An outline of real and artificial intelligence

Real AI: Reality and Intelligence

Whenever you deal with a complex construct, as intelligence and mind, data or knowledge, follow the ontological quest dealing with questions: "what exists?" and "what is its nature?" and if it is particulars or universals or particular universal or universal particulars, as having causal powers.

Any thing belongs to any of 5 prime ontological universals/categories/classes [sets, collections, concepts, classes in programming, types of entities or kinds of things]:

1. Reality, existence, universe, being, world
2. Substance, things, entities, objects, bodies, systems, products, agents, models; particulars
3. State, attributes, aspects, properties, features, characteristics or parameters that objects (and classes) can have, powers, capacities, abilities or faculties; data, information, knowledge
4. Process, changes, actions, events, activities, causes, effects
5. Relationship, ways or rules in which categories, classes, types, kinds, sorts and individuals can be related to one another; causality and correlation; time and space; functions, rules, restrictions, laws, axioms...

There are 5 major kinds of qualities or characteristics of intelligence, as in:

• intelligent reality, existence, universe, being, world (What is existence for it, i.e. what does it mean for I to be; intelligence as a new reality)
• substances or entities (intelligence as an entity, thing or thinking substance, human mind or AI),
• state, properties, powers, capacities, abilities or faculties (intelligence as knowledge/UNDERSTANDING; the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving; the ability to perceive DATA or infer information, retaining it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context),
• Process (intelligence as intellectual processes of knowledge; goal-directed behavior within a wide range of environments)
• Relations (intelligence as relationships with the world; meaningful interactions with reality).

A universal intelligence may have instances, known as its particular universals or universal particulars, as general intelligence, or particulars, as human minds or specific intelligence in machines, artificial intelligence, implemented in computer systems using software and/or hardware.

If you decompose any today's AI/ML/DL system, it will look just like bits and bytes, neural networks, lots of data, and mathematical algorithms.

If you decompose the human brain, 86B+neurons, connected to form neural pathways, neural circuits, and elaborate network systems, and structured as the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum, it is just a bag of neurons, firing electrochemical pathways.

Now to make AI/ML/DL/NNs real intelligent, it must be capable to learn to understand the world, as the abstract world models, space-time representations of the environment, with the power to relate the data/information/knowledge to the objective references, thus generating senses and meanings and values, deep and wide knowledge and intelligence and supremely intelligent actions.

https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/trans-ai-meta-ai-unified-world-model-engine-neural-azamat-abdoullaev/?published=t

Trans-AI or Meta-AI = Unified World Model Engine + Meta AI + Google AI + Transformers NNs+ Composite AI

An outline of AHI

Philosophy

Main articles: Artificial intelligence § Philosophy, and Philosophy of AI

Definition of AI

Artificial intelligence (AI) – human-like intelligence exhibited by machines or software; the science and engineering of creating computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent human behavior

• Dartmouth proposal ("Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it")
• Turing test
• Computing Machinery and Intelligence
• Intelligent agent and rational agent
• Action selection
• AI effect
• Synthetic intelligence

Classifying AI

• Symbolic vs sub-symbolic AI
• Symbolic AI
• Physical symbol system
• Dreyfus' critique of AI
• Moravec's paradox
• Elegant and simple vs. ad-hoc and complex
• Neat vs. Scruffy
• Society of Mind (scruffy approach)
• The Master Algorithm (neat approach)
• Level of generality and flexibility
• Artificial general intelligence
• Narrow AI
• Level of precision and correctness
• Soft computing
• "Hard" computing
• Level of intelligence
• Progress in artificial intelligence
• Superintelligence
• Level of consciousness, mind and understanding
• Chinese room
• Hard problem of consciousness
• Computationalism
• Functionalism (philosophy of mind)
• Robot rights
• User illusion
• Artificial consciousness

