Nietzsche Is a Postmodern "Truth" Messenger
Nietzsche is a postmodern "truth" messenger
Dr. satar Mokhtarzadeh
That there is a good thing, as it is now possible only in a friend-the discoverer of reality and the maker of the truth.
"Where does our modern world belong: to exhaustion or exaltation"
The unsettledness of this world determines the highest form of consciousness. "Nietzsche
Note: This article is presented as a brief series with topics almost unbroken, but due to the interesting content of some of the materials I tried to raise them!
Review :
"... ignoring the fact that everything existed - as it has now - there is no immaterial fact, nor any eternal truth"
Nietzsche's most important theory of postmodern thinkers is his view of the truth. In his works, he has criticized the truth in the common sense of philosophy. It is important to change the entire interpretation of our identity from being, and thus throws us from the start of history to the postmodern world suddenly.
Most efforts have been made to postulate Nietzsche's thinking about truth in the post-structuralist thinkers, and it must be said that the greatest religion in Nietzsche is by those scholars who today are known as postmodern scholars.
Nietzsche says that identity is not solid and not coherent, but a cultural structure that forms in the conditions of society and is not of a lasting nature. This attitude is the basis of the postmodern analysis of the meaning of personality and personality.
Nietzsche is a thinker who explicitly criticizes the moral and philosophical foundations of modernism. He attacked the idealism, wisdom, holism and intrinsicity, and captured a man in the hands of linguistic games, and rejecting any one himself and the forerunner. His views on postmodernism and postmodern philosophers have had a profound effect.
In any case, the main claim of this author is that postmodern thinkers all see Nietzsche's ideas as the source of their inspiration: because it was the first to criticize the foundations of the truth of human morality, knowledge and science.
Introduction :
"From the tree of cognition / probability-but not the truth: pretending to freedom-but not freedom-these are both fruits that can not be identical with the tree of life because of them-the tree of knowledge."
Modernism and postmodernism: how did the "philosophers" destroy the West!
Modernism, the intellectual flow means the use of human knowledge, technology and empirical power to produce, improve and change the environment. The emergence of modernism in the West can be seen as a reaction to the tradition and religion of Christianity. Modernity or modernity refers to a lifestyle and the social and political institutions associated with this lifestyle. The revolutions of different parts of the world have identical faces and they try to take humiliation from humans: human humility towards society, human against history, man against the law, and wants to give all these individual rights to man.
The influences on modernism are:
Humanism: Human-centered means the belief in the power of human thought.
Materialism: A modern worldview delivers human spiritual needs to its emotional needs.
Rationalism: Attitude to the world rationally and based on reason and reason.
Modernism in the field of ontological philosophy
The basis of philosophy in modernism is human. The truth is no longer inspirational and does not come from heaven, but is acquired and discovered and not invented on earth and in the laws of the earth, through observation, experimentation, and scientific thinking, not through austerity or approaching God. Modernism is the cause of rationalism.
Definition of rationality versus dignity. Nasset and the kingdom, and Jabrott and Lahut in modern philosophy, are the realms of modern philosophy of humanism and secularism (secularism). In modern philosophy, it is based on reason, not ignorance, nor is it necessary to be rational or to be fundamentally destroyed or not, or very private.
In modernist philosophy, a new type of critical thinking is replaced by absolute faith, and as a result, the field of ontological philosophy changes completely and leaves no room for myth, superstition and religion in this field.
The process of the development of modernity and modern man can be summarized in several axes
The position of man in the world has changed since the Renaissance, and as Descartes is the "modern human subject", it becomes the center of the universe, and as humanism develops, as it is from the time of Copernicus Earth around the sun. With Kant, the modern age begins officially. Kant has repeatedly referred to "humans" and "humanity" to indicate that he is the initiator of the liberation of all human beings.
Rationalization deriving from Descartes' philosophy and Galileo's physics extends to other realms of human life, including politics, and with the advent of modernity, the expired community abandons all the paradoxical clauses-the realization of the ideas of reason and the experience of the narrators of a new stream It is in the thoughts of humans that the new age is an attitude to the existence of mankind.
Another feature of modernity is technology - perhaps it is a symbolic form of freedom of modernity - the server and owner of nature. The technology charmed the old stories and destroyed his dilemma. The individual's formulation in modernity was like the main figure of the modern world, in other words, modernity can be regarded as the system of ideas and values that led to the emergence of a personality in the modern world.
