A Partial History of Crossett, Arkansas

Part 1: Introduction

Purpose and Structure

This essay series aims to provide a comprehensive and engaging narrative of the history of Crossett, Arkansas, and Ashley County. By exploring various aspects such as the founding of Crossett, the development of the community, the role of forestry, and personal stories, we hope to offer a deeper understanding of the region's rich heritage. The series is structured into 14 essays, each focusing on different themes and periods, to give a well-rounded view of the intertwined histories.

Introduction to Ashley County and Crossett

Ashley County, located in the southeastern part of Arkansas, has a rich and diverse history. Formed on November 30, 1848, the county has played a significant role in the development of the region. The seat of justice, Hamburg, has been central to the county's administration and growth.

Crossett, a town within Ashley County, is particularly notable for its association with the timber industry. Founded on May 16, 1899, by three businessmen from Davenport, Iowa—Edward Savage Crossett, Charles Gates, and John Watzek—the town quickly became a hub for the lumber industry. The establishment of the Crossett Lumber Company marked the beginning of a new era for the region, bringing economic growth and development.

The Crossett Lumber Company was instrumental in shaping the town's identity and infrastructure. The company's founders understood that a successful enterprise required not only efficient operations but also a thriving community to support its workforce. This led to the development of housing, educational facilities, and recreational amenities, creating a vibrant and sustainable community.

Overview of the Crossett Lumber Company and Its Impact

The Crossett Lumber Company quickly became a leader in Southern forestry, known for its innovative practices and commitment to sustainability. The company added paper mills and chemical plants, focusing on minimizing waste and investing in research and development projects. This progressive philosophy set the Crossett Lumber Company apart from other lumber companies of the time.

One of the most significant contributions of the Crossett Lumber Company was the establishment of the Crossett Experimental Forest in 1933. This forest became a hub for scientific research in areas such as wildlife, hydrology, soils, and silviculture. The research conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest has had a lasting impact on forest management practices and has contributed to the advancement of modern forestry.

The legacy of the Crossett Lumber Company and its impact on the community and the region are still felt today. The company's commitment to sustainable practices and community development has left a lasting mark on Crossett and Ashley County.

Part 2: Early History of Ashley County

Early Settlement and Formation (Pre-1848)

The early settlers of Ashley County were pioneers who faced numerous challenges as they established their homes in the region. The first settlement by the French at Long View marked the beginning of the county's history. These early settlers were drawn to the area by the fertile land and abundant natural resources. They built their homes, cultivated the land, and established a community that would lay the foundation for future growth.

Formation of Ashley County (1848)

Ashley County was officially formed on November 30, 1848. The initial boundaries included parts of Chicot and Bradley Counties. The county was named in honor of Chester Ashley, a prominent lawyer and U.S. Senator from Arkansas. Hamburg was selected as the seat of justice, and the county began to take shape with the establishment of its administrative structures. The formation of the county was a significant milestone, providing a framework for governance and development.

Early Court Affairs and Public Structures (1848-1860)

The first county court meeting was held to establish the boundary lines of the original townships. Public structures, including the county jail, clerk's office, and courthouse, were constructed to support the county's administration. These buildings were essential for maintaining law and order and providing services to the residents. A list of public servants and their roles highlights the early governance of Ashley County. The establishment of these structures and institutions laid the groundwork for the county's growth and development.

Agriculture and Economy

Agriculture played a central role in the early economy of Ashley County. The fertile soil and favorable climate allowed for the cultivation of crops such as cotton, corn, and tobacco. These crops were the backbone of the local economy, providing livelihoods for many residents. The county's agricultural success attracted more settlers, contributing to its growth and prosperity. The development of transportation infrastructure, such as roads and railways, further facilitated the movement of goods and people, enhancing the county's economic prospects.

Community and Culture

The early settlers of Ashley County brought with them diverse cultural traditions and practices. They established churches, schools, and social organizations that became the heart of the community. These institutions played a vital role in shaping the county's identity and fostering a sense of belonging among its residents. Community events, such as fairs and festivals, provided opportunities for social interaction and celebration. The rich cultural heritage of Ashley County continues to be a source of pride for its residents.

Challenges and Resilience

The early years of Ashley County were marked by challenges such as conflicts with Native American tribes, natural disasters, and economic hardships. Despite these difficulties, the settlers demonstrated resilience and determination. They worked together to overcome obstacles and build a thriving community. The spirit of cooperation and perseverance that characterized the early settlers continues to be a defining feature of Ashley County.

Conclusion

The early history of Ashley County is a testament to the courage and determination of its settlers. From the initial settlement at Long View to the formation of the county and the establishment of its institutions, the pioneers laid the foundation for a vibrant and prosperous community. The legacy of these early settlers is evident in the county's rich cultural heritage and continued growth. As we explore the history of Crossett and Ashley County, we gain a deeper appreciation for the people and events that have shaped this remarkable region.

?Part 3: The Founding of Crossett

Establishment of the Crossett Lumber Company

On May 16, 1899, three businessmen from Davenport, Iowa—Edward Savage Crossett, Charles Gates, and John Watzek—formed the Crossett Lumber Company with land in south Arkansas and north Louisiana. They purchased 47,000 acres at a price of $7 per acre from the Michigan investment firm Hovey & McCracken. This marked the beginning of a new era for the region, as the company aimed to capitalize on the abundant timber resources in the area.

Key Figures: Edward Savage Crossett, Charles Gates, John Watzek, and Cap Gates

Edward Savage Crossett was born in February 1828 in West Plattsburgh, New York. His journey to becoming a prominent figure in the lumber industry began with various ventures, including operating a supply store for lumbermen in Black River Falls, Wisconsin. Crossett's vision and determination led him to invest in timberland, eventually forming the Crossett Lumber Company with his partners.

Charles Gates and John Watzek were also instrumental in the establishment of the company. Gates served as the president, while Crossett was the vice president. Charles Gates' brother, Cap Gates, was sent to south Arkansas to supervise the building of mills and the development of the town, which was named in honor of Edward Crossett. Cap Gates' leadership and vision played a crucial role in the early development of Crossett.

Initial Development of the Town and Infrastructure

The initial focus of the Crossett Lumber Company was on building the necessary infrastructure to support its operations. This included the construction of sawmills, office buildings, and housing for workers. The first pine mill began construction in 1899, followed by a second mill in 1905. By the time both mills were in operation, the Crossett Lumber Company was producing 84 million board feet annually.

The company's founders understood that a successful enterprise required not only efficient operations but also a thriving community to support its workforce. They invested in the development of housing, educational facilities, and recreational amenities. The company built a school and homes, incorporating the city of Crossett in 1903. There was full electric service, something that was rare at the time in south Arkansas. A Methodist church was built in 1904, the city's newspaper began publishing in 1906, and telephone service was added in 1907.

Economic Growth and Community Development

The establishment of the Crossett Lumber Company brought economic growth and development to the region. Investors spent almost $1 million (a fortune for the time) starting the company, including building railroad connections, before the first commercial timber was sold. The company's success attracted more settlers to the area, contributing to the growth of the town.

The town-company dynamic was the epitome of how these two establishments could work together successfully. During the Great Depression, Crossett Lumber Company remained financially stable, and it supplied the government with lumber during World War II. In the 1940s, the company focused on the expansion of the town, and many of its residents came to own rather than rent their houses.

Sustainable Practices and Innovation

As part of its progressive philosophy, the Crossett Lumber Company hired a Yale graduate named W.K. Williams in 1926 to help it begin a program of sustained forestry based on practices in Germany. The company also benefited from the expertise of Yale professor Herman Haupt Chapman. With the virgin timber running out across south Arkansas and north Louisiana, company officials knew they would either have to change their ways or go out of business. This involved ceasing the practice of cutting down trees as fast as they were growing and leaving the healthiest trees in an area to repopulate the soil. These techniques kept the forests alive rather than destroying them.

The Crossett Lumber Company was tackling and solving problems in the 1930s that would not be regarded as environmental issues until the 1970s. In 1933, the U.S. Forest Service established the Crossett Experimental Forest, which became a hub for scientific research in areas such as wildlife, hydrology, soils, and silviculture. The scores of studies conducted on the Crossett Experimental Forest have generated hundreds of scientific publications, making the station an internationally known example of high-quality, long-term forestry research.

Conclusion

The founding of Crossett and the establishment of the Crossett Lumber Company marked a significant chapter in the history of Ashley County. The vision and determination of key figures like Edward Savage Crossett, Charles Gates, John Watzek, and Cap Gates laid the foundation for a thriving community and a successful enterprise. The company's commitment to sustainable practices and community development has left a lasting legacy that continues to be felt today.

?Part 4: Building the Community

Housing and Infrastructure Development

As the Crossett Lumber Company began to take shape, so did the town of Crossett. The company's founders understood that a successful enterprise required not only efficient operations but also a thriving community to support its workforce. One of the first priorities was to provide adequate housing for the workers and their families. The company built a variety of homes, ranging from modest cottages to larger houses for management personnel. These homes were designed to be comfortable and functional, with modern amenities for the time.

