PERSONALITY

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

A process of ongoing personal quality development shapes one's personality. The environment, circumstances, and genetics are some of the factors that shape, develop, and define a person's personality. These elements are typically referred to as determinants of personality.

The following is a brief explanation of the factors that determine personality:

Heredity: People inherit this characteristic from their biological parents. A person's nature and characteristics are determined by biological factors, also referred to as heredity factors. A person's stature, height, temperament, and muscle composition are a few instances of hereditary factors.

The environment is made up of a number of factors, some of which are listed below:

Cultural factor: An individual's social, religious, and intellectual beliefs are referred to here. Cultural influences have a significant impact on an individual's behavior. For instance, compared to people who have no interest in art, those who are interested in any kind of art exhibit more graceful behavior.

Family Factor: It influences a person's moral principles and ethics. Family members' philosophies and ideals are greatly influenced by their family.

Social Factor: This comprises a person's social and religious affiliations. Naturally, a person's personality is influenced by their society. For instance, a person's personality can be influenced by the peer group to which they belong.

Situational Factor: An individual's behavior pattern is contingent upon the circumstances surrounding him or her at a given moment. Furthermore, the way an individual behaves in one scenario affects how that same individual will behave in other situations down the road. For instance, someone is better equipped to handle similar circumstances in the future if they are able to handle a stressful situation.

Other Factors: These are elements that can affect an individual's personality, including published literature, the state of the economy, the law, and the influence of information. For instance, the country's worsening economic situation contributes to the unemployment rate. Such circumstances can occasionally influence educated but jobless people to engage in illegal or unethical behavior that changes their personalities altogether.

LOCUS OF CONTROL

One of the important facets of personality is locus of control. Julian Rotter came up with the idea in the 1950s. It describes the degree to which people think they have control over how events in their lives turn out. Stated differently, locus of control is the extent to which individuals believe that reinforcements are determined by their own actions or by external factors, like fate or luck.

Rotter ran a number of tests to see if people changed their behavior and learned new things depending on whether they saw reinforcements as connected to or unrelated to their actions. Rotter created the I-E scale, an evaluation instrument, during his research to gauge a subject's sense of control.

People who have internal control (I) believe that their actions and behavior determine how their life turns out. For instance, an internally controlled student might give themselves credit or blame for success or failure after learning the results of an exam. Conversely, those who are externally controlled (E) feel that fate or luck alone determines control and that it is beyond their control. An externally controlled student might, for instance, attribute his or her exam success or failure to luck. Individuals who have an internal locus of control have faith in their own skills and think that their actions and behaviors will help them achieve their goals. They believe they have control over how events turn out. Furthermore, these individuals acknowledge that every action has a consequence, which they can either control or not.

Two main traits of internally controlled individuals, according to Rotter, are low outer-directedness and high achievement motivation. People who are internally controlled typically have greater control over their lives because they are able to locate control within themselves. Individuals who have an external locus of control attribute events' results to outside forces and think they have no control over the events that occur in their lives. Furthermore, they believe that outside forces beyond their control are to blame for their own actions and behaviors. These people believe that because there are so many intricate details in the world, their lives are unpredictable. People who are externally controlled are prone to a range of stress-related symptoms, including low self-esteem, emotional distress, burnout, and job dissatisfaction.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

An individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are ingrained in their personality. Numerous personality theories explain different facets of an individual's personality. These theories logically arrange all of the information that is currently available regarding personality. Furthermore, the theories established the groundwork for additional personality research. They also clearly list the particular traits that people with comparable personalities have in common. The main theories of personality, such as trait theory, social learning theory, self theory, neo-Freudian theories, and psychoanalytic theory, will be covered in this section.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Sigmund Freud's work served as the inspiration for this theory. Freud concluded that a person's behavior was influenced by their unconscious desires and childhood experiences based on his clinical work with patients who were mentally ill. He created a theory of personality that explained personality development in terms of a sequence of psychosexual stages based on this observation. These phases have already been covered earlier in the chapter. Conflicts that arise in each of these phases, in Freud's opinion, have the power to shape a person's personality and behavior for the rest of their life.

THEORIES OF NEO-FREUD

These theories are the result of psychologists who modified and adjusted Freud's psychoanalytic theory to include their own ideas, even though they agreed with the theory's fundamentals.

Among the most influential neo-Freudian psychologists are Erich Fromm, Karen Homey, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler.

Sigmund Freud put forth a number of very contentious theories.

But these concepts also drew in a sizable following. Many of these adherents concurred with Freud's theories regarding the unconscious mind and the influence of early life on an individual's personality.