Characteristics and definitions of postmodernism
Postmodernism, understood as the dominant aspect of contemporary arena in the modern arena, was first introduced in 1917 by the German philosopher Rudolph Pannotys to describe the non-religion of the 20th-century Western culture, borrowed from Nietzsche, and again in 1934 in works Spanish literary critic Federico Péfist appeared in reference to a reaction to literary modernism. Postmodernism was used in two different ways in Britain in 1939, one by Bernard Edinsbell to recognize the failure of secular modernism and the return to religion, and by the historian Arnold Toynbee to refer to the emergence of a post-World War mass society in which the working class It becomes more important than the capitalist class.
The application of postmodernism in philosophy dates back to the 80's, firstly to refer to the post-structuralist French philosophy, and secondly to imply a general reaction to modern pragmatism. Charles Jenkek was the postmodernist architectural masterpiece in 1975. France is the birthplace of the emergence and development of postmodernist ideas. The founders and founders of this school were mainly French; philosophers and thinkers such as Foucault, Lyotard, Derrida, Baudrillard, Lacan, Deleuze, Gothari ... were mostly from France.
Therefore, many critics of "postmodernity" most of all point out the intellectual climate of the dualistic and somewhat romantic, adventurous, subtle, feminine, radical, revolutionary, destructive, and subversive France of the 1960s and 1970s. The opposite and dual set, ascension and exodus, delicacy and violence, fear and hope, past and future, satire and ancestor, but in the same France of the 1960s and 1970s, which were the heyday of the emergence and emergence of postmodernism, there were serious and sharp criticisms and challenges Against it by the French intellectuals and thinkers.
The word post also means "post" or later. Postmodern is something that is unmatched in modern form. The principles and characteristics of post-modern work are not set, but there is something to follow. Postmodernism should be understood on the basis of the "future" and "past" paradoxes.
One of the basic capabilities of this word and this idea, and why it is likely to preserve its power for another hundred years, is precisely the point that we have gone beyond the modernist worldview without specifying exactly where we are going. That is why people themselves use this word.
postmodernism
The postmodern philosophy (postmodernism, postmodernism), which is the result of the attitudes of the pioneers of the postmodern school, is a complex set of reactions that have taken place in relation to modern philosophy and its preconditions, without the least consensus among them in the fundamental principles of the doctrine would have existed.
Postmodern philosophy is basically a standoff with foundationalism, shared by the great scholars of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and they are considered as presuppositions to be recognized and dismissed. This philosophy is heavily influenced by phenomenological concepts, structuralism, and existentialism, as well as the thoughts, works and writings of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Soren Kirkgard, and Martin Heidegger and Friedrich Nietzsche.
2. Modernism does not have a specific framework. This school is a school of principles and a framework for escaping. However, we refer to some of the elements and components of this theory.
3. Pluralism and opposition to any unilateralism: diversity, plurality, division, and dispersion are the principles of this school. Postmodernists are opposed to any centralism, authoritarianism, and authority; they reject attention to a central truth for life and agree with pluralism and pluralism.
4. Relativism: The believers of this school do not convey any absolute truth and consider everything as a relative truth.
5. Nothingness-nihilism: The traditional community's efforts were largely based on the theory of "divine providence." Therefore, the theory, the whole universe, is guided by God in moving and progressing towards a particular goal. But in the school of modernism, instead of the divine providence, its worldly substitute, the materialistic thinking was put forward and placed intellectual and scientific programs in place of God's obedience and the teachings of the revelation. But postmodernism, in fact, instead of believing in the power of God, has intuited thought and thoughtlessness. In this way, the aimlessness, the lack of ultimate goal, the split, the impassivity, the centrality, the absurdity, the amusement of the postmodernists. They consider the emancipation, in their own words, of the horrible modern world and the pressure of its official dry rules.
6. Emphasis on language and discourse Postmodernism considers all knowledge as the product of discourse. Discourse is one of the discussions that has attracted various theorists, especially postmodernists, in recent decades. According to discourse theory, truth can not be enclosed in a particular knowledge and culture. The root of this idea is from the same perspective of pluralism and relativism to all knowledge; as was said, these two categories are the basis of postmodern thought.
The concept of the principles and components of postmodernism
multi-dimensional
Postmodernism, like many other terms and expressions, is unstable and unstable, meaning a systematic theory, not a comprehensive philosophy; it is a complex and interconnected complex of ideas, notions, recognition, recognition , Interpretations, interpretations, perceptions, opinions and different views of the common culture, and illustrate the plurality of related phenomena.