?In addition to housing, the company invested in infrastructure to support the town's growth. This included the construction of roads, water systems, and electrical facilities. The introduction of automatic sprinklers in 1919 was a significant step in ensuring the safety of the company's facilities and the well-being of its residents. The company's commitment to infrastructure development laid the foundation for a thriving community.

Educational and Recreational Facilities

The Crossett Lumber Company understood the importance of education and recreation in fostering a strong community. They established schools to provide education for the children of their employees. These schools were well-equipped and staffed by qualified teachers, ensuring that the children received a good education. The company also invested in recreational facilities to promote physical and social well-being. The YMCA, established to promote physical and social well-being, became a central hub for community activities. It offered a range of programs and activities, from sports and fitness classes to social events and gatherings. The YMCA played a crucial role in bringing the community together and fostering a sense of camaraderie among the residents.

Stories from the Early Days of Crossett

The stories collected by the Crossett Company's personnel department in 1948 provide a vivid picture of life in early Crossett. These anecdotes offer insights into the daily lives of the town's residents and the efforts to build a thriving community.

One such story involves the construction of the Cremer Hotel, which was originally built by the Cremer Lumber Company but later owned by the Crossett Lumber Company. The hotel became a central gathering place for residents and visitors alike. In 1921, Mr. and Mrs. James Campbell operated the hotel, and it was home to several families, including Mr. and Mrs. Luke Gardner and Mr. and Mrs. Roy Watkins.

Another tale recounts the efforts to improve the town's infrastructure. In 1921, there was a boardwalk from the Crossett Hospital south on First Street toward Cremer Avenue. There were no streetlights at the time, and pedestrians carried lanterns to navigate the boardwalk at night. The following year, the Nolley brothers from Hamburg constructed concrete sidewalks along the old paths of the boardwalks, significantly improving the town's infrastructure.

Community Spirit and Social Life

The community spirit in Crossett was strong, with residents coming together to support one another and participate in social activities. The town's social life was vibrant, with events such as dances, picnics, and community gatherings providing opportunities for residents to connect and build relationships. The Crossett Lumber Company played a key role in fostering this sense of community by organizing and supporting various social events and activities.

The company's commitment to the well-being of its employees extended beyond the workplace. They provided healthcare services, including a hospital, to ensure that residents had access to medical care. The company's efforts to create a supportive and nurturing environment contributed to the overall quality of life in Crossett.

?Conclusion

The early efforts to build a community in Crossett were characterized by a commitment to providing a high quality of life for the town's residents. The Crossett Lumber Company's investment in housing, infrastructure, education, and recreation laid the foundation for a vibrant and thriving community. The stories from the early days of Crossett highlight the strong sense of community spirit and the efforts to create a supportive and nurturing environment. These early efforts have left a lasting legacy, shaping the town's identity and contributing to its continued growth and development.

?Part 5: The Role of Forestry

Introduction to Forestry Efforts and Their Importance Forestry has played a crucial role in the development and success of Crossett and the Crossett Lumber Company. The abundant timber resources in the region provided the foundation for the company's operations and contributed to the economic growth of the area. Sustainable forestry practices were essential to ensure the long-term viability of these resources and to promote environmental stewardship. Key Figures: Russell Reynolds and the Influence of Yale Russell Reynolds was a key figure in the establishment and development of the Crossett Experimental Forest. His dedication to forestry research and his innovative approaches to forest management have had a lasting impact on the field. Reynolds' work was influenced by the expertise of Yale professor Herman Haupt Chapman, who collaborated with the Crossett Lumber Company to advance forest management practices. Sustainable Forestry Practices

The Crossett Lumber Company was committed to sustainable forestry practices from its early years. The company recognized the importance of managing the forest resources responsibly to ensure their long-term availability. This involved implementing practices such as selective cutting, thinning, and controlled burning to promote the growth of healthy, productive forests. In 1926, the company hired a Yale graduate named W.K. Williams to help it begin a program of sustained forestry based on practices in Germany. This program aimed to balance the extraction of timber with the preservation of the forest ecosystem. The company also benefited from the expertise of Yale professor Herman Haupt Chapman, who provided guidance on sustainable forestry practices. The Crossett Experimental Forest

In 1933, the U.S. Forest Service established the Crossett Experimental Forest, which became a hub for scientific research in areas such as wildlife, hydrology, soils, and silviculture. The forest was one of the first experimental tracts in the South and played a significant role in advancing forestry research and management practices. The primary objective of the Crossett Experimental Forest was to develop silvicultural principles and practices to manage the cutover second-growth loblolly-shortleaf stands typical of the area. The research conducted at the forest provided valuable insights into sustainable forest management and contributed to the overall success of the Crossett Lumber Company. Research and Innovations

The research efforts at the Crossett Experimental Forest focused on various aspects of forest management, including improvement cutting, chemicalwood production, and the development of a market for pulpwood. These studies aimed to enhance the quality and productivity of the forest stands and to promote sustainable practices. One of the significant research efforts was the pulpwood thinning study, which aimed to determine the effects of thinning on the growth and yield of pine stands. The study found that thinning could significantly increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, leading to higher yields of both pulpwood and sawtimber. This research provided valuable insights into the benefits of thinning and helped promote its adoption as a standard forest management practice. Another notable innovation was the introduction of tractors for skidding logs. The tractor skidding study demonstrated that tractors could be more efficient and cost-effective than traditional methods of skidding logs with horses or mules. This innovation helped improve the efficiency of logging operations and reduced the physical labor required for skidding. The Impact of Forestry Research

The research conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest has had a lasting impact on forest management practices. The findings from various studies have contributed to the development of sustainable forestry practices that balance the extraction of timber with the preservation of the forest ecosystem. The forest has generated hundreds of scientific publications, making it an internationally known example of high-quality, long-term forestry research. The contributions of key figures like Russell Reynolds and the influence of Yale have played a significant role in advancing forestry research and management practices. Their dedication to sustainable practices and environmental stewardship has ensured the long-term viability of the region's forests and set a standard for future generations. Conclusion

The role of forestry in the development and success of Crossett and the Crossett Lumber Company cannot be overstated. The commitment to sustainable practices and the establishment of the Crossett Experimental Forest have left a lasting legacy in the field of forestry. The research and innovations that emerged from these efforts have contributed to the advancement of modern forestry and have ensured the long-term viability of the region's forest resources. ?

Part 6: Rekindling the Romance:

The True Origins of the Crossett Light Story In the heart of Ashley County, Arkansas, lies a tale of love, tragedy, and mystery that has been largely forgotten over time. This story, deeply rooted in our local history, is derived from John W. Buckner’s book, “Cap Gates Tent City: A History of Crossett, Arkansas”. Today, we aim to rekindle the romance and intrigue of this tale for our readers. In the early 20th century, a young couple named Rose Marie and David lived by the Missouri Pacific Railroad tracks.

Their love story was as beautiful as it was tragic. Every day, Rose Marie would wait on a little mound for David’s train to arrive. Their love was so strong that even the harsh winter couldn’t deter Rose Marie from her daily vigil. However, one fateful night, David met a tragic end. Despite the tragedy, Rose Marie’s love for David didn’t wane. She took up a nightly vigil, walking up and down the tracks with a lantern, searching for David’s missing head. This poignant tale of love and loss gave rise to a local legend about the mysterious ‘Crossett Light’.

The ‘Crossett Light’, as it came to be known, is said to be Rose Marie’s lantern. Local folklore suggests that if one can see the light of Rose Marie’s lantern, they will find romance in their life. This legend has attracted people from all over the country, hoping to witness the light and its supposed magical powers. While many are aware of the ‘Crossett Light’ and its associated legend, few know about the romantic tale that lies at its heart. Today, we hope to change that. We believe that by sharing Rose Marie and David’s story, we can rekindle the romance that has been lost over time and give our readers a deeper understanding of our local history. So, the next time you hear about the ‘Crossett Light’, remember the love story of Rose Marie and David. Remember the romance that once blossomed by the railroad tracks and the enduring love that continues to light up our county.

Rekindle Your Romance with the Crossett Light In the heart of Ashley County, Arkansas, a tale of love and mystery beckons. This is the story of the Crossett Light, a local legend born from a tragic love story. Once upon a time, a young couple named Rose Marie and David lived by the Missouri Pacific Railroad tracks. Their love was so strong that not even the harshest winter could deter Rose Marie from her daily vigil, waiting for David's train to arrive.

Tragically, David met an untimely end, but Rose Marie's love remained undying. She took up a nightly vigil, her lantern becoming a beacon of enduring love. This lantern is now known as the Crossett Light. Local folklore suggests that witnessing this light can bring romance into one's life. If she cannot have it, Rose Marie brings it to you in her own special way. This legend has drawn people from all corners, each hoping to experience the magic of the Crossett Light.

