Pathology Laboratory Test List: Complete Guide With Report Format PDF

Pathology Laboratory Test List: A comprehensive pathology laboratory test list is essential for lab owners to efficiently manage lab operations and ensure the provision of high-quality diagnostic services.

It serves as a critical reference tool, facilitating streamlined workflow processes and accurate test ordering, ultimately contributing to optimal laboratory management and patient care.

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10 Types of Pathology Laboratory Test List

Here are 10 Types of Pathology Laboratory Test List with purpose.

1. Hematology Test List: Blood Cell Analysis
2. Biochemistry Test List: Metabolic Function Testing
3. Clinical Pathology Test List: General Health Assessment
4. Cytopathology Test List: Cell Structure Examination
5. Histopathology Test List:Tissue Disease Diagnosis
6. Immunology and Serology Test List: Immune System Assessment
7. Microbiology Test List: Microbial Organism Detection
8. Molecular Genetics Test List: Genetic Material Analysis
9. Endocrinology Test List: Hormonal Function Testing
10. Tumor Markers Test List: Cancer Presence Detection

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Top 20 Pathology Laboratory Test List

Here are Top 20 Pathology Laboratory Test List.

1. Common Blood Count (CBC) Test or Hemogram Test

• Purpose: Evaluates overall health and detects conditions such as anemia, infection, and leukemia.
• Procedure: Analyzes various components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Frequency: Routinely performed in health screenings, during illness, or prior to surgery.
• Significance: Provides essential information for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate infections, blood disorders, or other underlying health issues.

2. Liver Function Tests (LFT)

• Purpose: Assesses liver health and detects liver damage or disease.
• Procedure: Measures levels of enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin in the blood.
• Frequency: Ordered for patients with symptoms of liver dysfunction, jaundice, or alcohol abuse.
• Significance: Helps diagnose liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver disease.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate liver inflammation, impaired liver function, or bile duct obstruction.

3. Kidney Function Test (KFT)

• Purpose: Evaluates kidney function and detects kidney diseases or disorders.
• Procedure: Measures levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes in the blood.
• Frequency: Recommended for patients with symptoms of kidney disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes.
• Significance: Identifies kidney problems such as chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infections, or kidney stones.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate impaired kidney function, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances.

4. Lipid Profile Test

• Purpose: Assess levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.
• Procedure: Measures total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol, and triglycerides.
• Frequency: Recommended for individuals at risk of heart disease, diabetes, or obesity.
• Significance: Helps evaluate risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack or stroke.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate high cholesterol levels, which can lead to atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease.

5. Thyroid Panel

• Purpose: Evaluates thyroid gland function and detects thyroid disorders.
• Procedure: Measures levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
• Frequency: Ordered for patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or goitre.
• Significance: Helps diagnose thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid nodules.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate an underactive or overactive thyroid gland, thyroiditis, or thyroid cancer.

6. Glucose Test

• Purpose: Measures blood glucose levels to assess diabetes mellitus or monitor glucose control.
• Procedure: Typically performed after fasting or as part of a glucose tolerance test.
• Frequency: Essential for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia.
• Significance: Helps manage diabetes and prevent complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, or kidney disease.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, or insulin resistance.

7. Urinalysis (Urine Test)

• Purpose: Analyze urine to detect urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, or metabolic disorders.
• Procedure: Examines physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.
• Frequency: Routinely performed in health checkups or to monitor certain medical conditions.
• Significance: Provides insights into kidney function, urinary tract infections, or metabolic disorders.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or renal dysfunction.

8. D-Dimer Test

• Purpose: Detects elevated levels of D-dimer, indicating blood clot formation or thrombosis.
• Procedure: Measures D-dimer levels in the blood using immunoassay techniques.
• Frequency: Ordered to diagnose or rule out conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).
• Significance: Helps assess risk of blood clotting disorders or monitor response to anticoagulant therapy.
• Interpretation: Elevated D-dimer levels may indicate thrombotic disorders, but it is nonspecific and requires further evaluation.

9. Prothrombin Time Test

• Purpose: Evaluates blood clotting ability by measuring the time it takes for blood to clot.
• Procedure: Analyzes the clotting time of plasma after adding a coagulation activator.
• Frequency: Ordered to assess coagulation disorders, monitor anticoagulant therapy, or before surgery.
• Significance: Helps diagnose bleeding disorders, liver disease, or monitor warfarin therapy.
• Interpretation: Prolonged prothrombin time indicates impaired clotting ability, while shortened time may indicate thrombosis or excessive clotting risk.

10. HbA1c Test

• Purpose: Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months to assess long-term diabetes control.
• Procedure: Measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated (attached to glucose molecules).
• Frequency: Essential for monitoring diabetes management and preventing complications.
• Significance: Helps assess long-term glycemic control and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate poor diabetes management, increasing the risk of complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, or neuropathy.