Connect with other philosophical schools
In fact, postmodernism is beyond the coin of pluralism, and pluralism is the basis of postmodern thought. Postmoderns used all their intellectual and physical power to serve feminist movements, homosexuals, pro-environmental movements, the Green Movement, and pro-peace movements and nuclear disarmament.
They generally propelled their movements along secessionist and sectarian movements. The modernist post presents this kind of attitude to the world as a significant discovery and a key to freedom and prosperity in a new pluralistic world and a "multi-god."
Postmodernity represents the collapse or transformation of the political, social, economic, and cultural modernity that dominated the dominant and dominant position of most industrialized industrial countries from the mid-nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century
The heart of postmodernism
"Everything is simple - it's merely imaginary and not true. But what is real and real is not one, nor can it be reduced to one."
A set of postmodern exposures to contemporary existence in Nietzsche's harmonious attitude
Nietzsche is the most influential philosopher on postmodernism. Especially those like Foucault, Derrida, Baudrillard, Lyotard and Deleuze have been influenced by his thoughts more than others. According to enlightened philosophers, like Descartes, the distinction of "man" is from other creatures of "reason." To Descartes, as long as we confine ourselves to a particular type of scientific and philosophical research, reason can be used to achieve infallible knowledge.
Universal intellectuals are objective and autonomous, and if applied in a manner that is methodical, it can lead science and society towards advancement. However, the postmodern attitude is different from the world. Postmodernism is one of the most influential and influential trends in contemporary arts in various fields, including in the field of education.
Due to the fact that it appeared in the age of the explosion of information, it was not confined to the West, but has penetrated many parts of the world, including Islamic countries. Today, postmodern ideas are seriously discussed, not only in scientific circles but also in various fields of political, social, artistic, and so forth. Postmodernism, however, is not a systematic intellectual school that can accurately and accurately convey the intellectual framework and its implications, but also, as the nature of this movement necessitates, always changes the face, in which there are various trends. Therefore, both in the definition of postmodernism and its relation to modernism, there is a controversy in determining the exact branches and pioneers of it, as well as in extracting the sequential implications of this thought
Postmodernism as part of Western modernity
Some, with regard to the essence of humanism, the common ground and the basis for the growth of these two modern and postmodern ideas, argue that postmodernism is part of modernity, which has been restructured or reproduced in a less or different fashion with a critical approach to some of its claims. Therefore, postmodernism is a special perspective on the critique and extension of modernism, which, unlike modernism, underscores the rejection of the totality and evils, and in this way it seeks to modify it and create the humane spirit of the West in moderate ways More spread. If modernism destroys the older unity and is itself collapsing, postmodernism is fascinated by its remaining parts and the backbone of modernism!
But Frederick Wilhelm Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, and others from the older philosophers, and Sondry Pearce, William James, and John Dewey of the pragmatism philosophers of the nineteenth century are considered to be the founders of postmodernism, because some thoughts Postmodernism, especially the critique of modernism and its stance on their thoughts, is highlighted, though not within Nietzsche. Therefore, postmodernism, although it has a significant and fundamental difference with modernism, does not mean that it is fully transmitted, but that the two are in essence and intrinsic to each other. In fact, postmodernism feeds on modern issues and ideas, while exclusion Some modern elements attracted many others.
Multidimensional Postmodernism
Postmodernism, at the beginning of a cultural movement, has had the highest score in the fields of architecture, visual arts, music, literature, and so on. Some argue that postmodernism is more of a kind of mood and temper than a movement, hence the term is used to describe the cultural and moral conditions governing the industrialized countries of the West from the second half of the twentieth century onward.
But then, since accelerating changes are a part of the postmodern nature, this phenomenon was expanded very soon in various areas. Today it does not restrict itself, but it has found a multifaceted person whose every aspect and face requires its own study.
Hence, the expectation of a comprehensive and precise definition of this school of thought or social movement must be forgotten. Postmodernism is more complicated and more dispersed than subjugating a comprehensive definition. When postmodernism is not defined definitively, classification of trends and its types will not be final.
Since Postmodernism has its main mission, it reveals the crises of modernity and the critique of persistent beliefs and values. The critique of postmodernists is not limited to the whole, but challenges any system based on certain beliefs and fixed values derived from these beliefs.
About Postmodernism of Nietzsche's Thoughts
"How does a person oppose everything to anyone?" If now someone was courageous to say that: "It is not with me / Berman," he promptly opposed all of them, which is an honor of ours. "
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche is a philosopher most affected by postmodernism. He considers him a postmodern philosopher who was postmodern before postmodernism was in progress. Contemplating philosophers and philosophers of modern postmodernism in philosophy.