So, are you looking to rekindle a relationship? Or perhaps you're seeking a dash of excitement in your life? Consider making a trip to Crossett, Arkansas. Follow these steps to experience the Crossett Light:

1. Use the GPS coordinates 33.207236492209496, -91.87267476103648 to reach the four-way intersection on a gravel road.

2. At the four-way, turn back south and drive a few yards, perhaps 20-30-40 yards.

3. Park on the side, ensuring there's plenty of room for others.

4. Remember to keep the area clean. Don't throw out cigarette butts (huge fire hazard) or any trash. In fact, if you see any trash, do a good deed and pick it up.

Remember, The Crossett Light is a tale of enduring love, a testament to a romance that continues to illuminate our county. So come, experience the Crossett Light, and let it rekindle the romance in your life. Remember, we're guests in this area. Let's leave nothing behind but footprints and take nothing but pictures and memories.

If you're planning to stay overnight in Crossett, consider checking in at the TRU BY HILTON - CROSSETT, AR, UNITED STATES. You can reach them at +1 (870) 304-1040. Tell them you're there to experience the Crossett Light and rekindle the romance in your life. Enjoy your visit to the Crossett Light and may it bring a spark of romance and excitement into your life!

?Part 7: The History of Hamburg Town in Ashley County Introduction

Hamburg Town, located in Ashley County, Arkansas, holds a significant place in the county's history as its county seat. Established in the mid-19th century, Hamburg has played a central role in the economic, social, and cultural development of the region. This essay explores the early settlement, economic growth, transportation infrastructure, social life, governance, and challenges faced by Hamburg Town, highlighting its historical significance and legacy. Early Settlement and Founding

The early settlement of Hamburg Town began with the arrival of European settlers in the 1830s. These pioneers were drawn to the fertile lands and abundant natural resources of Ashley County. Among the early settlers were families from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee, and the Carolinas. They brought with them their traditions, skills, and a strong sense of community. Hamburg was officially established as the county seat of Ashley County in 1848.

The town was named after Hamburg, Germany, reflecting the heritage of some of its early settlers. Key figures in the founding of Hamburg included prominent local leaders and landowners who played a crucial role in the town's development. Economic Development The economic development of Hamburg Town was driven by agriculture and timber.

The fertile soil of Ashley County made it ideal for farming, and early settlers cultivated crops such as corn, cotton, and rice. Livestock farming, particularly hogs and cattle, was also an important source of income for the residents. Timber was another significant industry in Hamburg. The dense forests of Ashley County provided an abundant supply of timber, which was used for building homes, fences, and other structures.

Timber rafting became a common practice, with logs being floated down the rivers to markets in larger towns and cities. Trade and commerce flourished in Hamburg as the town grew. Small stores and businesses were established to cater to the needs of the local population. The town's strategic location along transportation routes facilitated the exchange of goods and services, contributing to its economic prosperity. Transportation and Infrastructure

Transportation played a vital role in the growth and development of Hamburg Town. Early transportation routes included Indian trails and waterways, which were later supplemented by roads and railroads. The construction of roads connecting Hamburg to other parts of Ashley County and beyond was a significant achievement, improving accessibility and trade.

The arrival of the railroad in the late 19th century marked a turning point for Hamburg. The railroad provided a faster and more efficient means of transporting goods and people, boosting the local economy and attracting new settlers. The development of transportation infrastructure was instrumental in Hamburg's growth and expansion. Social and Cultural Life

The social and cultural life of Hamburg Town was centered around its churches, schools, and community events. Early churches, including Baptist and Methodist congregations, played a crucial role in the spiritual and social life of the community. These churches also served as gathering places for social events and community activities. Education was highly valued by the early settlers, and schools were established to provide education for the children of Hamburg.

The town's commitment to education laid the foundation for a well-informed and engaged community. Social events, such as quilting parties, house warmings, and play parties, were common in Hamburg. These gatherings provided opportunities for neighbors to come together, share stories, and enjoy each other's company. The strong sense of community and mutual support was a defining characteristic of life in Hamburg. Governance and Public Services Governance in Hamburg Town was marked by the establishment of public services and the election of public officials. Early public officials were responsible for maintaining law and order, managing taxes, and overseeing the construction of public buildings and infrastructure.

The development of public services, such as law enforcement and fire protection, ensured the safety and well-being of the residents. Public buildings, including the courthouse and schools, were constructed to serve the needs of the community. These buildings became symbols of Hamburg's growth and progress, reflecting the town's commitment to providing essential services to its residents. Challenges and Growth

Hamburg Town faced numerous challenges in its early years, including natural disasters, economic fluctuations, and social tensions. Despite these challenges, the town continued to grow and expand, driven by the resilience and determination of its residents. Key events and milestones in Hamburg's history include the establishment of the railroad, the development of transportation infrastructure, and the growth of local industries. These developments contributed to the town's economic prosperity and laid the foundation for its future growth. Conclusion

Hamburg Town's historical significance lies in its role as the county seat of Ashley County and its contributions to the region's economic, social, and cultural development. The town's early settlers, economic activities, transportation infrastructure, and strong sense of community have left a lasting legacy. As we reflect on Hamburg's history, we recognize the importance of preserving and celebrating the town's heritage for future generations.

Source This essay is based on information from "Reflections of Ashley County," including "History of Ashley County" by Y. W. Etheridge, compiled by Robert A. Carpenter, Sr. and Mary Imogene Noble Carpenter, 1987. ?

Part 8: Sulphur Springs: A Historical and Modern Perspective Introduction Ashley Mineral Springs, originally known as Sulphur Springs, is a significant landmark located in Crossett, Arkansas. Its distinctive sulphur water and rich history have made it a focal point of local culture and tradition. Historical Background In the mid-nineteenth century, Sulphur Springs was a popular resort and picnic ground for settlers.

The spring, located in a low-lying area inland from the Ouachita River port town of Petersburg, was known for its distinctive sulphur water. Indians had apparently used the area as a summer camping ground and enjoyed its water for hundreds of years. George Wimberly had homesteaded near the springs but had made no effort to exploit them. However, in the late 1850s, Fred Switzer and his son, Fred H. Switzer, arrived from South Carolina and homesteaded near Mr. Wimberly. They saw the possibilities of the site, but the land was too low and wet for development. Undaunted, they hauled in hundreds of wagon loads of dirt, using the slaves they had brought from South Carolina as labor, to raise the area around the spring.

They built a two-story lodge of logs and rough lumber containing eight rooms on each floor with downstairs and upstairs galleries across the front. Near the lodge was a log bathhouse with a wooden tub. Slaves were assigned to carry water from the spring to the tub. It was believed that bathing in the water as well as drinking it would cure kidney disease in a short time. Cultural Significance Word spread and Sulphur Springs became a popular health resort for the people of south Arkansas and north Louisiana, as well as for planters along the Mississippi. There were also added attractions for entertainment.

Horse racing on the 100-yard track was a big drawing-card. As many as 500 people would assemble for the Saturday races, and betting was permitted. Ordinary stock produced by local farmers was used. Barbeques of deer, goat, and hogs were often held and attended by as many as 300 people. Modern Day Sulphur Springs However, with the coming of the railroads, river traffic disappeared and all the little river towns, such as Petersburg and nearby Marais Saline, faded into the past. Resort traffic to the springs dwindled away.

About the only activity at the spring during the early years of the twentieth century was that of young people from nearby who went on hayrides and spread picnic lunches there. Then in the 1930s, Homer Bryant, dying of pyelitis, came from El Dorado to the spring as a last hope. He had been told of the healing powers of the spring water by an old preacher. He was brought in on a cot and left there with a tent for shelter and a young man to take care of him, while his wife returned to El Dorado to work.

He started drinking the water each day when he awoke and drank constantly, cup after cup of the clear water. Three weeks after he was brought in almost totally incapacitated, he felt well enough one morning to go out into the woods hunting, and killed a wild turkey. He then walked, resting along the way, the five miles through the woods to Crossett where he called his wife to tell her he was cured and he wanted her to come and bring the "fixings" for a wild turkey dinner. Wild turkey dinners became a spring-time tradition in the Bryant home.

Firmly convinced that the spring had healing qualities, the Bryants first leased and then bought 20 acres of land controlling the spring, and another four acres above flood level where they eventually built an impressive log home. They built a bottling plant and began shipping the water to outlets all over Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Mississippi, eventually embracing states from Maine to Florida, from Oregon to Georgia. Conclusion

The enduring significance of Ashley Mineral Springs lies in its rich history and continued relevance to the community of Crossett, Arkansas. From its early days as a health resort to its current ownership under Brad Davis, the springs remain a testament to the area's cultural heritage and potential for future development.

P.S.1. This essay draws heavily upon three key sources. The first is a work by Ruth Bozeman titled "Sulphur Springs," which provides a detailed account of the history and cultural significance of Ashley Mineral Springs. The second source is an article from the "Centennial Keepsake Edition" of a newspaper, dated Wednesday, June 9, 1999. This article offers valuable insights into the transformation of Sulphur Springs from a popular resort and picnic ground in the mid-nineteenth century to its current state. The third source is an article from the June 1946 issue of Forest Echoes Magazine.

