PM2.5 and the Increased Risk of Insulin Resistance the cause of Diabetes Mellitus Type II by Ed Ball, RMC(SW), MVA Director of Research
So you were in the Gulf of Tonkin, but unfortunately your ship never sailed into the RVN Territorial Sea as required by Procopio v Wilkie and as mandated by coordinates established in HR299/Public Law 116-23. So now you suffer from Diabetes Mellitus Type II, Peripheral Neuropathy, Ischemic Heart Disease, Hypertension, Kidney failure, and or a host of other chronic disabilities. But for you, presumptive exposure to any form of rainbow herbicides show that you fail to meet conditions established by law, that produce VA directives showing prerequisites required for military service.
We have spent a lot of time and efforts using the EPA Superfund Sites and EPA Contaminant Lists to show toxic exposures that do indeed contribute to chronic ailments, but are deemed narrow in scope due to various locations of known toxic contamination throughout military installations, with the exception of groundwater the affects the aquifer at various military facilities.
One key finding is known as Insulin Resistance.
While Big Pharma treats the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Type II, high glucose levels, with their oral medications and or insulin, while prescribing preventive medications to preclude high cholesterol, hypertension, and a vast array of cardio vascular conditions and peripheral neuropathy, little is said of the treatment for the underlying cause of diabetes which is insulin resistance.
What causes insulin resistance? The answer lies in PM2.5 which is Fine Particulate Matter.
What is Particulate Matter? "Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.
According to EPA “PM2.5 describes fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller. Under the Clean Air Act, EPA sets and reviews national air quality standards for PM. Air quality monitors measure concentrations of PM throughout the country. EPA, state, tribal and local agencies use that data to ensure that PM in the air is at levels that protect public health and the environment. Nationally, average PM2.5 concentrations have decreased over the years. For information on PM standards, sources, health effects, and programs to reduce PM, please see www.epa.gov/pm-pollution.”
For medical evidence to show the dangers of PM2.5 and it’s link to DMII,
Association between particulate matter 2.5 and diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of cohort studies
Airborne PM2.5-Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Nrf2/JNK-Mediated Signaling Pathway Their findings: Taken together, our study demonstrated PM2.5 exposure triggered Nrf2-mediated oxidative responses and activated the JNK-mediated inhibitory signaling pathway, resulting in hepatic insulin resistance.
Connecting PM2.5 Exposure to Insulin Resistance: Oxidative Stress May Be an Intermediate Step Animal studies and human epidemiological research suggest that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. But it is unclear how PM2.5 exposure might lead to systemic insulin resistance, the cause of type 2 diabetes.
Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution Causes Vascular Insulin Resistance by Inducing Pulmonary Oxidative Stress Short-term exposure to PM2.5 induces vascular insulin resistance and inflammation triggered by a mechanism involving pulmonary oxidative stress. Suppression of vascular insulin signaling by PM2.5 may accelerate the progression to systemic insulin resistance, particularly in the context of diet-induced obesity.
So let us shift back to the 1960s and 1970s, and consider the PM2.5 that may have been overwhelmingly prevalent during those decades, and your military service.
Gasoline during those time frames were known to have lead additives as found in the
Santa Cruz Sentinel 17 Nov 1970 advertisement in California:
“New Chevron Low Lead joins Chevron Unleaded
originated by Standard Oil Company of California
Get the gasoline best for your car~best for cleaner air:
Many oil companies are offering just one ... or the other, an unleaded or a low lead gasoline. But now, as new Chevron Low Lead joins Chevron Unleaded, only Standard Oil Company of California gives you two advanced cleaner air gasolines both with the remarkable additive F-310.
Removing or reducing the lead in gasoline, helps toward cleaner air now. In addition it opens the way for future emission control devices which according to car manufacturers will make a significant contribution toward minimizing automobile exhaust pollution.
Standard Oil now offers both new Chevron Low Lead and Chevron Unleaded to give even more motorists an opportunity to do their part toward cleaner air. And, to make sure you get the gasoline that's best for your car-best for cleaner air.
New Chevron Low Lead is for cars designed to run on regular grade gasoline. Chevron Unleaded Is for those 71 cars designed for lower octane unleaded gasolines, and many pre- 71 cars with lower octane requirements. It is not recommended for cars under heavy loads-such as trailer hauling or for small cars that run at high speeds.
Both Chevron Low Lead and Chevron Unleaded have the added plus of F-310. And compared to other unleaded and low-lead gasolines, F-310 is the important difference in helping to achieve cleaner air.
For cleaner air, better mileage: New Chevron Low Lead for cars which use regular grade gasoline... Chevron Unleaded Gasoline for those 1971 model cars and many pre1971 cars which can use lower octane unleaded fuel... and Chevron Supreme for cars with high-compression engines. Three great Chevron Gasolines -all with F-310.
Registered Trademark For Polybutene Amine Gasoline Additive.
Chevron gasolines with F310: There isn't a car on the road that shouldn't be using one of them.
Standard Oil Company of California”
This article suggestive of a cleaner burning fuel, unlike competitors that have lead, or higher levels of lead in their gasoline.
For those of us that were homeported or station in the U.S. during those time frames, we are avidly aware of the pollution produced across the nation by automobiles that clogged the freeways daily through heavily populated areas. As well as the unregulated factories spewing their toxic chemicals into the atmosphere.
Hence the EPA development of the Clean Air Act to regulate emission of pollutants that "endanger public health and welfare." State and local governments also monitor and enforce Clean Air Act regulations, with oversight by the EPA.
The enactment of the Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) resulted in a major shift in the federal government's role in air pollution control. This legislation authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources. Also item of interest is the EPA History: Clean Air Act of 1970/1977
This information would be utilized in a VA Compensation, direct-exposure claim, which would in fact require an Independent Medical Opinion that is of equal and or greater weight of evidence to offset the C&P Examiner’s speculative negative medical opinion, to allow for 38 USC § 5107(b) Claimant responsibility; benefit of the doubt rule.