The critique of modern culture and the assessment of new micro claims is the most important thing that Nietzsche has done in the area of discussion issues. The dominant orientation is on all aspects of modernity, which emerged in a different way in the reason and belief in human wisdom, each of these forms and forms. Whether or not there was a difference was really true and true.
Nietzsche, the reckless wisdom of reason, which is the only means of knowing the truth in the cycle of modernity, does not consider the rational knowledge to be anything but deceit and magic; so it is natural that a thinker, such as Andre Malro, understands his greatness in the power of his wisdom. The difference between Nietzsche's critique of modern rationalism and other critically acclaimed modernists, especially Marx and Freud, is his rationalization.
Marx and Freud are the critics of the products of modern reason, not the modern intellectuals who, in the form of capitalism and their captivity, believe in the legitimacy of modern rationality, and an alternative to mankind and man's loneliness has emerged. In contrast, these modern foundations are based on humanistic reasoning.
But Nietzsche, in the front line of anti-Enlightenment thinkers, rejected the wise critique of enlightenment claiming the realization of the rational forms of individual and social life, and according to him, reason can not replace the power of unity of tradition and religion, and among motives and intentions Opposite people make co-ordination. Reason is truly a mask on the face of the will of power. The desire for power in the wisdom of reason, illusions - like scientific theories and current values.
Instead of treating morality as a modern phenomenon of reason, Nietzsche, instead of trying to overcome the imperfections of the world-cognizance, showed the possibility of human emancipation in the midst of modern captivity, it rejected all the preconceptions of enlightenment thought, including the concepts of liberation and justice. According to him, the only way out of the captivity of modernism is to break the spell of modernism and to reject the basis of the project of rationalizing the society.
a. The ontological foundations of Nietzsche's postmodernism
In the works of postmodern thinkers like Nietzsche, there is nothing positive about the foundations of ontology, but they disagree with such discussions. Ontology has not been discussed for them, but the passage of metaphysical discussions is the basis of this idea. Therefore, the interpretation of the ontological foundations of Nietzsche's postmodernism is also negligent and should not be used in the common sense.
1. Reality is created as an affair and not objective
The denial of the objective reality of the mind, and instead of the belief in the realities as a socially constructed social affair, is the basis of the ontology of Nietzsche's postmodernism. From the postmodernist point of view, all beings have identities built and constantly evolving, so that there is no fixed identity for them, because the truth is essentially a fabrication, not a discovery. For this reason, in postmodern philosophical thought, causation, necessity and philosophical totality, it is replaced by chance, accident, luck, and eagerness toward power and self-creation, and so on.
Nietzsche believes that the main problems of modern philosophy are objectivity and realism. This objection not only perceives modern philosophy, but also firstly realizes metaphysics and pre-modern philosophies. In his thought, in order to overcome the existing philosophical problems, we must abandon any belief in the objective reality, which must be revealed, and transform our interpretation from reality into a discrete and unstable one.
2 pluralism
In Nietzsche's thinking, the rejection of fixed, absolute and pre-empirical facts means the belief in pluralism in the field of ontology. Hence, pluralism in various fields, including in the field of ontology, is one of his most important philosophical postmodern principles. Postmodernists, moreover than any other school, have general and related topics, and there is no existence in any container, even the subjective container
The critique of modern Western rationalism from the perspective of Nietzsche is postmodern
"On the path to the reality of being dead, we may not be happy to burn us for our beliefs: we are not so sure of them, but perhaps we may be pleased to be able to change our beliefs and make them believe."
According to Nietzsche, there has been no change in modern times; only values have changed and Mansan is sitting instead of God. Progress, happiness and usefulness / have replaced the truth, goodness and divinity, but the basic element, the perspectives and evaluations to which these values depend, are not altered.
At this stage, we are also invited to accept the reality as it is, without recalling that this is also the result of the higher values, the higher values of life, which this stage also has a contradiction that leads to its rejection. Now that we are free from the real world, the inevitable collapse of the universe also collapses. There is no other world except this world.
This is the stage Nietzsche calls the end of the longest error. He wants to know how to systematically harmonize the culture of modernity with collapse, duelism, / representation, or appearance / backwardness. This stage, with the negation of the same value of life and the world through the values of the highest, is back to the beginning of a glance back to Socrates.
Of course, in another form, Nietzsche refers to this phase as the beginning of Zarathustra. It means that Zarathustra has fallen again from its mountain, and this is not for moral law based on good and evil, but for denying that morality and moving beyond good and evil. No longer can Brin value his life. However, when the world of facts is overthrown, the turning down of all the religious and metaphysical dichotomies comes. From now on, no, there must be an appearance, and there is no appearance, and the true against it, this is the highest point of human history, in which there is a perceptible and supersensible confrontation.