Part 9: Notable Figures of Ashley County During the Civil War

Ashley County, Arkansas, was home to several notable figures who played significant roles during the Civil War. These individuals contributed to the Confederate cause and left a lasting impact on the community. Their stories reflect the bravery, dedication, and resilience of the people of Ashley County during this tumultuous period.

Captain Van H. Manning

Captain Manning was promoted to colonel and commanded the 3rd Arkansas regiment. After the war, he did not return to Ashley County but became a prominent practicing attorney in Holly Springs, Mississippi. He was elected to Congress, served for several years, and later became a practicing attorney in Washington, D.C. Manning was captured at the Battle of the Wilderness and suffered in the notorious prison at Morris Island, South Carolina, where Confederate officers were placed on starvation rations in an effort to force them to take the oath of allegiance to the Union.

Major W. G. Rolfe

Major Rolfe, a Vermonter, joined the Confederate army under some suspicion due to his Northern origins. Despite this, he served with distinction and came out as a major. After the war, he served the Ashley County community in various capacities, becoming its first county examiner.

James P. Clark

Clark served as sheriff of Ashley County from 1886 through 1894. His leadership and dedication to the community were evident in his long tenure as sheriff.

J. F. Carr

Carr was a Methodist minister who served the Hamburg church for a time after the war. His contributions to the spiritual life of the community were significant, and he played a vital role in supporting the residents during the post-war period.

Other Notable Figures

Several other individuals from Ashley County made notable contributions during the Civil War. Their stories, though less documented, reflect the collective efforts and sacrifices of the community. These figures include soldiers, community leaders, and civilians who supported the Confederate cause in various ways.

Legacy and Impact

The contributions of these notable figures during the Civil War left a lasting impact on Ashley County. Their bravery and dedication are remembered and honored by the community. The legacy of their efforts continues to be felt today, as the county reflects on its history and the resilience of its people.

Part 10: The Founding and Development of Hamburg, Arkansas

Introduction

Hamburg, Arkansas, holds a significant place in the history of Ashley County. Established in the mid-19th century, the town has grown and evolved over the years, becoming a center of government, commerce, and community life. This essay explores the founding and development of Hamburg, highlighting its early settlers, infrastructure, and growth through the years.

The Founding of Hamburg

On November 30, 1848, the Seventh Session of the Arkansas General Assembly created Ashley County. The Assembly directed that the geographic center be determined and the seat of County Government be established as near as possible to that point. Commissioners George N. Denton, John W. P. Doyle, and Thomas C. Denson were appointed by the first county court presided over by William E. Willis. These commissioners brought the first surveyor, D. D. Simms, to the area.

The survey found the center of the County was in the middle of Tcheminahaut Creek, so the town site was established slightly west, on higher ground, on forty acres of land donated for the purpose. When the first construction was taking place, the discussion of a name for the new town brought a suggestion from the youthful James Cooper Riley: "Let's name it Hamburg." Many of the county's early residents had moved from Hamburg, South Carolina, a year or two earlier, so that name was agreed upon. The South Carolina town is no longer found on maps but was located across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia.

Early Development and Infrastructure

The first store building is said to have been in the block of Adams St., where Hamburg's city hall now stands. Other businesses, shops, and churches followed along what is now Cherry and Adams Street. Cherry Street was part of the old Post Road from Arkansas Post through what is now Martinville south through town. After the 1850s and the construction of the courthouse, businesses moved away from the Post Road (now Cherry Street) and the town formed around the court square.

Official Incorporation and Growth

Hamburg was officially incorporated on December 14, 1854. It quickly became a center of government and a source of materials and supplies for residents from miles around. Shops and stores quickly filled the north, east, and south sides of the square. Stately homes, many in Victorian style, graced the surrounding streets.

Religious and Educational Institutions

The Presbyterian Church, still standing today, was located at the southeast corner of Cherry and Lincoln Streets. A Catholic Church was on the southwest corner of Cherry and Polk, and the Baptist Church was built across Cherry and a little south of the Catholic structure. The Methodist Church has always occupied the same place on South Main.

Post-Civil War Growth and Industrialization

After the war between the states and a period of doldrums during the reconstruction era, Hamburg experienced another spurt of growth. With the arrival of the railroad, the town saw the establishment of sawmills, planer mills, cotton gins, a stave factory, a box factory, brick manufacturing, a mattress factory, and a bed spring plant. Assorted blacksmiths, livery, bakeries, cafes, and hotels also operated in the town.

Modern Development and Community Life

Over the years, Hamburg has been blessed with a slow but steady, orderly growth pattern. Today, the town boasts many attractions, stores, shops, churches, and fine school facilities staffed with dedicated educators. The area's agriculture and timber businesses are balanced with garment and electronic manufacturing and transportation services. Hamburg has transformed into a beautiful little jewel carved out of what was once known as "The Great Wilderness."

Conclusion

Hamburg, Arkansas, has a rich and storied history that reflects the resilience and growth of its community. From its founding in the mid-19th century to its modern development, Hamburg has remained a vital center of government, commerce, and community life. Preserving and documenting the history of Hamburg is essential for future generations to appreciate and learn from the town's remarkable journey.

Sources:

- Reflections of Ashley County, compiled by Robert A. Carpenter, Sr. and Mary Imogene Noble Carpenter, 1987.

Part 11: The Crossett Experimental Forest

Introduction to the Crossett Experimental Forest

The Crossett Experimental Forest, established in 1933 by the U.S. Forest Service, is a significant landmark in the history of forestry research. Located in Ashley County, Arkansas, the forest has played a crucial role in advancing sustainable forestry practices and contributing to the scientific understanding of forest management.

Purpose and Objectives

The primary objective of the Crossett Experimental Forest was to develop silvicultural principles and practices to manage the cutover second-growth loblolly-shortleaf stands typical of the area. The forest served as a research site for studying various aspects of forest management, including improvement cutting, chemicalwood production, and the development of a market for pulpwood.

Key Research Areas

The research conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest focused on several key areas:

1. Silvicultural Practices: The forest was used to study different silvicultural practices, such as selective cutting, thinning, and controlled burning. These practices aimed to promote the growth of healthy, productive forests while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the timber resources.

?2. Pulpwood Thinning: One of the significant research efforts was the pulpwood thinning study, which aimed to determine the effects of thinning on the growth and yield of pine stands. The study found that thinning could significantly increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, leading to higher yields of both pulpwood and sawtimber.

3. Tractor Skidding: Another notable innovation was the introduction of tractors for skidding logs. The tractor skidding study demonstrated that tractors could be more efficient and cost-effective than traditional methods of skidding logs with horses or mules. This innovation helped improve the efficiency of logging operations and reduced the physical labor required for skidding.

4. Fire Management: The forest also served as a site for studying fire management practices. Researchers developed and tested various fire protection measures, including the use of fire rakes and swatters, tractor-powered fire-trail plows, and aerial patrols for fire detection. These efforts significantly improved fire management and contributed to the overall safety of the forest.

Contributions to Forestry Research

The Crossett Experimental Forest has generated hundreds of scientific publications, making it an internationally known example of high-quality, long-term forestry research. The findings from various studies conducted at the forest have contributed to the development of sustainable forestry practices that balance the extraction of timber with the preservation of the forest ecosystem.

The research conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest has had a lasting impact on forest management practices. The forest has served as a model for other experimental forests and has provided valuable insights into the benefits of sustainable forestry practices.

Legacy and Continued Relevance

The legacy of the Crossett Experimental Forest continues to be felt today. The forest remains a hub for scientific research and education, attracting researchers, students, and forestry professionals from around the world. The findings from the forest's research efforts continue to inform modern forestry practices and contribute to the advancement of sustainable forest management.

The Crossett Experimental Forest stands as a testament to the importance of scientific research in advancing sustainable forestry practices. Its contributions to the field of forestry have left a lasting legacy that continues to benefit the forestry community and the environment.

Part 12: The Impact of the Crossett Lumber Company on Modern Forestry

Introduction to the Crossett Lumber Company's Influence

The Crossett Lumber Company, established in 1899, has had a profound impact on the field of modern forestry. The company's commitment to sustainable practices, innovation, and community development has set a standard for the forestry industry. This section explores the various ways in which the Crossett Lumber Company has influenced modern forestry practices and contributed to the advancement of the field.

Sustainable Forestry Practices

One of the most significant contributions of the Crossett Lumber Company to modern forestry is its commitment to sustainable practices. The company recognized the importance of managing forest resources responsibly to ensure their long-term viability. This involved implementing practices such as selective cutting, thinning, and controlled burning to promote the growth of healthy, productive forests.

The company's sustainable forestry practices were influenced by the expertise of Yale professor Herman Haupt Chapman and the work of Yale graduate W.K. Williams. These practices aimed to balance the extraction of timber with the preservation of the forest ecosystem, setting a standard for sustainable forestry that continues to be followed today.

Innovation and Research

The Crossett Lumber Company has been at the forefront of innovation in the forestry industry. The establishment of the Crossett Experimental Forest in 1933 provided a hub for scientific research and innovation. The research conducted at the forest has contributed to the development of new silvicultural practices, fire management techniques, and logging innovations.