General intelligence

• Artificial general intelligence
• AI-complete

AI algorithms and techniques

Main article: Artificial intelligence § Tools

Search

• Discrete search algorithms
• Uninformed search
• Brute force search
• Search tree
• Breadth first search
• Depth first search
• State space search
• Informed search[3]
• Best-first search
• A* search algorithm
• Heuristics
• Pruning (algorithm)
• Adversarial search
• Minmax algorithm
• Logic as search[4]
• Production system (computer science), Rule based system
• Production rule, Inference rule, Horn clause
• Forward chaining
• Backward chaining
• Planning as search[5]
• State space search
• Means-ends analysis

Optimization search

• Optimization (mathematics) algorithms
• Hill climbing
• Simulated annealing
• Beam search
• Random optimization
• Evolutionary computation
• Genetic algorithms
• Gene expression programming
• Genetic programming
• Differential evolution
• Society based learning algorithms.[11][12]
• Swarm intelligence
• Particle swarm optimization
• Ant colony optimization
• Metaheuristic

Logic

• Logic and automated reasoning
• Programming using logic
• Logic programming
• See "Logic as search" above.
• Forms of Logic
• Propositional logic
• First-order logic
• First-order logic with equality
• Constraint satisfaction
• Fuzzy logic
• Fuzzy set theory
• Fuzzy systems
• Combs method
• Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator
• Perceptual Computing –
• Default reasoning and other solutions to the frame problem and qualification problem
• Non-monotonic logic
• Abductive reasoning
• Default logic
• Circumscription (logic)
• Closed world assumption
• Domain specific logics
• Representing categories and relations[20]
• Description logics
• Semantic networks
• Inheritance (computer science)
• Frame (artificial intelligence)
• Scripts (artificial intelligence)
• Representing events and time[21]
• Situation calculus
• Event calculus
• Fluent calculus
• Causes and effects[22]
• causal calculus
• Knowledge about knowledge
• Belief revision[23]
• Modal logics[23]
• paraconsistent logics
• Planning using logic[24]
• Satplan
• Learning using logic[25]
• Inductive logic programming
• Explanation based learning
• Relevance based learning
• Case based reasoning
• General logic algorithms
• Automated theorem proving

Other symbolic knowledge and reasoning tools

Symbolic representations of knowledge

• Ontology (information science)
• Upper ontology
• Domain ontology
• Frame (artificial intelligence)
• Semantic net
• Conceptual Dependency Theory

Unsolved problems in knowledge representation

• Default reasoning
• Frame problem
• Qualification problem
• Commonsense knowledge[26]

Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning

• Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning
• Bayesian networks
• Bayesian inference algorithm
• Bayesian learning and the expectation-maximization algorithm
• Bayesian decision theory and Bayesian decision networks
• Probabilistic perception and control:
• Dynamic Bayesian networks
• Hidden Markov model
• Kalman filters
• Fuzzy Logic
• Decision tools from economics:
• Decision theory[34]
• Decision analysis[34]
• Information value theory[35]
• Markov decision processes[36]
• Dynamic decision networks[36]
• Game theory[37]
• Mechanism design[37]
• Algorithmic information theory
• Algorithmic probability

Classifiers and statistical learning methods[edit]

• Classifier (mathematics) and Statistical classification[38]
• Alternating decision tree[39]
• Artificial neural network (see below)[40]
• K-nearest neighbor algorithm[41]
• Kernel methods[42]
• Support vector machine[42]
• Naive Bayes classifier[43]

Artificial neural networks[edit]

• Artificial neural networks[40]
• Network topology
• feedforward neural networks[44]
• Perceptrons
• Multi-layer perceptrons
• Radial basis networks
• Convolutional neural network
• Long short-term memory[45]
• Recurrent neural networks[46]
• Hopfield networks[47]
• Attractor networks[47]
• Deep learning
• Hybrid neural network
• Learning algorithms for neural networks
• Hebbian learning[47]
• Backpropagation[48]
• GMDH
• Competitive learning[47]
• Supervised backpropagation[49]
• Neuroevolution[50]
• Restricted Boltzmann machine[51]