Nietzsche referred to this as "the overthrow of idols"; what he calls his goal. So Nietzsche questioned the entire Western culture of Socrates from the point of view of Apollonius, which defines death and negation, and defends Dionysius and the culture as defined above, and accepts life as it is with A look at art.
The god of Dionysus, by accepting what is meant by negation, denounces what is wisdom and ethics. Dionysus accepts the same life and tragedy with dance and joy, in contrast to the apollotic approach to ultimate wisdom and utopia for the transition from the tragedy of the world. Nietzsche's Zoroastrianism, by rejecting metaphysical values and endorsing the earth, is the mediator from the Apollonian world to the Dionysius world, or indeed from modernity to postmodernity. Of course, it should be noted that, contrary to the notion that in Iran, Nietzsche Zoroastrianism is an essential tale of Iranian Zoroastrianism. The Iranian Zoroaster / historic was the prophet of God and metaphysical moral values and negation of the earth and instinct, but Zoroaster Nietzsche is the prophet of God's death and the death of metaphysical values and the confirmation of earth and instincts.
Other theory:
Devotion to the power and negation of the modern subject
"We are in the age of chaos. But this era is simultaneously the era of the most thoughtful and most liberal people. The intellectual world of transformation is changing. The genius of the time: it has already taken traditions, ethics, and so on."
Nietzsche's particular attitude to the truth
It can be said that Nietzsche's epistemological context, combined with the metaphysical negation, is a mixture of experience of belief, opposition to positivism, and the aspect of the authenticity of views.
The Origin of Truth - In general, the word "truth" is called Latin Vernacular (VERITAS). This term is known by the Greeks as the word aletheia. Based on the meaning that is meant in Greek, the ultimate goal of science and knowledge has been to reach the truth. The use of the word "truth" in some cases, in contrast to false or inaccurate, and in other cases, contrasted with belief and belief. Generally speaking, in the Greek culture when it comes to the difference between knowledge, belief, and doxa, the concept of truth arises.
Nietzsche's position about the truth sometimes brings man to the conclusion that the beliefs and beliefs of human beings in general can not be true. It explicitly states that the truth is nothing but the thought that we are treating it as a result of time-lapse. The truth is the kind of error that can not be without it. There is no truth, what is interpreting and interpreting. We lack a member to know the truth. We know just enough to be useful for the flock of man and mankind. We constantly distort the universe through numbers, and finally, in the Ethics of Ethics, we explicitly state that the belief in the truth of the last will be the ascetic ideal.
Nietzsche's Truth and the Formation of Postmodernism
In general, three interconnected historical developments in the late Middle Ages have given fresh impetus to the Western community. First, the Enlightenment movement, which, based on the new wisdom and knowledge, created new relationships in the lives of the people of Europe, the Second Great Revolution of France, which was a reading of the realization of the inspirational theoretical slogans and goals, and the third industrial revolution that provided the necessary grounds for the expansion of production Mechanism and fixing the goals of Enlightenment.
It may be argued that Nietzsche, as a philosopher at the end of the nineteenth century, did most of his studies of the Enlightenment and the impasse of his cultural and theoretical creation. He searched the origins of Enlightenment in Socrates.
According to Nietzsche, in the depths of the Socratic Western culture, there is a tendency to stretch the theory of truth, and in general, science and philosophy of
A copy for being normal
"To retrieve certain parts of the truth - the devil and the Bakhthan Bashkan, Mangbir Trand / Kardan has to be deeply embedded. / A new species of philosophers emerges / we are nothing but liberal thought."
The vision of liberalism from mankind, as an object free of instincts, provided an inhuman interpretation of mankind and explained man to the will of power, and explained mankind of the modern age to the dangerous myth of the long-term concept of " Time-consuming, timeless desire "warns that we must avoid trapping the concepts of disparity, such as pure wisdom and knowledge.
Because these concepts always invite us to think of something that is never thoughtful. Therefore, it should not be understood in general terms as completely free terms, which originated from them, but must examine the instinctive power of knowledge. For example, in the process of knowing Nietzsche, who knows Nothing about stranger, is the instinct of fear. The instinct is fear, which gives us command of knowing, knowing what we are accustomed to, so that it does not surprise us anymore.