Nonetheless, there are several ideas that have been outright rejected by other intellectuals. These intellectuals proceeded to put forth their own theories regarding personality. Neo-Freudian theories are the names given to these theories.

There are several areas where Freud and these neo-Freudian scholars diverge. For example, Erik Erikson argued that Freud was mistaken to propose that childhood experiences completely mold a person's personality.

The following are a few more significant areas of dispute:

Freud's focus on lust as the main source of motivation

Regarding human nature, Freud

Freud's theory that early childhood experiences have a complete impact on personality

Freud's disregard for how social and cultural factors influence behavior and personality

TRAIT Theory

A persistent characteristic of an individual that shows up in various contexts is referred to as a personality trait. Through traits, we can distinguish between an individual's and another person's personalities.

The trait theory states that each individual is made up of a distinct set of features. Some of the theory's other underlying presumptions are as follows:

It permits individual differences in characteristics.

It assumes characteristics to be relatively stable.

It measures traits by using behavior indicators.

Furthermore, as per the trait theory, learning is an enduring aspect of nature that leads to alterations in an individual's personality over time. Additionally, it looks to find a connection between a person's behavior and a group of personality traits. This theory elaborates on an individual's traits and characteristics and is descriptive in nature. The theory, however, lacks an analytical framework since it doesn't explain how and why specific traits influence a person's personality.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

If people had to learn everything they needed to know about what to do based only on the consequences of their own actions, learning would be incredibly difficult and dangerous. Thankfully, most human behavior is picked up through observation and modeling. By watching others, one can get a sense of how new behaviors are carried out, and later on, this coded knowledge can be used as a reference.

-Social Learning Theory, by Albert Bandura, 1977

Albert Bandura was the one who put forth this theory. Among the most significant theories of personality is this one. This theory is based on the idea that people can pick up new skills and behaviors by observing other people. Numerous behaviors can be explained by this theory.

The social learning theory is composed of three main ideas. They are listed as follows:

Observing others can teach people things.

An integral component of learning is an individual's internal mental state.

Learning does not always translate into a behavior shift in the individual.

SELF THEORY

This theory is attributed to the influential American psychologist Carl Rogers (1902–1987). The 19 claims that make up Rogers' theory of personality development. Still, the idea of "self" is at the center of the theory. The "self" is essential to human personality, according to Rogers. He thought that a child's sense of self is there from birth, growing larger than a tiny dot as the child develops.

An ordered and intricate system of taught beliefs that each individual holds to be true about his or her unique existence is what is known as the concept of self. Self, in Rogers' view, is a social product that emerges from interpersonal and social interactions.

SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITY TRAITS AFFECTING ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

A person's behavior can be described by a wide range of characteristics. Nonetheless, not every attribute holds equal significance within an organizational structure. Few characteristics are associated with constructive behavior at work. Researchers agree on five major characteristics that correlate to significant behavioral tendencies in the workplace. The Big Five are these characteristics taken together. Here's how these characteristics are explained:

Extroversion: Carl Jung, Hans Eysenck, and Raymond Cattel are a few of the prominent psychologists who have conducted research on this trait. The degree to which an individual is gregarious and gets their energy from being around other people is referred to as their extroversion. Stated differently, it denotes the extent to which a person:

enjoys socializing with other people

Is amiable toward others

opens up in a social context

remains upbeat and enjoys novelty

keeps up a fast pace

Extrovertism and job satisfaction at work are positively connected, according to research. In positions involving client and customer service, extraversion is crucial.

Conscientiousness: This describes an individual's focus on their goals. Stated differently, it describes the extent to which an individual:

feels capable of reaching objectives

Is dependable, well-organized, and driven to succeed

is a task-focused individual who thinks clearly

High conscientiousness people perform better in most jobs and make good team players, according to research.

Top-level managers and staff members in leadership roles should possess this personality attribute.

The term "agreeableness" describes a person's level of tolerance and outgoingness. Stated differently, it describes the extent to which a person:

Is direct and truthful

believes that people are generally honest

Is beneficial

Shows humility and empathy for others;

gives in easily to pressure

Being agreeable is particularly crucial in jobs that require teamwork.

Emotional stability is the ability to respond calmly and collectedly under pressure. Among the particular characteristics of this attribute are the extent to which an individual:

is calm and able to handle difficult circumstances

keeps a cool head and doesn't get angry

Feels demoralized and ashamed

Adapts to challenging circumstances

All job levels within an organization require employees to have stable emotional states.

Openness to Experience: This describes how much a person is willing to try new things and think outside the box when it comes to their future. More precisely, openness describes the extent to which an individual: Has imagination Respects and values the feelings of others; appreciates beauty and the arts Is observant and adaptable.

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