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Northern, Southern and Sui Dynasties ... as seen and inspired by Middle Kingdom

Tudor Finneran

Exploring the existential, always writing, based in China. (Author of 225 books)

发布日期: 2022年9月26日

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NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTY (420ad – 589ad)

In the early 5th century as the Northern Tribes disbanded China entered a period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties. It was in this age when Imperial China bore the same traits as a nation engaged in civil war.

The opposing regimes ruled both the northern and southern halves of the country, despite the fact they did not go to total war with one another the division of the nation led to cultural progression. By command of the people society continued to progress and personal development encouraged. Buddhism was taken up as the most popular belief system and Taoism became the most common philosophical and spiritual credence. Both schools of thought would be accepted and coexist. Despite a lack of structure, Government or system in place public opinion and thinking took communities by storm. After many years of intolerance and conflict over ideology it would take this era to bring some level of peace, at least in central and southern China. The attributes of the North really took shape too.

Northern Tribes after the fall of the former Qin dynasty became even more like their projected image of savage and nomadic barbarians. Even with the tyrannical leaders of the South society fostered honour, culture, discipline and decency amongst the inhabitants. The South had several distinct stages to it, where as the North was more or less a constant. This can be seen in the leadership and overlap of formal Dynasties. The South was led and termed the Eastern Jin, which would give way to the Liu Song, the Southern Qi, the Liang and finally Chen dynasties. Each of the dynasties were short lived but ruled by ethnic Han families. They used defensive measures and strategy to fend off attacks from the North. This allowed them to preserve many aspects of the former Chinese civilizations, even with peasant rebellions and the surrounding Dynasties falling. This attribute also started one of the first real culture wars.

When the Northern Tribes returned to their historical structure of being disintegrated and nomadic they were eventually moulded by the South. By adopting the culture, skills and values of the South they would eventually Sinify and make for an easier adversary. The 16 tribal Kingdoms of the North did not fall after the former Jin’s collapse or fight themselves into extinction, they would fall via this cultural appropriation. Traditionally the Northern Tribes were Mongol or Turkic, but as the Southern Dynasties grew so did the rate of sinofication. Soon the tribal leaders 33 partnered with Ethnic Han until the two had perfectly assimilated. It was their Han Chinese offspring that would take full control of the North in the following generations. The most notable example of this is in the Northern Wei who formed the Xianbei Kingdom. They would amalgamate the Northern Tribes over time and soon adopted Han surnames, customs and traditions.

SUI DYNASTY (581ad-618ad)

The short-lived Sui dynasty was an essential period in Chinese history. Founded by The Emperor Wen in 581ad it would go onto unify China, conquering the Southern Chen and conclude three centuries of political division. The Sui pioneered and launched new institutions, including the government system of Three Departments and Six Ministries. They also reduced the weight of a good blood line and hereditary power.

This can be seen in the following Sui projects and policies;

X Allowing commoners to become officials via strict Imperial examinations.

X Improving the fubing militia system and conscription.

X Introducing the equal-field system or land-equalization sytem to manage land distribution amongst the people.

X Creating standardized coinage.

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X Openness to Buddhism and using it in conjunction with Taoism. (The Mega Construction Projects)

X The Grand Canal development for shipping grain and troops to the Capitals of Daxing (Chang'an) and Luoyang. Shipments were also sent to the wealthy South East region and North East border.

X The Great Wall was also expanded on a massive scale to defend the Dynasty from the Northern Tribes and Kingdoms.

The Fall of the Sui The Sui were responsible for a great deal of good and bringing peace to a time of turmoil. The dynasty suppressed counter movements, rebels and criminals - both within and outside it’s borders. The Dynasty would fall with it’s expansion North into the Korean Peninsula. The mass invasions and military defeats of the Goguryeo–Sui War caused an internal uprising which would collapse the whole dynasty.?

Middle Kingdom, my new series very much incorporates the topics discussed in this article. If you found it interesting Middle Kingdom is certainly worth checking out.

With China opening at the end of this year, what better book to read for your flight, the fictitious MK series or the ultimate non-fiction guide - Across China in 250 Pages.

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Northern, Southern and Sui Dynasties ... as seen and inspired by Middle Kingdom

Tudor Finneran

Exploring the existential, always writing, based in China. (Author of 225 books)

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