According to Nietzsche, therefore, the greatest part of conscious thought should be in the role of instinctive function. Self-consciousness is by no means anti-instinct, guides the most conscious thoughts of a philosopher to his intrinsic instincts. Self-awareness as an element of human activity is the result of the will of power, and man is a kind of animal that is full of power. As a result, he considers science as the result of instinct, contrary to modernity, that reason is not at the very opposite point of instinct. This separation of reason and instinct recognized in the modern world is being blamed on him.
Nietzsche writes: One of the superstitions of the people who survived the hangover, like the superstition of the soul, which today does not endanger the superstition of the "subject" and "me". And perhaps one of the language games, one of the temptations that the grammar of the agent is, or an outright expansion of very limited realities, a personal need. He sees this as a linguistic error, and believes that in languages where there is no concept of a subject, we will not see such a look at the world. What Descartes achieved was not a definite matter, but a very powerful belief and a naturalistic assumption.
Finally, Nietzsche sees the cause of the rule of the truth and knowledge claim in modernity, the modern man's escape from the confrontation with the scary reality of nihilism, which describes it as the motto of God's death. He believes that the modern subject continues with the Platonic / Christian model, which, instead of turning to reality, tries to justify it with reason and subject.
Each philosophy of life must ultimately reveal the preconditions that the process of wisdom depends upon, and especially our belief in self as the essence. Thus, Nietzsche sees Kant's modern subject as a nest who sits like Platonism and the Christian god as the source of truth in it, while the whole truth and source of truth, including their modern subject, are rooted in the power and will of the power, which is the will to know That the will to know is instinctual and rooted in the fear of the unknown and dominating it. Indeed, in Nietzsche's thinking, what is for us the eternal memory is the mental idol.
Nietzsche's influence on the transition from the philosophy of modernity to postmodern
"What is a fact? A missed one: an idea that brings pleasure: the least efficiency of the power of human thought, etc."
In Nietzsche's discussion of the philosophical foundations of modernity, we found that Nietzsche had never considered the logic of the concepts of modernity, and, with his specific and innovative concepts, denied and degraded those concepts. He questioned the whole course of Western rationality and modern subject with the concepts of Dionysus and the power of power, and described man as neither the possession of the wisdom but the desire for power. With the idea of nihilism and the death of God, the question of the science of modernity was questioned, and by talking about the superman and the ethics of the rulers, the root of the political thought of modernity, equality of human beings and democracy.
Nietzsche's philosophy, of course, by negation and destruction of the philosophical foundations of modernity, definitely dominates the principle of power and relations, and, by smoke of the sacred, governs the root of truth in power and relations of dominance. Pretending facts as commodities, the history, which is always changing, assumes: "History also gives a laugh to the glory of the origin. / Origin is always before the fall, before the body, before the world and the time. ; Origin is alongside the gods, and for the narration it is always called the genesis of the gods. "
"By showing the divine birth of man, we wanted to provoke the sense of human rule. This way is now forbidden, because it stands at the gates of that monkey. In the aftermath of the always new, futile truth, the proliferation of the millennia of errors, existence / truth is a kind of error. The truth is not the power of the power, or the lack of power. The truth is not the reward of the liberty of the people, not the child of long excerpts, not the privilege of those who have been able to free themselves, the truth is something global; in this world, various forms of coercion are produced and the effects The rule of thumb preserves power. Power is not at the disposal of the institution of the state or in the monopoly of any subject. T. Nietzsche's look at ontological power is a set of strategies and relationships, and power in the whole of life is ongoing. "
Nietzsche, with a historical look at truth and morality, made a major breakthrough in understanding modern thought and the philosophical understanding of man and society. The evolution of its ideology and linguistic games was from its fundamental and idealistic consciousness and manifestations, such as religion and philosophy and science. A transformation from the consciousness and the pivot subject to the death of the author and subjugation of the subject. The evolution of the "truth to the power and the power of the instrument of truth, in the face of it, is the lack of separation of truth and power, and to
The philosophy of the championship
Nihilism and Nietzsche's critique of modernity pragmatism
"The truth is painful-but not by itself-but by the way that it destroys faith."
Perhaps science is considered to be the most important fruit of contemporary modernity and pride. Modern science was considered to be the point of Archimedean, whereby one can fully understand the world and man. Science claims to recognize its truth and self from the past of history, since history created the illusion and error. But Nietzsche considered the destruction of the ideals of science and considered it as a continuation of the same history, Christian ascension, which was only a vision for the interpretation of reality, not the best or most complete recognition. According to him, scientism is not capable of filling the ghost of the death of God, and the modern man has suffered a loss of nihilism.
