Political Instability and Violence in Kenya: A Utilitarian Perspective

It is hard to overlook the works of John Stuart Mill especially when it comes to the Utilitarianism philosophy that emphasizes actions that promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people; and political stability is among the fundamental components of societal happiness. I took the initiative to examine Kenya's political instability and violence, particularly in the context of the Kenya Kwanza government in recent times and it becomes clear that such turmoil significantly undermines the utilitarian ideal. By comparing Kenya's situation with other countries and incorporating philosophical perspectives from different scholars and philosophers as a development practitioner, I can positively say that I understand the implications of political instability and violence on societal well-being.

Political Instability and Violence in Kenya

Kenya has a history of political instability and violence, especially during electioneering periods. The post-election violence of 2007-2008 serves as a prominent example, where ethnic tensions and disputed election results led to widespread violence, resulting in over 1,100 deaths and the displacement of approximately 600,000 people (Kanyinga, 2009). The violence disrupted societal harmony, created fear and insecurity among citizens, which directly conflicts with the utilitarian goal of maximizing happiness.

The 2017 elections also saw significant unrest, with numerous reports of police brutality and clashes between political supporters. According to Human Rights Watch (2018), the violent response to protests led to many fatalities and injuries, exacerbating public fear and mistrust in the political system. These instances of instability hinder societal progress and well-being, as resources are diverted from development to managing conflicts and addressing their aftermath.

Nigeria, like Kenya, has experienced significant political instability and violence, particularly in its electoral processes. The 2011, post-election violence in Nigeria resulted in over 800 deaths and the displacement of 65,000 people (Human Rights Watch, 2011). The instability in Nigeria, fueled by ethnic and religious divisions, mirrors Kenya's challenges and further illustrates how political violence detracts from societal happiness.

Thomas Hobbes, in his work Leviathan, argues that a strong, centralized authority is essential for preventing the chaos of a "state of nature," where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (Hobbes, 1651). Hobbes' advocacy for a powerful sovereign resonates with the need for stable governance to ensure societal peace and security, aligning with the utilitarian goals of maximizing happiness.

Moreso, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in The Social Contract, emphasizes the importance of collective decision-making and the general will in achieving societal harmony (Rousseau, 1762). Rousseau's ideas highlight the necessity of inclusive and participatory governance, which can help mitigate political instability and violence by ensuring that governance reflects the will and needs of the people. This approach aligns with utilitarianism by promoting policies that enhance overall societal well-being

What countries like Kenya need include:

1. Electoral Reforms: Implementing transparent and fair electoral processes that can reduce the likelihood of disputed results and associated violence. Strengthening institutions like the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) is crucial for ensuring credibility and public trust in elections (Cheeseman et al., 2019).
2. Ethnic Reconciliation: Promoting national cohesion and reconciliation among different ethnic groups can help reduce tensions that often lead to violence. Initiatives like the National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC) aim to foster unity and address grievances.
3. Security Sector Reforms: Enhancing the accountability and professionalism of security forces can prevent excessive use of force and human rights abuses during periods of political unrest. Training and oversight mechanisms are essential for ensuring that security operations protect, rather than harm, civilians.
4. Inclusive Governance: Ensuring that governance structures are inclusive and representative can address the root causes of political instability. Engaging all segments of society in decision-making processes can help create policies that reflect the diverse needs and aspirations of the population.

Kenya's political instability and violence have time and again presented significant challenges to adhering to utilitarian principles. This is exhibited with the # GenZ-led protest in Kenya. A stable and inclusive governance is essential for promoting societal happiness. Addressing the root causes of instability through electoral reforms, ethnic reconciliation, security sector improvements, and inclusive governance can help align Kenya's political system with the utilitarian ideal of maximizing the greatest happiness for the greatest number.