One notable innovation was the introduction of tractors for skidding logs. The tractor skidding study conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest demonstrated that tractors could be more efficient and cost-effective than traditional methods of skidding logs with horses or mules. This innovation helped improve the efficiency of logging operations and reduced the physical labor required for skidding.

?

The company's commitment to research and innovation has had a lasting impact on modern forestry practices. The findings from various studies conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest continue to inform and shape the field of forestry.

Community Development and Education

The Crossett Lumber Company has also made significant contributions to community development and education. The company's investment in housing, infrastructure, education, and recreation has created a vibrant and thriving community in Crossett. The company's commitment to the well-being of its employees and the community has set a standard for corporate social responsibility in the forestry industry.

The company has also played a key role in promoting forestry education. The Crossett Experimental Forest serves as a site for educational programs and training for forestry professionals, students, and researchers. The company's efforts to promote education and training have contributed to the advancement of the field and the development of a skilled and knowledgeable workforce.

Legacy and Continued Influence

The legacy of the Crossett Lumber Company continues to be felt today. The company's commitment to sustainable practices, innovation, and community development has left a lasting mark on the forestry industry. The findings from the research conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest continue to inform modern forestry practices and contribute to the advancement of the field.

The Crossett Lumber Company stands as a testament to the importance of sustainable practices, innovation, and community development in the forestry industry. Its contributions to the field of forestry have left a lasting legacy that continues to benefit the forestry community and the environment.

Conclusion

The impact of the Crossett Lumber Company on modern forestry cannot be overstated. The company's commitment to sustainable practices, innovation, and community development has set a standard for the forestry industry. The legacy of the Crossett Lumber Company continues to be felt today, as the findings from its research efforts continue to inform and shape modern forestry practices. The company's contributions to the field of forestry have left a lasting mark that continues to benefit the forestry community and the environment.

Part 13: The Legacy of Fountain Hill: A Reflection on Sterling White's Account

In the heart of Ashley County, Arkansas, lies a town steeped in history and community spirit—Fountain Hill. Sterling White's mid-1980s account of this oldest town in the county not only serves as a historical record but also as a testament to the resilience and growth of a community that has weathered the passage of time with grace and fortitude.

The Beginnings: A Town on a Hill

Fountain Hill's origins can be traced back to the early 19th century, when it was first recognized as the oldest town in Ashley County. The Norris Hill Cemetery, resting on the town's west hill, is a silent witness to the passage of time, being the oldest cemetery in the county. It was here, on this very hill, that the first courthouse of Ashley County was established, marking the beginnings of governance and community organization.

The Church on the Creek

The Flatcreek Baptist Church, organized on a warm August Sunday in 1845, stands as possibly the oldest church in Ashley County. Originally located a mile from the town, by the creek, it was a humble log structure that served as a spiritual haven for the early settlers. Despite the destruction by fire in 1920, the church was rebuilt two years later in the town of Fountain Hill, symbolizing the community's resilience and commitment to faith.

The Move and the Growth

As time marched on, Fountain Hill saw a shift westward, moving a mile and a half to where the town currently stands. This move was not just physical but also represented the evolution of the community as it adapted to changing times. The arrival of the AD&N Railroad in the early 1910s brought with it a wave of development, including the establishment of the first bank in 1913 and the construction of several stores that would form the commercial backbone of the town.

The Era of Cotton and Commerce

Fountain Hill thrived as a cotton town, with a bustling farming community at its core. The cotton gins owned by C. G. Mears and the Phillips brothers were more than just industrial establishments; they were the lifeblood of the town's economy, drawing people from as far as Louisiana to gin and sell their cotton. The introduction of Highway 13 in 1928 further connected Fountain Hill to the wider region, enhancing its role as a market town.

?Education and Progress

The Fountain Hill School, organized in 1919, was a beacon of education and progress. Under the leadership of Mr. B.S. White, the high school became a center for learning and development. The two-story frame building that housed the school was a symbol of the town's investment in its future—the education of its youth.

A Community of Pride and Heritage

Sterling White's narrative is imbued with a sense of pride and appreciation for Fountain Hill's rich history. The town's Baptist church, still growing and vibrant under the leadership of Reverend Bill Aikins, is a testament to the enduring spirit of the community. The church's role in organizing the Bartholomew Association and later the Ashley Association reflects Fountain Hill's influence and commitment to regional unity.

Conclusion: A Living History

Fountain Hill, as narrated by Sterling White, is more than just a town; it is a living history of Southeast Arkansas. Its story is one of growth, adaptation, and community—a story that continues to inspire and shape the identity of its residents. The legacy of the early settlers, the businesses that constituted the town, and the community's ongoing efforts to preserve and honor its past are what make Fountain Hill a place of enduring significance.

In Sterling White's words, we find not only a historical account but also a celebration of a town that embodies the richest history of any church in Southeast Arkansas. It is a narrative that captures the essence of Fountain Hill—a town that stands proud of its name and its place in the annals of history.

Sources:

- Sterling White’s Account of Fountain Hill History was found in “Reflections of Ashley County, including History of Ashley County, by Y.W. Ethridge,” Compiled by Carpenter & Carpenter, 1987.

Part 14: The Role of Surveyors in the Early Settlement of Ashley County

Land surveying played a crucial role in the early American settlements, providing the foundation for land ownership, property boundaries, and infrastructure development. Understanding the role of surveyors in the early settlement of Ashley County, Arkansas, offers valuable insights into the region's history and development. This essay explores the early surveying efforts, key surveyors, surveying methods and challenges, the impact on settlement and development, and the legacy of early surveyors in Ashley County.

Early Surveying Efforts

Land surveying in the United States began with the establishment of the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) by the federal government in the late 18th century. The PLSS aimed to systematically survey and distribute land in the newly acquired territories, facilitating westward expansion and settlement. In Arkansas, early surveying efforts were essential for organizing land ownership and promoting settlement.

In Ashley County, surveying efforts began in the early 19th century as settlers moved into the region. The federal government appointed surveyors to map and divide the land into townships, ranges, and sections, providing a clear framework for land ownership and distribution. These early surveys laid the groundwork for the orderly settlement and development of Ashley County.

Key Surveyors in Ashley County

Several key surveyors played a significant role in the early settlement of Ashley County. Among them were Nicholas Rightor and Caleb Langtree, whose contributions to land surveying were instrumental in shaping the region.

Nicholas Rightor was one of the prominent surveyors in Ashley County. His work involved mapping and dividing the land, establishing property boundaries, and ensuring the accuracy of the surveys. Rightor's meticulous surveying efforts provided a reliable basis for land ownership and development in the county.

Caleb Langtree was another notable surveyor who contributed to the early settlement of Ashley County. Langtree's surveys helped define the layout of the land, facilitating the establishment of homesteads, farms, and infrastructure. His work was essential for the orderly growth and development of the region.

Other surveyors also played important roles in Ashley County's early settlement, each contributing to the accurate mapping and division of the land. Their collective efforts ensured that the land was properly surveyed and ready for settlement.

Surveying Methods and Challenges

Early surveyors in Ashley County used a variety of tools and techniques to carry out their work. Common tools included the surveyor's compass, chain, and transit, which were used to measure distances and angles accurately. Surveyors also relied on natural landmarks and markers to establish reference points and boundaries.

The surveying process was not without challenges. Surveyors had to contend with difficult terrain, dense forests, and unpredictable weather conditions. Additionally, the accuracy and precision of the surveys were of utmost importance, as errors could lead to disputes and complications in land ownership.

Despite these challenges, early surveyors in Ashley County demonstrated remarkable skill and determination in their work. Their efforts ensured that the land was accurately surveyed and ready for settlement.

Impact on Settlement and Development

The work of surveyors had a profound impact on the settlement and development of Ashley County. Accurate surveys provided a clear framework for land ownership and distribution, allowing settlers to establish homesteads and farms with confidence. Surveyors also played a crucial role in establishing property boundaries, roads, and other infrastructure, facilitating the orderly growth of the region.

The influence of surveying on land ownership and distribution cannot be overstated. Surveyors' work ensured that land was divided fairly and systematically, reducing the potential for disputes and conflicts. This orderly division of land contributed to the growth and prosperity of Ashley County, attracting more settlers and promoting economic development.

Legacy of Early Surveyors

The legacy of early surveyors in Ashley County is evident in the region's well-defined property boundaries, infrastructure, and orderly development. The records and maps created by these surveyors have been preserved, providing valuable historical documentation of the county's early settlement.

The contributions of surveyors like Nicholas Rightor and Caleb Langtree continue to be recognized and celebrated for their role in shaping Ashley County. Their work laid the foundation for the region's growth and development, leaving a lasting impact on the community.

Conclusion

The role of surveyors in the early settlement of Ashley County was crucial in providing the foundation for land ownership, property boundaries, and infrastructure development. From the early surveying efforts to the contributions of key surveyors and the challenges they faced, the work of surveyors played a significant role in shaping the region's history and development. Understanding their contributions offers valuable insights into the factors that have influenced Ashley County's past and continue to shape its future.

