The Palette of Pixels: A Chronicle of AI in Art
Renaissance and impressionist paintings and futurists and dadaists artwork in a collage, MidJourney

The Palette of Pixels: A Chronicle of AI in Art

Let us enter the studio of Harold Cohen, a British artist who, in the rattle and hum of late 1960s London, embarked on a journey blending oil paint and binary code. Cohen was born in the heart of London in 1928. His humble beginnings were soon outstripped by an exceptional creative fervor that set him apart. It's crucial to understand that Cohen's journey didn't start with machines. His early years were suffused with abstract paintings, intricate tapestries of form and color that seemed far removed from the sterile, binary world of computing. A man of the canvas, the paintbrush was Cohen's companion until one day, the seductive hum of the motherboard charmed him. Thus, the program AARON was born, the progeny of a mind passionate about art and intrigued by the silicon promise of the computer age. For Cohen, AARON was more than just an experiment; it was an artistic collaborator. Over the years, their partnership produced a plethora of drawings and paintings, a body of work that forced the gatekeepers of the art world to regard machines as more than mindless tools. Museums and galleries opened their doors, displaying AARON's creations beside the art of human hands.


Fast forward to the early 90s, to the interactive exhibit named "Genetic Images". It was here that Karl Sims, an American computer graphics artist and researcher, challenged his audience to meddle in the very fabric of artistic creation. Sims had always been intrigued by the elegant dance of natural selection. His own upbringing, amid the stark beauty of Colorado, likely shaped this perspective. His work reflects the wonder of seeing the world through fresh eyes, of allowing images to be born, grow, and morph under the discerning gaze of the observer. Inspired, he allowed visitors to select images they found beautiful, which would then be digitally remoulded into a new generation of images. The exhibit was not only a marvel of interactive art but also a vivid illustration of the algorithmic interpretation of Darwinism.

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Artificial Evolution for Computer Graphics, 1991


One can't help but notice the profound shift in the narrative of AI and art with the emergence of "The Painting Fool" in 2013. A computer scientist by training, a professor of Computational Creativity in the Game AI Research Group at Queen Mary University of London, Simon Colton spent most of his life exploring the intersection of human creativity and machine learning. He presented the art world with a machine that wanted to be an artist. The Painting Fool, a digital equivalent of an impassioned Impressionist, created an array of artworks, with its algorithmic brush strokes infusing life into everything from simple sketches to intricate paintings.


Born in the picturesque Dutch town of Zwolle in 1983, Jeroen van der Most took a different but equally profound path. Having graduated with a degree in Artificial Intelligence, he found his passion in the field of digital art. His creation, the AI-powered "Garden of Aiden" (2016), extended the boundaries of AI beyond visual art to embrace poetry. Just as the Netherlands' famous tulip fields bloom in a riot of colour every spring, so did Van der Most's AI unfold in myriad poetic expressions, suggesting that even the mechanical mind could grasp the essence of rhythm and rhyme. Like a modern alchemist, he coaxed the artificial intelligence to deftly intertwine the grandeur of Old Master artworks, spawning a novel tapestry of creativity that was both refreshingly innovative and comfortably familiar.

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Garden of Aiden, 2016


Around the same time, in 2015, a surge of the surreal shook the digital art world. Alex Mordvintsev, along with Google’s Brain AI research team, trained an AI to identify and generate dreamlike images. The AI, nourished on a diet of photographs of skies and oddly-shaped objects, birthed digital apparitions akin to the unholy offspring of Walt Disney and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Thus came the era of "Inceptionism," where neural networks, like adventurous explorers, ventured deep into the fabric of an image, interpreting it within the confines of their artificial consciousness.

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DeepDream, 2015


With the absurdity of the AI-art amalgamation fully embraced, Selcuk Artut in 2018 pushed the boundaries even further. His installation, Variable, generated cryptic artist statements, its machine learning algorithm trained on the philosophical tome "Being and Time" by Martin Heidegger. As the AI spun description after description, indistinguishable from human-created art critiques, it highlighted the uncanny capability of machines to mimic, if not understand, the human penchant for cryptic verbosity in art.