11. Creatinine Test

• Purpose: Assesses kidney function by measuring creatinine levels in the blood.
• Procedure: Measures creatinine levels using blood or urine samples.
• Frequency: Routinely ordered as part of kidney function tests or to monitor kidney disease progression.
• Significance: Helps diagnose kidney disease, assess kidney function, or monitor treatment effectiveness.
• Interpretation: Elevated creatinine levels may indicate impaired kidney function, dehydration, or muscle breakdown.

12. Widal Test

• Purpose: A serological test used to diagnose typhoid fever and other salmonella infections.
• Procedure: Involves analyzing blood serum for antibodies against specific Salmonella typhi antigens, including O (O antigen), H (flagellar antigen), and sometimes Vi antigen.
• Frequency: Ordered for individuals suspected of having typhoid fever, especially in regions where the disease is endemic.
• Significance: Helps confirm the diagnosis of typhoid fever and guide appropriate treatment, especially in areas with limited access to laboratory facilities.
• Interpretation: Positive results, particularly significant increases in antibody titers, suggest recent or current infection with Salmonella typhi.

13. Electrolyte Test

• Purpose: Measures levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride in the blood.
• Procedure: Analyzes blood samples using ion-selective electrodes or indirect potentiometry.
• Frequency: Ordered for patients with symptoms of electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or kidney disease.
• Significance: Helps diagnose electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, kidney disease, or acid-base disorders.
• Interpretation: Abnormal electrolyte levels may indicate dehydration, kidney dysfunction, or hormonal imbalances.

14. Pap Smear Test

• Purpose: Screens for cervical cancer or detects precancerous changes in the cervix.
• Procedure: Involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope.
• Frequency: Recommended for women aged 21 to 65 years, typically every 3 to 5 years.
• Significance: Helps detect early-stage cervical cancer or precancerous lesions, enabling timely treatment.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, or cervical cancer.

15. Stool Test

• Purpose: Screens for colorectal cancer, detects gastrointestinal infections, or assesses digestive health.
• Procedure: Analyzes stool samples for blood, bacteria, parasites, or other abnormalities.
• Frequency: Ordered for individuals with symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders or as part of colorectal cancer screening.
• Significance: Helps diagnose colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or gastrointestinal infections.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal bleeding, or bacterial infections.

16. CRP Test

• Purpose: Measures C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in the blood to assess inflammation.
• Procedure: Analyzes blood samples using high-sensitivity CRP assays.
• Frequency: Ordered to diagnose or monitor inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or cardiovascular diseases.
• Significance: Helps assess disease activity, guide treatment decisions, or monitor response to therapy.
• Interpretation: Elevated CRP levels indicate inflammation, infection, tissue injury, or cardiovascular risk.

17. Vitamin B12 Test

• Purpose: Measures vitamin B12 levels in the blood to assess nutritional status and diagnose deficiencies.
• Procedure: Analyzes levels of vitamin B12 in the blood serum.
• Frequency: Ordered for individuals with symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia, or neurological disorders.
• Significance: Helps diagnose pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, or malabsorption syndromes.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to anemia, neurological symptoms, or cognitive impairments.

18. Vitamin D Test

• Purpose: Measures vitamin D levels in the blood to assess bone health and detect deficiencies.
• Procedure: Analyzes levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood serum.
• Frequency: Ordered for individuals at risk of vitamin D deficiency, such as older adults, individuals with limited sun exposure, or certain medical conditions.
• Significance: Helps diagnose vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis, or rickets.
• Interpretation: Abnormal results may indicate vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to weakened bones, muscle weakness, or increased risk of fractures.

19. Covid Test or RT PCR Test

• Purpose: Detects the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus to diagnose COVID-19 infection.
• Procedure: Involves collecting respiratory specimens (nasopharyngeal swab, saliva) and analyzing them using molecular tests (PCR).
• Frequency: Ordered for individuals with symptoms of COVID-19, close contacts of infected individuals, or as part of surveillance programs.
• Significance: Facilitates early diagnosis, isolation, and contact tracing to control the spread of COVID-19.
• Interpretation: Positive results indicate current infection, while negative results do not rule out infection, especially in early stages or if sampling is inadequate.

20. Dengue Test

• Purpose: Diagnoses dengue fever by detecting dengue virus antibodies or viral RNA.
• Procedure: Analyzes blood samples using serological tests (ELISA) or molecular tests (PCR).
• Frequency: Ordered for individuals with symptoms of dengue fever, especially in endemic regions during outbreaks.
• Significance: Facilitates early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions.
• Interpretation: Positive results indicate dengue infection, while negative results may require repeat testing or consideration of alternative diagnoses.

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Summary

In summary, a diverse range of laboratory tests plays a crucial role in diagnosing medical conditions, monitoring health status, and guiding treatment decisions. By leveraging these tests effectively, healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes and promote overall well-being.