Sources:

- This essay is based on information from "Reflections of Ashley County," including "History of Ashley County" by Y. W. Etheridge, compiled by Robert A. Carpenter, Sr. and Mary Imogene Noble Carpenter, 1987.

Part 15: The Confluence of Bayou Bartholomew & The Ouachita River

What is a Confluence?

According to Wikipedia, a "Confluence of rivers is defined as a meeting point of two or more rivers. In other words, it usually refers to the point where a tributary joins a major river, called the mainstream."

There are at least three bodies of water associated with Ashley County that converge into one body of water just south of Ashley County.

The First Confluence

The first confluence occurs just north of the Ouachita River Bridge at Crossett Port, where the Saline River (also sometimes known as Glaze Creek) joins the Ouachita River.

The Second Confluence

Next, near Sterlington, Louisiana, the Bayou Bartholomew joins the Ouachita River.

On Google Earth, one can follow the river downstream and watch it morph into The Black River, then it runs into The Red River of The South. From there, if you were water, you could merge into The Mississippi River or maybe the Atchafalaya River.

Or, on Google Earth, you could head north and see all of the towns along the Ouachita (we call them "Sisters Along The Ouachita"), all the way up to Lake Ouachita, north of Hot Springs.

Exploring the Confluence

There are three Google Earth screen captures attached, with comments, as well as links to Google Earth and Wikipedia pages in the comments of this post. Please feel free to share any pictures you have of these bodies of water, any knowledge you have about these bodies of water, and any links to other pages that have information about these bodies of water.

Conclusion

The confluence of Bayou Bartholomew and the Ouachita River is a significant geographical feature that highlights the interconnectedness of the waterways in Ashley County. Understanding these confluences provides valuable insights into the region's natural history and the role of rivers in shaping the landscape.

Part 16: Portland, Arkansas: A Quick Google Earth Tour and Profile of "Little Heaven"

Introduction

The name Portland? It is pretty simple why Portland is called Portland. The area was a port along the Bayou Bartholomew. Thus, Portland.

Historical Background

Portland was established in 1893. There is a post office with the Zip Code 71663. Portland is located along Route 165, which runs north and south in the Arkansas Delta. The last census data we could find insinuated there were around 500 people in the city limits.

Key Businesses and Attractions

- Mainline Health Systems: Founded in Portland, Arkansas around 1978. Some of the original proponents of Mainline were Betty Gay, Mike Shell, and Floyd Kelly.

- Arkansas Ag Company: Started and has been located in Portland, Arkansas since 1947.

- Lake Wilson: A huge attraction, especially known for its Large Mouth Bass.

- New Dollar General Store

- Historic Hotel by the Bayou

- Haunted House: We're told there is a haunted house in the area.

Exploring Portland

Please check out the attached and various Google Earth images of Portland, Arkansas. All images should have brief explanations for their purpose in being displayed. Please leave comments and tell us more about this community in Ashley County.

Conclusion

Portland, Arkansas, affectionately referred to as "Little Heaven," is a charming town with a rich history and vibrant community. From its early days as a port along Bayou Bartholomew to its modern attractions and businesses, Portland continues to be a significant part of Ashley County's heritage.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Johnny Hennington for spending a few minutes on the telephone talking to us about his hometown, Portland, Arkansas. "Little Heaven," as he affectionately refers to Portland.

Part 17: The Early Leaders of Ashley County: Pioneers in Governance and Society

The early leaders of Ashley County, Arkansas, played pivotal roles in shaping the county's infrastructure, governance, and societal norms. Their dedication and commitment to serving their community laid the foundation for the county's growth and development.

Founding Public Officials

The first county officials were elected following a proclamation issued by the sheriff of Drew. These officials included Sheriff W. M. Ducker, Clerk G. W. Worthington, Treasurer J. N. Thompson, Coroner John Hinkson, Surveyor D. D. Sims, and Commissioners John W. P. Doyle, Thomas C. Denson, and George N. Denton. The commissioners were tasked with locating the county seat of Ashley County.

Land and Infrastructure Development

The commissioners claimed a parcel of land from the government, specifically the Northeast Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of Section 14, Township 17 South, Range 7 West. This forty-acre plot is where the original town of Hamburg was laid out. The United States patent to the land, signed by President Millard Fillmore, was issued to the first commissioners on November 1, 1852.

The establishment of roads and bridges was a significant undertaking by the early public officials. One of the first bridges was a toll bridge built by Henry C. Dade across Overflow Creek in 1850. In 1852, this toll bridge was replaced by a free county bridge, and another was built across Themanihaut Creek. The process of establishing roads involved appointing a "jury of view" who determined the route of a proposed road and reported back at the next term of the court. One of the first roads established by the county court in 1849 began at the Drew-Ashley line and went south to Kirkpatrick's and Henry Gillespy's stores.

The Kirkpatrick and Gillespie stores were located in the town of Fountain Hill in Ashley County, Arkansas. Elisha Kirkpatrick was one of the first merchants in the area. The town of Fountain Hill was laid out in the 1840s and has been a center for agriculture and the timber industry. It's worth noting that the exact location of these stores might not be documented, but they played a significant role in the early development of the town.

Slavery in Ashley County

During this period, slavery was a significant aspect of society. The value of slaves was high, with a slave of workable age worth from $1300 to $2000. The county court had the duty to free slaves upon proper petition, consent of the master, and on condition the freed slave made a bond for his conduct as a free man. One such case was that of Thomas Gibbs, who was set free on October 18, 1854, upon making a bond in the sum of $200.

Houses and Buildings

The early public officials also oversaw the construction of houses and other buildings. Two main types of houses were prevalent during this time: a two-story rectangular house with large pillars, such as the Moats place still standing facing east toward the entry of the Bayou bridge just west of Portland, and an ell-shaped structure with a front porch, a hallway or dog-trot through the middle, and a back porch fronting the longer side of the house. The first public buildings in the county were the courthouse and the county jail, erected in 1850 in Hamburg.

Development of Towns

The development of towns was another significant achievement. Hamburg was laid out in October 1849, two months after Ashley County was formed from part of Drew County. The town of Crossett also saw significant development, with several buildings on the Crossett Experimental Forest being listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

?Conclusion

The early public officials of Ashley County shouldered significant responsibilities in the establishment and governance of the county. Their dedication and commitment to serving their community laid the foundation for the county's growth and development. Their names and contributions remain a testament to their service and are an integral part of Ashley County's rich history.

Part 18: Discover Portland Township in Ashley County, Arkansas!

Introduction

Located in the heart of Ashley County, Portland Township is a small Delta town with a rich history and vibrant community. Here are some key details about our beloved township:

Geographical Coordinates: Latitude 33°12’00” N, Longitude 091°31’55” W.

Elevation: 115 feet.

Area: 1.07 square miles.

Population: As of the 2020 Census, the population was 325.

Incorporation Date: October 18, 1893.

Land Area of the Township: 68.5 sq. mi.

Water Area of the Township: 0.7 sq. mi.

Occupied Houses/Apartments: 681 (551 owner occupied, 130 renter occupied).

Portland City

Within Portland Township, there is a city named Portland with its own unique characteristics:

- Location: Portland is located in Ashley County, Arkansas.

- Population: The population was 430 at the 2010 census.

- History: Portland was first settled in the 1830s, and it was named for its early status as a steamboat port.

- Incorporation: It was incorporated in 1893.

Key Businesses and Attractions

- Spring Valley Sod Farm: This family-owned and operated farm supplies commercial landscapers and project management groups throughout Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana with ready-to-install wholesale sod and turf grass.

- Sassy Jones Sauce & Spice Company: This company provides quality sauces, spice blends, and specialty food products prepared the old Southern way.

- GreenPoint AG: This agricultural input supplier services farms and rural business owners in the areas of crop nutrients, crop protection, and more to help them increase food production.

Historical Significance

Portland Township’s history is deeply intertwined with the Civil War and Reconstruction era. Progress halted abruptly in 1861 as men left their occupations to join Confederate forces. The area experienced Union raids for supplies, and Confederate forces burned Fisher’s cotton crop in 1862 before Union troops could secure it. A significant Union raid took place in January 1865, resulting in the capture of prisoners and destruction of commissary stores and an ammunition supply depot.

The Great Flood of 1927

In 1927, Portland and the surrounding areas experienced the Great Flood, one of the most destructive and costly floods in Arkansas history. The floodwaters affected 14% of Arkansas’s total land area and displaced 350,000 people in the state. Some areas were submerged in up to 30 feet of water. The flood resulted in a huge displacement of people as tens of thousands of Arkansans became refugees in their own state. The suffering was immense and widespread. Thousands of people fleeing the rising water were forced to live in tent cities, or in some cases railroad boxcars, if they found any shelter at all. The waters finally had receded by August of 1927, leaving a death toll estimated by some as high as 127 in Arkansas. Thousands of families were homeless and agriculture and industry in the state suffered major losses in the millions of dollars.