Biologically based or embodied

• Behavior based AI
• Subsumption architecture
• Nouvelle AI
• Developmental robotics[52]
• Situated AI
• Bio-inspired computing
• Artificial immune systems
• Embodied cognitive science
• Embodied cognition

Cognitive architecture and multi-agent systems

• Artificial intelligence systems integration
• Cognitive architecture
• LIDA (cognitive architecture)
• Agent architecture
• Control system
• Hierarchical control system
• Networked control system
• Distributed artificial intelligence –
• Multi-agent system –
• Hybrid intelligent system
• Monitoring and Surveillance Agents
• Blackboard system

Reasoning and Problem Solving

• Automated reasoning
• Mathematics
• Automated theorem prover
• Computer-assisted proof –
• Computer algebra
• General Problem Solver
• Expert system –
• Decision support system –
• Clinical decision support system –

Knowledge Representation

• Knowledge representation
• Knowledge management
• Cyc

Planning

• Automated planning and scheduling
• Strategic planning
• Sussman anomaly –

Learning

• Machine learning –
• Constrained Conditional Models –
• Deep learning –
• Neural modeling fields –

Natural language processing

• Natural language processing (outline) –
• Chatterbots –
• Language identification –
• Natural language user interface –
• Natural language understanding –
• Machine translation –
• Statistical semantics –
• Question answering –
• Semantic translation –
• Concept mining –
• Data mining –
• Text mining –
• Process mining –
• E-mail spam filtering –
• Information extraction –
• Named-entity extraction –
• Coreference resolution –
• Named-entity recognition –
• Relationship extraction –
• Terminology extraction –

Perception

• Machine perception
• Pattern recognition –
• Computer Audition –
• Speech recognition –
• Speaker recognition –
• Computer vision (outline) –
• Image processing
• Intelligent word recognition –
• Object recognition –
• Optical mark recognition –
• Handwriting recognition –
• Optical character recognition –
• Automatic number plate recognition –
• Information extraction –
• Image retrieval –
• Automatic image annotation –
• Facial recognition systems –
• Silent speech interface –
• Activity recognition –
• Percept (artificial intelligence)

Robotics

• Robotics –
• Behavior-based robotics –
• Cognitive –
• Cybernetics –
• Developmental robotics –
• Epigenetic robotics –
• Evolutionary robotics –

Control

• Intelligent control
• Self-management (computer science) –
• Autonomic Computing –
• Autonomic Networking –

Social intelligence

• Affective computing
• Kismet

Game playing

• Game artificial intelligence –
• Computer game bot – computer replacement for human players.
• Video game AI –
• Computer chess –
• Computer Go –
• General game playing –
• General video game playing –

Creativity, art and entertainment

• Artificial creativity
• Creative computing
• Artificial intelligence art
• Uncanny valley
• Music and artificial intelligence
• Computational humor
• Chatterbot

Integrated AI systems

• AIBO – Sony's robot dog. It integrates vision, hearing and motorskills.
• Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.
• MIRAGE – A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment.
• Cog – M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks.
• QRIO – Sony's version of a humanoid robot.
• TOPIO, TOSY's humanoid robot that can play ping-pong with humans.
• Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures.
• Purpose: Open domain question answering
• Technologies employed:
• Natural language processing
• Information retrieval
• Knowledge representation
• Automated reasoning
• Machine learning
• Project Debater (2018) – artificially intelligent computer system, designed to make coherent arguments, developed at IBM's lab in Haifa, Israel.