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Variable, 2018


The year 2018 also saw the launch of DeepArt, a platform that offered the public a chance to transform their mundane photographs into artistic masterpieces using neural style transfer. Not long after, Christie's auction house witnessed a historical moment as "Portrait of Edmond de Belamy," the first AI-generated artwork, was auctioned off for an impressive $432,500. The artwork, created by the Paris-based art collective Obvious, marked a milestone in the marriage of AI and art, signifying a future where artistic creation is not solely the dominion of the human hand but also the realm of Generative Adversarial Networks.

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Portrait of Edmond de Belamy, 2018


The journey of AI in art, from Harold Cohen's AARON to the record-breaking auction at Christie's, illuminates a narrative of exploration and adaptation. As we move forward into an uncertain future, one thing seems clear - the brush strokes of AI are here to stay, blurring the line between human and machine creativity, challenging us to rethink our definitions of art and the artist.


In the white noise of the computer, in the sterile light of the screen, lies a hammer that artists, artisans, and algorithms alike have picked up to shape the burgeoning field of art. AI is the tool at hand. Like any tool, it has an inherent potential that is only as vast and varied as the hand that wields it. It can be blunt, leaving a jagged, uninspired scar on the canvas of creativity. A clichéd proverb observes that 'to a man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail.' One may rightly ask, are we striking nails or chiseling masterpieces with this AI-powered hammer? Will it merely beget a recursive echo chamber of digital sameness, a stale reinvention of the same art ad nauseam, inviting an ‘end of art’ predicament akin to Huntington's ‘end of history’? Or will it, instead, open up an uncharted constellation of creative possibilities?

On the other hand, AI has democratised the access and creation of art. It has made art convenient, conceivable, available to the everyman. Yet, in this widespread dissemination of creativity, I am left with an aching question— is art meant to be easy? It seems to me, from the vantage point of history, and my personal experience, that art has always been the beautiful product of struggle and frustration, the child of hardship and pain. It is a testament to the human condition, born out of our experiences of joy, sorrow, love, and despair. The great artists—Van Gogh, Poe, Plath— their brilliance was only recognised posthumously. Their art was an unfathomable well of raw emotion, a mirror to the turmoil that stirred within them. It was their pain, their solitude that lent them the lens to perceive the world uniquely and translate that into art.

So, I ask again, is art easy? Or, is it a relentless quest for beauty and meaning amidst the cacophony of life? The promise of AI in art is potent, but its reality remains ours to shape. As we move forward, we must ensure that we do not lose the essence of art in the sheen of technology, that the hammer we wield carves new paths in the realm of art, instead of hammering the same old nails into a worn-out board.


L.


References

  1. Cohen, H. (1970-2016). AARON: A Computer Program for Making Art. Harold Cohen Archive. Retrieved from https://www.aaronshome.com/aaron/index.html
  2. Sims, K. (1993). Genetic Images. MIT Media Lab. Retrieved from https://www.geneticimages.com/
  3. van der Most, J. (1996). Garden of Aiden. Private Collection. Retrieved from https://www.vandermost.com/
  4. Colton, S. (2013). The Painting Fool: You Can't Know My Feelings. Simon Colton's Personal Website. Retrieved from https://www.thepaintingfool.com/
  5. Mordvintsev, A., Olah, C., & Tyka, M. (2015). Inceptionism: Going Deeper into Neural Networks. Google AI Blog. Retrieved from https://ai.googleblog.com/2015/06/inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html
  6. Artut, S. (2018). Variable. Artut Selcuk's Personal Website. Retrieved from https://www.selcukartut.com/
  7. DeepArt. (2018). DeepArt.io. DeepArt. Retrieved from https://deepart.io/
  8. Obvious. (2018). Portrait of Edmond de Belamy. Christie's Auction House. Retrieved from https://www.christies.com/

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