Conclusion

Despite its sometimes tumultuous past, Portland Township and the city of Portland stand today as testaments to resilience and community spirit. Join us as we continue to explore and celebrate the history and people of Ashley County!

Part 19: The Early Leaders of Ashley County: Pioneers in Governance and Society

?The early leaders of Ashley County, Arkansas, played pivotal roles in shaping the county's infrastructure, governance, and societal norms. Their dedication and commitment to serving their community laid the foundation for the county's growth and development.

Founding Public Officials

The first county officials were elected following a proclamation issued by the sheriff of Drew. These officials included Sheriff W. M. Ducker, Clerk G. W. Worthington, Treasurer J. N. Thompson, Coroner John Hinkson, Surveyor D. D. Sims, and Commissioners John W. P. Doyle, Thomas C. Denson, and George N. Denton. The commissioners were tasked with locating the county seat of Ashley County.

Land and Infrastructure Development

The commissioners claimed a parcel of land from the government, specifically the Northeast Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of Section 14, Township 17 South, Range 7 West. This forty-acre plot is where the original town of Hamburg was laid out. The United States patent to the land, signed by President Millard Fillmore, was issued to the first commissioners on November 1, 1852.

The establishment of roads and bridges was a significant undertaking by the early public officials. One of the first bridges was a toll bridge built by Henry C. Dade across Overflow Creek in 1850. In 1852, this toll bridge was replaced by a free county bridge, and another was built across Themanihaut Creek. The process of establishing roads involved appointing a "jury of view" who determined the route of a proposed road and reported back at the next term of the court. One of the first roads established by the county court in 1849 began at the Drew-Ashley line and went south to Kirkpatrick's and Henry Gillespy's stores.

The Kirkpatrick and Gillespie stores were located in the town of Fountain Hill in Ashley County, Arkansas. Elisha Kirkpatrick was one of the first merchants in the area. The town of Fountain Hill was laid out in the 1840s and has been a center for agriculture and the timber industry. It's worth noting that the exact location of these stores might not be documented, but they played a significant role in the early development of the town.

Slavery in Ashley County

During this period, slavery was a significant aspect of society. The value of slaves was high, with a slave of workable age worth from $1300 to $2000. The county court had the duty to free slaves upon proper petition, consent of the master, and on condition the freed slave made a bond for his conduct as a free man. One such case was that of Thomas Gibbs, who was set free on October 18, 1854, upon making a bond in the sum of $200.

Houses and Buildings

The early public officials also oversaw the construction of houses and other buildings. Two main types of houses were prevalent during this time: a two-story rectangular house with large pillars, such as the Moats place still standing facing east toward the entry of the Bayou bridge just west of Portland, and an ell-shaped structure with a front porch, a hallway or dog-trot through the middle, and a back porch fronting the longer side of the house. The first public buildings in the county were the courthouse and the county jail, erected in 1850 in Hamburg.

Development of Towns

The development of towns was another significant achievement. Hamburg was laid out in October 1849, two months after Ashley County was formed from part of Drew County. The town of Crossett also saw significant development, with several buildings on the Crossett Experimental Forest being listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Conclusion

The early public officials of Ashley County shouldered significant responsibilities in the establishment and governance of the county. Their dedication and commitment to serving their community laid the foundation for the county's growth and development. Their names and contributions remain a testament to their service and are an integral part of Ashley County's rich history.

Part 20: Discover Portland Township in Ashley County, Arkansas!

Introduction

Located in the heart of Ashley County, Portland Township is a small Delta town with a rich history and vibrant community. Here are some key details about our beloved township:

Geographical Coordinates: Latitude 33°12’00” N, Longitude 091°31’55” W.

Elevation: 115 feet.

Area: 1.07 square miles.

Population: As of the 2020 Census, the population was 325.

Incorporation Date: October 18, 1893.

Land Area of the Township: 68.5 sq. mi.

Water Area of the Township: 0.7 sq. mi.

Occupied Houses/Apartments: 681 (551 owner occupied, 130 renter occupied).

Portland City

Within Portland Township, there is a city named Portland with its own unique characteristics:

- Location: Portland is located in Ashley County, Arkansas.

- Population: The population was 430 at the 2010 census.

- History: Portland was first settled in the 1830s, and it was named for its early status as a steamboat port.

- Incorporation: It was incorporated in 1893.

Key Businesses and Attractions

- Spring Valley Sod Farm: This family-owned and operated farm supplies commercial landscapers and project management groups throughout Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana with ready-to-install wholesale sod and turf grass.

- Sassy Jones Sauce & Spice Company: This company provides quality sauces, spice blends, and specialty food products prepared the old Southern way.

- GreenPoint AG: This agricultural input supplier services farms and rural business owners in the areas of crop nutrients, crop protection, and more to help them increase food production.

Historical Significance

Portland Township’s history is deeply intertwined with the Civil War and Reconstruction era. Progress halted abruptly in 1861 as men left their occupations to join Confederate forces. The area experienced Union raids for supplies, and Confederate forces burned Fisher’s cotton crop in 1862 before Union troops could secure it. A significant Union raid took place in January 1865, resulting in the capture of prisoners and destruction of commissary stores and an ammunition supply depot.

The Great Flood of 1927

In 1927, Portland and the surrounding areas experienced the Great Flood, one of the most destructive and costly floods in Arkansas history. The floodwaters affected 14% of Arkansas’s total land area and displaced 350,000 people in the state. Some areas were submerged in up to 30 feet of water. The flood resulted in a huge displacement of people as tens of thousands of Arkansans became refugees in their own state. The suffering was immense and widespread. Thousands of people fleeing the rising water were forced to live in tent cities, or in some cases railroad boxcars, if they found any shelter at all. The waters finally had receded by August of 1927, leaving a death toll estimated by some as high as 127 in Arkansas. Thousands of families were homeless and agriculture and industry in the state suffered major losses in the millions of dollars.

?Conclusion

Despite its sometimes tumultuous past, Portland Township and the city of Portland stand today as testaments to resilience and community spirit. Join us as we continue to explore and celebrate the history and people of Ashley County!

Part 21: The Role of Surveyors in the Early Settlement of Ashley County

Land surveying played a crucial role in the early American settlements, providing the foundation for land ownership, property boundaries, and infrastructure development. Understanding the role of surveyors in the early settlement of Ashley County, Arkansas, offers valuable insights into the region's history and development. This essay explores the early surveying efforts, key surveyors, surveying methods and challenges, the impact on settlement and development, and the legacy of early surveyors in Ashley County.

Early Surveying Efforts

Land surveying in the United States began with the establishment of the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) by the federal government in the late 18th century. The PLSS aimed to systematically survey and distribute land in the newly acquired territories, facilitating westward expansion and settlement. In Arkansas, early surveying efforts were essential for organizing land ownership and promoting settlement.

In Ashley County, surveying efforts began in the early 19th century as settlers moved into the region. The federal government appointed surveyors to map and divide the land into townships, ranges, and sections, providing a clear framework for land ownership and distribution. These early surveys laid the groundwork for the orderly settlement and development of Ashley County.

Key Surveyors in Ashley County

Several key surveyors played a significant role in the early settlement of Ashley County. Among them were Nicholas Rightor and Caleb Langtree, whose contributions to land surveying were instrumental in shaping the region.

Nicholas Rightor was one of the prominent surveyors in Ashley County. His work involved mapping and dividing the land, establishing property boundaries, and ensuring the accuracy of the surveys. Rightor's meticulous surveying efforts provided a reliable basis for land ownership and development in the county.

Caleb Langtree was another notable surveyor who contributed to the early settlement of Ashley County. Langtree's surveys helped define the layout of the land, facilitating the establishment of homesteads, farms, and infrastructure. His work was essential for the orderly growth and development of the region.

Other surveyors also played important roles in Ashley County's early settlement, each contributing to the accurate mapping and division of the land. Their collective efforts ensured that the land was properly surveyed and ready for settlement.

Surveying Methods and Challenges

Early surveyors in Ashley County used a variety of tools and techniques to carry out their work. Common tools included the surveyor's compass, chain, and transit, which were used to measure distances and angles accurately. Surveyors also relied on natural landmarks and markers to establish reference points and boundaries.

The surveying process was not without challenges. Surveyors had to contend with difficult terrain, dense forests, and unpredictable weather conditions. Additionally, the accuracy and precision of the surveys were of utmost importance, as errors could lead to disputes and complications in land ownership.

Despite these challenges, early surveyors in Ashley County demonstrated remarkable skill and determination in their work. Their efforts ensured that the land was accurately surveyed and ready for settlement.

Impact on Settlement and Development

The work of surveyors had a profound impact on the settlement and development of Ashley County. Accurate surveys provided a clear framework for land ownership and distribution, allowing settlers to establish homesteads and farms with confidence. Surveyors also played a crucial role in establishing property boundaries, roads, and other infrastructure, facilitating the orderly growth of the region.

