Overview of SORA 2.5

In June 2024, the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking of Unmanned Systems (JARUS) released the highly anticipated Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) 2.5 work package. This comprehensive update to the widely adopted SORA methodology introduces significant changes and additions aimed at enhancing the risk assessment process for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations in the specific category.

SORA 2.5 builds upon the foundation laid by SORA 2.0, incorporating feedback from industry stakeholders and lessons learned from real-world implementations. The primary objectives of this update are to improve usability, clarify requirements, and introduce new tools to support the growing complexity of UAS operations.

Key updates in SORA 2.5 include:

1. Improved document organisation and wording to enhance clarity and consistency.
2. Introduction of a new Annex A, providing guidelines for writing an Operator Manual and presenting a safety case to the authority.
3. Addition of Annex F, which includes a quantitative ground risk model to support intrinsic Ground Risk Class (GRC) identification and strategic mitigations.
4. Formal integration of the Cyber Annex (previously Annex E) into the main body of SORA.
5. Updates to existing annexes, including Annex B (integrity and assurance levels for ground risk mitigations) and Annex I (glossary of terms).

Changes from SORA 2.0

SORA 2.5 introduces several notable changes compared to its predecessor, SORA 2.0. These changes are designed to address limitations and incorporate insights gained from practical applications.

Significant changes include:

1. Refinement of the ground risk assessment process, with a new table for determining intrinsic GRC based on population density and UAS characteristics.
2. Clarification of terms and requirements, such as the definition of atypical airspace and the determination of adjacent airspace size.
3. The adjacent airspace risk assessment (previously Step #9) has been relocated and expanded to Step #8, providing a more comprehensive approach to evaluating risks in surrounding areas.
4. Modification of Operational Safety Objectives (OSOs), including the addition of a new criterion related to the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and clarification of procedures to protect involved persons.
5. Introduction of a functional test-based method for qualifying the UAS or procedures as an alternative to traditional means of compliance.

Additions in SORA 2.5

SORA 2.5 introduces several new elements to enhance the risk assessment process and support the evolving needs of the UAS industry.

Notable additions include:

1. Annex A: Guidelines for writing an Operator Manual and presenting a safety case, promoting consistency and facilitating communication with authorities.
2. Annex F: A quantitative ground risk model to support GRC identification and strategic mitigations, providing a more objective and data-driven approach to ground risk assessment.
3. Annex H: Considerations for UAS Safety Services, addressing the role of external service providers in supporting specific category operations (currently under development).
4. Expansion of the SORA semantic model and process outline, improving the overall structure and flow of the methodology.

Implementation in the UK

The UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has expressed its intention to adopt SORA 2.5 as the foundation for the UK-specific SORA, with some adaptations to accommodate national requirements. The CAA has actively encouraged UK UAS operators to participate in the JARUS consultation process, recognising the importance of industry feedback in shaping the final version of SORA 2.5.

To facilitate a smooth transition, the CAA plans to:

1. Develop a comprehensive implementation project, considering all aspects of SORA adoption, including the potential impact on Recognised Assessment Entities (RAEs) and the development of training courses for UAS operators.
2. Provide a transitional period for existing Operational Authorisations (OAs) and Operating Safety Cases (OSCs), allowing operators to update their documentation to align with SORA 2.5 requirements.
3. Review and potentially adopt the JARUS Pre-Defined Risk Assessment (PDRA) package, streamlining the approval process for common UAS operations.

The CAA expects to implement SORA 2.5 in Q3/4 2024. This timeline allows for the incorporation of final changes based on the JARUS consultation process and ensures that UK UAS operators have sufficient time to adapt to the new methodology.

Opinion

The release of SORA 2.5 represents a significant milestone in the evolution of UAS risk assessment methodologies. By addressing the limitations of SORA 2.0 and introducing new tools and guidelines, JARUS has demonstrated its commitment to supporting the safe and efficient integration of UAS into the aviation ecosystem. By actively engaging with industry stakeholders and providing a clear roadmap for implementation, the CAA is fostering a collaborative environment that prioritises safety and innovation.

However, the success of SORA 2.5 in the UK will depend on several factors, including:

1. The effectiveness of the CAA's implementation project in addressing the needs of UAS operators and other stakeholders.
2. The ability of UAS operators to adapt to the new methodology and comply with the updated requirements.
3. The continued collaboration between the CAA, JARUS, and industry partners to refine and improve the SORA methodology based on real-world experiences.

As the UK moves forward with the adoption of SORA 2.5, it is essential to maintain open communication channels and provide ongoing support to UAS operators. By working together, the CAA and the UAS industry can ensure that the benefits of SORA 2.5 are fully realised, paving the way for the safe and sustainable growth of UAS operations in the UK.

A Link to the source and full documentation can be found here - https://jarus-rpas.org/publications/