Modernity is not a break with religion and tradition, but its continuity. Reason as the source of value creation has taken the place of God and the like of the world. Kant takes Christ and Plato. But Nietzsche believed that the certainty and calm that religion and God gave human beings, science and reason can not fill and replace it. Values and dowries accepted by the people from the word of God and the metaphysical universe are not sanctified by the language of reason and science and will not be accepted. Reason can not take the unifying force of tradition and religion and coordinate among different people's motives. Therefore, the time of the death of values, the death of the attitude of religion and philosophy, that is, the death of God, has come to the fore and vanity and nihilism have prevailed.
In Nietzsche's belief in traditional society, it is religion that gives the person a general picture of the world, and the ultimate justification for ethical behavior is the religious worldview. In this worldview, natural and social catastrophes, as well as the suffering of daily life, are considered necessary for the real world to live in the afterlife, but in the modern world, the ultimate reference that heals the pain and suffers and does not corroborate morality, and science According to Nietzsche, science is only a special commentary and has no advantage over religion and afterlife.
From Nietzsche's point of view, science itself needs an ideal value in every part because science can never be the creator of values. It seems to me to be the best co-sponsorship of Christian aspirations and the two have already played a show. Christian aspiration and modern science are based on the truth of the truth. Ali's knowledge is not only anti-faith and religious attitude, but owes his birth to Christian thought and aspiration, and writes in reference to the birth and decline of scientism: "Copernicus, Galileo, and Kaplera Newton are equally convinced That God created the world according to a systematic mathematical order, and they can read the meaning of this world with mathematics, and, conversely, as an analogy to the gospel, that is, the nature is written in the form of the Bible, readable in mathematical language "/ or Heidegger's promise made the world a picture.
But Nietzsche says that this sort of understanding of nature went away with Kant and Hegel and Schopenhauer. Kant enables the mind to recognize nature without knowing God's righteousness. Therefore, God's understanding of nature was questioned. So Kant challenged nihilism by questioning the recognition of reality and Godhead. But Kant questioned the natural god and the mathematicians, but created a new moral god. In the words of Nietzsche, this was with Schopenhauer who questioned the idea of God and Christian morality, and even Kant's rational morality, and they considered it to be a negation of a lack of will or will. So though with Schopenhauer, nihilism came to a halt, but Nietzsche claimed that with his own , The second stage of nihilism, namely active nihilism, has begun, and Nietzsche's Zoroaster, when he communicates with the "supermodie" messenger, "the protagonist, the inhabitant, the bridge and the cross of the polyene ...", calls for the transition from the "last man" to superman or the transition from Passive nihilism is active in nihilism.
In general, Nietzsche is in conflict with life and knowledge, and in answer to the question "Does life need to be based on knowledge of the ruler or knowledge of life", there is no doubt that life is superior and unconditional, because science in modern times mankind He deprives her of his joy and makes him a dry, steady, and impassive figure. In his view, modern science is a refuge for which modern humans seek refuge in order to overcome their own destiny and life. Therefore, Nietzsche's science does not differ materially from religion and philosophy, and like them, it has led to a decline in life and the same illusion Apollo
He considers modern science as the ultimate human endeavor to find the ultimate basis for the whole of existence, and faith in science is the successor to religious faith. According to him, religion and science are both myths, and science, like morality, is a manifestation of the will of power, and the philosophy of enlightenment replaces one myth with another myth. But this new myth, unlike religion, does not have the power to express life and provide a moral device, and the consequence of this important is the depletion of life from meaning, selflessness, unjustifiable values, and, consequently, the victory of nihilism, the victory of the last man, and Nehemilism is the destiny of the modern world.
But Nietzsche derives from the certainty of negligence of the positive attitude to life and the pure confirmation of what is. The empty world of its meaning and its absurdity should be the "yes" motive of telling the world, as it is, and this attitude to the world entails the decline of the hopeless hopes and healing of religion and philosophy, with the degeneration of this hopeless hope, we deny God because It is only by doing so that we can free the world and, by God's death, "open the way for the full development of the powers of the Creator."
The other god does not lead us to the path to our actions and forbearance. From now on, man can take God's place as legislator and creator of values.
Nietzsche's critique of the ethic / advance towards modern postmodernism
Nietzsche, with a genealogy approach, offers a new approach to understanding truth and ethics. Nietzsche's genealogy is an enumeration that is in contrast to intuition. Geneology is not a theory of knowledge, but rather ontology. It is not about how to achieve the facts of the world, but rather an attitude about the nature of the world as a historical entity from the point of view of genealogy. No phenomena, including truth and ethics, are innate, and not only change over time, but over time If there are no real facts, then "the origin of the world of moral concepts, such as the beginning of all great things on earth, has long been all shaking in blood." Thus, the facts are rooted in the power and power of history.
