue this series, we will uncover more reasons why politics is inseparable from Islam, proving that Islam’s teachings are as relevant today as they were 1,400 years ago.