Intelligent personal assistants

Intelligent personal assistant –

• Amazon Alexa –
• Assistant –
• Braina –
• Cortana –
• Google Assistant –
• Google Now –
• Mycroft –
• Siri –
• Viv –

Other applications

• Artificial life – simulation of natural life through the means of computers, robotics, or biochemistry.
• Automatic target recognition –
• Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) –
• Speech generating device –
• Vehicle infrastructure integration –
• Virtual Intelligence –

History

• History of artificial intelligence
• Progress in artificial intelligence
• Timeline of artificial intelligence
• AI effect – as soon as AI successfully solves a problem, the problem is no longer considered by the public to be a part of AI. This phenomenon has occurred in relation to every AI application produced, so far, throughout the history of development of AI.
• AI winter – a period of disappointment and funding reductions occurring after a wave of high expectations and funding in AI. Such funding cuts occurred in the 1970s, for instance.
• Moore's Law

History by subject

• History of Logic (formal reasoning is an important precursor of AI)
• History of machine learning (timeline)
• History of machine translation (timeline)
• History of natural language processing
• History of optical character recognition (timeline)

Future

• Artificial general intelligence. An intelligent machine with the versatility to perform any intellectual task.
• Superintelligence. A machine with a level of intelligence far beyond human intelligence.
• Chinese room § Strong AI. A machine that has mind, consciousness and understanding. (Also, the philosophical position that any digital computer can have a mind by running the right program.)
• Technological singularity. The short period of time when an exponentially self-improving computer is able to increase its capabilities to a superintelligent level.
• Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent. The more intelligent it got, the more capable it would be of further improving itself, in successively more rapid iterations, potentially resulting in an intelligence explosion leading to the emergence of a superintelligence.
• Intelligence explosion – through recursive self-improvement and self-replication, the magnitude of intelligent machinery could achieve superintelligence, surpassing human ability to resist it.
• Singularitarianism
• Human enhancement – humans may be enhanced, either by the efforts of AI or by merging with it.
• Transhumanism – philosophy of human transformation
• Posthumanism – people may survive, but not be recognizable in comparison to present modern-day humans.
• Cyborgs –
• Mind uploading –
• Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
• Global catastrophic risk § Artificial intelligence
• AI takeover – point at which humans are no longer the dominant form of intelligence on Earth and machine intelligence is
• Ethics of AI § Weaponization of artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence arms race – competition between two or more states to have its military forces equipped with the best "artificial intelligence" (AI).
• Lethal autonomous weapon
• Military robot
• Unmanned combat aerial vehicle
• Mitigating risks:
• AI control problem
• Friendly AI – hypothetical AI that is designed not to harm humans and to prevent unfriendly AI from being developed
• Machine ethics
• Regulation of AI
• AI box
• Self-replicating machines – smart computers and robots would be able to make more of themselves, in a geometric progression or via mass production. Or smart programs may be uploaded into hardware existing at the time (because linear architecture of sufficient speeds could be used to emulate massively parallel analog systems such as human brains).
• Hive mind –
• Robot swarm –

Fiction

Artificial intelligence in fiction – Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in science fiction include:

