Parenting Styles
Emmanuel Jesuyon Dansu
Assistant Professor, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
“We may not be able to prepare the future for our children, but we can at least prepare our children for the future.”-Franklin Roosevelt
Parenting styles encompass the diverse strategies and approaches that parents employ in the upbringing of their children. These styles play a pivotal role in shaping a child’s development, behaviour, and overall well-being. Psychologist Diana Baumrind’s seminal work identified four principal parenting styles, categorized along two crucial dimensions: responsiveness (reflecting warmth and supportiveness) and demandingness (representing control and expectations). These parenting styles, namely authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved/neglectful, exert distinct impacts on children’s lives.
Authoritative parenting is characterized by a delicate balance of responsiveness and demandingness. Parents adopting this style set clear expectations and rules while fostering an environment of warmth, support, and understanding. Children raised under authoritative parenting often display elevated levels of self-esteem, independence, and social competence. This style cultivates strong decision-making skills and emotional regulation, contributing to well-rounded and confident individuals.
On the flip side, authoritarian parenting leans towards high demandingness and low responsiveness. These parents enforce strict rules with minimal flexibility, often resorting to strict disciplinary measures. Consequently, children brought up in authoritarian households may exhibit lower self-esteem, deficient social skills, and an increased likelihood of anxiety. Decision-making and problem-solving can become challenging for them due to the rigid structure imposed by their parents.
Permissive parenting strikes a balance tilted towards responsiveness but with low demandingness. These parents are lenient with rules, adopting an indulgent and nurturing approach that steers clear of confrontation. Children raised in permissive environments may grapple with self-discipline, struggle to follow rules, and encounter difficulties in forming and maintaining social relationships. Academic achievement might also be compromised due to a lack of structure and expectations.
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Uninvolved or neglectful parenting, characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness, leaves children with minimal emotional support and expectations. These parents may be neglectful of their child’s needs, leading to potential challenges in emotional and behavioral development. Children in uninvolved households often face obstacles in forming healthy relationships, exhibit behavioural problems, and contend with low self-esteem.
It is imperative to recognize that parenting styles are not static, and they may evolve over time based on various factors such as the child’s age, parental experiences, and cultural influences. Effective parenting involves a dynamic adaptation to the changing needs of the child and the evolving context of their lives.
To conclude, parenting styles are powerful determinants of a child’s growth and development. Understanding the nuances of these styles, their effects on children, and the potential long-term consequences is vital for parents, caregivers, and educators. Striving for an authoritative balance that incorporates clear expectations with warmth and support appears to provide a healthy foundation for a child’s holistic development. By being mindful of the chosen parenting approach, parents can actively contribute to the well-being and success of their children in various aspects of life.
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