The influence of surveying on land ownership and distribution cannot be overstated. Surveyors' work ensured that land was divided fairly and systematically, reducing the potential for disputes and conflicts. This orderly division of land contributed to the growth and prosperity of Ashley County, attracting more settlers and promoting economic development.

?Legacy of Early Surveyors

The legacy of early surveyors in Ashley County is evident in the region's well-defined property boundaries, infrastructure, and orderly development. The records and maps created by these surveyors have been preserved, providing valuable historical documentation of the county's early settlement.

?The contributions of surveyors like Nicholas Rightor and Caleb Langtree continue to be recognized and celebrated for their role in shaping Ashley County. Their work laid the foundation for the region's growth and development, leaving a lasting impact on the community.

Conclusion

The role of surveyors in the early settlement of Ashley County was crucial in providing the foundation for land ownership, property boundaries, and infrastructure development. From the early surveying efforts to the contributions of key surveyors and the challenges they faced, the work of surveyors played a significant role in shaping the region's history and development. Understanding their contributions offers valuable insights into the factors that have influenced Ashley County's past and continue to shape its future.

?Sources:

- This essay is based on information from "Reflections of Ashley County," including "History of Ashley County" by Y. W. Etheridge, compiled by Robert A. Carpenter, Sr. and Mary Imogene Noble Carpenter, 1987.

Part 22: Discover Portland Township in Ashley County, Arkansas!

Introduction

Located in the heart of Ashley County, Portland Township is a small Delta town with a rich history and vibrant community. Here are some key details about our beloved township:

Geographical Coordinates: Latitude 33°12’00” N, Longitude 091°31’55” W.

Elevation: 115 feet.

Area: 1.07 square miles.

Population: As of the 2020 Census, the population was 325.

Incorporation Date: October 18, 1893.

Land Area of the Township: 68.5 sq. mi.

Water Area of the Township: 0.7 sq. mi.

Occupied Houses/Apartments: 681 (551 owner occupied, 130 renter occupied).

?Portland City

Within Portland Township, there is a city named Portland with its own unique characteristics:

- Location: Portland is located in Ashley County, Arkansas.

- Population: The population was 430 at the 2010 census.

- History: Portland was first settled in the 1830s, and it was named for its early status as a steamboat port.

- Incorporation: It was incorporated in 1893.

Key Businesses and Attractions

- Spring Valley Sod Farm: This family-owned and operated farm supplies commercial landscapers and project management groups throughout Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana with ready-to-install wholesale sod and turf grass.

- Sassy Jones Sauce & Spice Company: This company provides quality sauces, spice blends, and specialty food products prepared the old Southern way.

- GreenPoint AG: This agricultural input supplier services farms and rural business owners in the areas of crop nutrients, crop protection, and more to help them increase food production.

?Historical Significance

Portland Township’s history is deeply intertwined with the Civil War and Reconstruction era. Progress halted abruptly in 1861 as men left their occupations to join Confederate forces. The area experienced Union raids for supplies, and Confederate forces burned Fisher’s cotton crop in 1862 before Union troops could secure it. A significant Union raid took place in January 1865, resulting in the capture of prisoners and destruction of commissary stores and an ammunition supply depot.

?The Great Flood of 1927

In 1927, Portland and the surrounding areas experienced the Great Flood, one of the most destructive and costly floods in Arkansas history. The floodwaters affected 14% of Arkansas’s total land area and displaced 350,000 people in the state. Some areas were submerged in up to 30 feet of water. The flood resulted in a huge displacement of people as tens of thousands of Arkansans became refugees in their own state. The suffering was immense and widespread. Thousands of people fleeing the rising water were forced to live in tent cities, or in some cases railroad boxcars, if they found any shelter at all. The waters finally had receded by August of 1927, leaving a death toll estimated by some as high as 127 in Arkansas. Thousands of families were homeless and agriculture and industry in the state suffered major losses in the millions of dollars.

Conclusion

Despite its sometimes tumultuous past, Portland Township and the city of Portland stand today as testaments to resilience and community spirit. Join us as we continue to explore and celebrate the history and people of Ashley County!

Part 23: A Century of Safety: An Examination of Workplace Safety in Crossett, Arkansas Introduction

In my recent research for other articles, I found myself returning to a familiar source, "The Wilderness Lady" by J.W. Buckner. This book, which we've used to learn about townships and other aspects of local history, also touched on something that stood out to me - safety.

As a regular member of the VPP / SHARP Safety Group for the state of Arkansas, and as a person that spent several weeks in Mesquite, TX at TEEX, I've always been passionate about promoting safety consciousness in any work environment. So, I decided to delve deeper into this topic and share what I've learned with you.

The Early Days: Crossett Lumber Company Crossett, Arkansas, was founded in the late 1890s by three investors from Davenport, Iowa—Edward Savage Crossett, Austria native Dr. John Wenzel Watzek, and Charles Warner Gates. The town was born out of the Crossett Lumber Company, which was Arkansas’s largest and most influential lumber company from its founding in 1899 until its merger with the Georgia-Pacific Company in 1962. From the beginning, the Crossett Lumber Company prioritized safety.

Each foreman was trained to administer first aid, and a safety program was organized in 1937 that decreased injuries and accidents. Awards were given to each department for safety achievement at a safety dinner. However, the fact that 25 souls had disabling injuries from work in 1937 is a stark reminder of how far we've come in terms of workplace safety. Transition to Georgia-Pacific As the Crossett Lumber Company morphed into Georgia-Pacific, the commitment to safety only grew stronger.

Georgia-Pacific was founded by Owen Robertson Cheatham in 1927 in Augusta, Georgia. Over the years, it expanded, adding sawmills and plywood plants, and Paper Mills. My personal experience as a summer student at Georgia-Pacific in the early 90s provides a unique perspective on the company's safety practices. We went through an intensive 3-week training program in 1990, that emphasized safety before entering an environment with dangerous work processes. This commitment to safety is a testament to the company's values. A Legacy of Safety

Today, Georgia-Pacific continues to prioritize safety. The company was recently awarded the 2023 Leadership in Sustainability Award for the Save My Life Digital Work Process by the American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA). This award recognizes exemplary sustainability programs in the paper and wood products manufacturing industry.

The Save My Life process represents a transformation of traditional permit-to-work processes, utilizing technology to put the best information in front of employees when they need it. It has already resulted in over 1,800 "catches" where additional controls were applied before starting work. Conclusion

From the early days of the Crossett Lumber Company to the modern practices of Georgia-Pacific, Crossett, Arkansas, has been at the forefront of workplace safety. The town's history is a testament to the importance of safety in the workplace and the positive impact of continuous improvement and innovation. I hope this personal article serves as a valuable resource for those interested in the history of workplace safety in Crossett, Arkansas, and inspires continued efforts towards ensuring safety in all workplaces.?

?Part 24: Carter Township Introduction

Carter Township, a gem nestled in the heart of Ashley County, Arkansas, is a place where history, community, and natural beauty converge. This township, named after an influential figure from its formation era, is a testament to the resilience and pioneering spirit of its residents. Geography and Demographics

Located in the southeastern part of Arkansas, Carter Township offers a suburban rural mix feel to its approximately 4,176 residents. The township is characterized by its diverse population, with a blend of different age groups, education levels, and racial backgrounds. The majority of residents own their homes, and the area is popular among retirees. The geography of Carter Township is as diverse as its people.

The township is part of the larger Ashley County, which was formed by the 7th Arkansas General Assembly on November 30, 1848, from portions of Drew, Chicot, and Union Counties. The county, and by extension, Carter Township, is located in the southeastern area of the state. The primary coordinates for Carter Township place it within the AR 71646 ZIP Code delivery area. Historical Significance

Within the boundaries of Carter Township lies the city of Hamburg. Hamburg was laid out in October 1849, two months after Ashley County was formed. The town was named after Hamburg, South Carolina, where many early residents originated. With the town’s designation as the county seat, two of the first public buildings were the courthouse and the county jail, erected in 1850.

The site was chosen at least in part because the legislation organizing the county required that the county seat be within five miles of the county’s geographic center. Today, Hamburg is a thriving city with a population of approximately 2,536. Community and Economy

Carter Township is not just a place on a map; it's a community with a rich history. The township was once part of the Great Wilderness, a testament to the area's natural beauty and the pioneering spirit of its early settlers. Today, the township is a thriving community, a far cry from its days as part of the wilderness, yet still retaining its natural charm.

The economy of Carter Township is a blend of various sectors. Many residents work in agriculture and forestry, with a significant number also employed in the local industry like paper, chemical, the packing industry, and the biofuels sector. The township's economy reflects the hardworking nature of its residents and their commitment to community development. Climate

The weather in Carter Township is another aspect that makes it a great place to live. With an average temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit, the climate is quite pleasant. The township experiences a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters. Conclusion

In conclusion, Carter Township is more than just a geographical location in Ashley County. It's a community with a rich history, a diverse population, and a strong sense of identity. Whether you're a long-time resident or a first-time visitor, Carter Township offers a unique blend of history, community, and natural beauty that is sure to leave a lasting impression.