• AC created by merging 2 AIs in the Sprawl trilogy by William Gibson
• Agents in the simulated reality known as "The Matrix" in The Matrix franchise
• Agent Smith, began as an Agent in The Matrix, then became a renegade program of overgrowing power that could make copies of itself like a self-replicating computer virus
• AM (Allied Mastercomputer), the antagonist of Harlan Ellison's short novel I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream
• Amusement park robots (with pixilated consciousness) that went homicidal in Westworld and Futureworld
• Angel F (2007) –
• Arnold Rimmer – computer-generated sapient hologram, aboard the Red Dwarf deep space ore hauler
• Ash – android crew member of the Nostromo starship in the movie Alien
• Ava – humanoid robot in Ex Machina
• Bishop, android crew member aboard the U.S.S. Sulaco in the movie Aliens
• C-3PO, protocol droid featured in all the Star Wars movies
• Chappie in the movie CHAPPiE
• Cohen and other Emergent AIs in Chris Moriarty's Spin Series
• Colossus – fictitious supercomputer that becomes sentient and then takes over the world; from the series of novels by Dennis Feltham Jones, and the movie Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)
• Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation
• Cortana and other "Smart AI" from the Halo series of games
• Cylons – genocidal robots with resurrection ships that enable the consciousness of any Cylon within an unspecified range to download into a new body aboard the ship upon death. From Battlestar Galactica.
• Erasmus – baby killer robot that incited the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise
• HAL 9000 (1968) – paranoid "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were trying to kill it.
• Holly – ship's computer with an IQ of 6000 and a sense of humor, aboard the Red Dwarf
• In Greg Egan's novel Permutation City the protagonist creates digital copies of himself to conduct experiments that are also related to implications of artificial consciousness on identity
• Jane in Orson Scott Card's Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, and Investment Counselor
• Johnny Five from the movie Short Circuit
• Joshua from the movie War Games
• Keymaker, an "exile" sapient program in The Matrix franchise
• "Machine" – android from the film The Machine, whose owners try to kill her after they witness her conscious thoughts, out of fear that she will design better androids (intelligence explosion)
• Mimi, humanoid robot in Real Humans – "?kta m?nniskor" (original title) 2012
• Omnius, sentient computer network that controlled the Universe until overthrown by the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise
• Operating Systems in the movie Her
• Puppet Master in Ghost in the Shell manga and anime
• R2-D2, exciteable astromech droid featured in all the Star Wars movies
• Replicants – biorobotic androids from the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and the movie Blade Runner which portray what might happen when artificially conscious robots are modeled very closely upon humans
• Roboduck, combat robot superhero in the NEW-GEN comic book series from Marvel Comics
• Robots in Isaac Asimov's Robot series
• Robots in The Matrix franchise, especially in The Animatrix
• Samaritan in the Warner Brothers Television series "Person of Interest"; a sentient AI which is hostile to the main characters and which surveils and controls the actions of government agencies in the belief that humans must be protected from themselves, even by killing off "deviants"
• Skynet (1984) – fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network in the Terminator franchise that wages total war with the survivors of its nuclear barrage upon the world.
• "Synths" are a type of android in the video game Fallout 4. There is a faction in the game known as "the Railroad" which believes that, as conscious beings, synths have their own rights. The institute, the lab that produces the synths, mostly does not believe they are truly conscious and attributes any apparent desires for freedom as a malfunction.
• TARDIS, time machine and spacecraft of Doctor Who, sometimes portrayed with a mind of its own
• Terminator (1984) – (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional cyborg characters from the Terminator franchise. The Terminators are robotic infiltrator units covered in living flesh, so as be indiscernible from humans, assigned to terminate specific human targets.
• The Bicentennial Man, an android in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe
• The Geth in Mass Effect
• The Machine in the television series Person of Interest; a sentient AI which works with its human designer to protect innocent people from violence. Later in the series it is opposed by another, more ruthless, artificial super intelligence, called "Samaritan".
• The Minds in Iain M. Banks' Culture novels.
• The Oracle, sapient program in The Matrix franchise
• The sentient holodeck character Professor James Moriarty in the Ship in a Bottle episode from Star Trek: The Next Generation
• The Ship (the result of a large-scale AC experiment) in Frank Herbert's Destination: Void and sequels, despite past edicts warning against "Making a Machine in the Image of a Man's Mind."
• The terminator cyborgs from the Terminator franchise, with visual consciousness depicted via first-person perspective
• The uploaded mind of Dr. Will Caster – which presumably included his consciousness, from the film Transcendence
• Transformers, sentient robots from the entertainment franchise of the same name
• V.I.K.I. – (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force – and her doing harm to humans – by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.
• Vanamonde in Arthur C. Clarke's The City and the Stars—an artificial being that was immensely powerful but entirely childlike.
• WALL-E, a robot and the title character in WALL-E
• TAU in Netflix's original programming feature film 'TAU'--an advanced AI computer who befriends and assists a female research subject held against her will by an AI research scientist.

Outline of artificial intelligence

Resources

Trans-AI is the world's platform for data and information, knowledge and intelligence, or science and technology.

https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/trans-ai-meta-ai-unified-world-model-engine-meta-ai-nns-abdoullaev/?published=t

AAAI-2022: the State of AI: Real AI vs. Fake AI

https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/aaai-2002-state-ai-real-vs-fake-azamat-abdoullaev/?published=t