Understanding Nietzsche's truth can also be transmitted to his ethical discussion, that is, morality is neither seminal nor metaphysical, but as a ground-action of the instinct of power-seeking. He considers morality to be either independent of instincts or in front of them, but as a product of instincts and in the service of instincts, that is, before Nietzsche, ethics or a metaphysical matter such as the universe, like Plato, or from the will of God and divine revelation, or something Rational / conscientious as Kant.
Morality in discourses before Nietzsche was not only independent of instincts and power and was used to guide instincts and limit the power of power, but morality was thought to be an inherent, eternal, and supra-consciousness of history. But Nietzsche broke the sanctity of morality and created ethical concepts as human material production, based on the history of blood flow. Equality ethics is described as the herd's ethics.
He considered morality to be a product of a sense of malice and hatred of lower and more humble people, compared to the herders. The morality of the ranks was interpreted by the will of the power, that is, the morality associated with the instincts in their service. In both cases, morality is rooted in instincts and power / in the instinct of power and self-confidence, which is specific to the master or rooted in the instinct of pity and weakness and hatred that is common to ordinary people.
To understand Nietzsche's view of morality, we must focus on his division of morality. Nietzsche divides moral systems into two general categories: the morality of servants and the morality of the servants. He writes: Christianity is a prominent example of the morality of servitude. The root of this ethics is: weakness, fear, lack of self-confidence and human misery. From the perspective of Christian morality, good human features are humility, benevolence, kindness, and selflessness.
A good man is someone who does not hurt others and does not provide someone with horror, and the human being is the one who is deprived of these ethical virtues. Nietzsche criticizes any moral device of this kind as Christian morality and criticizes many of the ethical principles accepted by the modern world under the same heading of Christian ethics. For him, in the field of moral values, it can not be more than a contradiction between the morality and the ethics of Christian slavery, he sees the leaders as exceptional and powerful people whose dramatic features are daring, fearlessness, runaway, warring and passionate.
But the servants, who constitute the main body of the human society, are weak, cowardly, mild, and mild. Nietzsche has argued that historically, the transformation of values, the overthrow of the weak ethics on the morality of the rulers, began with Judaism and continued with intercession. But this moral device has influenced such a sense of European morality that the morality of the modern world is also the morality of servitude: "The morals of slaves in modernity have a hegemony." "The democratic movement is also the heritage of the eater of the Christian movement." Thus Nietzsche writes: "Transformation Values were Christian, that is, moral truths not intrinsic and inseparable, but rooted in historical events, depending on the power and history of history, with which particular ethics dominate history. "
Nietzsche stresses the role that agony and hatred play in creating ethical values, and they say that birds are bad luck and good lambs, this anger is not a quick reflection of their emphasis. Rather, it's anger and poisonous hatred that is born of the negative orientation of the weak, affiliated, and collectable man, and is the result of a position of nangification. They themselves do not have the power to confirm life or they have anger and grudge against the actors who are afraid of them. Under the pressure of this fear, they have founded a series of moral laws that have raised it up to the point of absolute and universal ethics. While the truth is nothing but the means of the inferior mass, to defend oneself and express hatred and displeasure against the ancients / So from Nietzsche's perspective, morality is the enemy of nature, and the result of the difficult spirits and jealousies to close the chain on the will of the power of the rulers.
Subject: Nietzsche's Postmodern Truth
"It's astonishing the possibility of a truth that one can approach in a way!"
Modernity is defined by concepts such as wisdom, science, progress, the metaphorical subject, and equality ethics, which is the political manifestation of democracy itself. Nietzsche challenged not only the philosophical discourse of modernity with concepts like Apollonius / Dionysius, the will of power, the morality of the superintendents, nihilism, the death of God, the eternal and supernatural return, but rather the field of the transformation of the philosophical discourse of the modern political system and the transition to postmodernity. Provided. His goal is to show the contradictions and conceptual critique of the main concepts of modernity and challenge the philosophical legitimacy of modernity in several parts. First, the critique of rationalism, which itself refers to two parts of the critique of rationalist history, which Nietzsche calls apollonationalism, and the concept of dionizosurism that goes to the war of rationalism in the West. The second part is the critique of the modern subject, in which Nietzsche deals with the concept of power-directed will to criticize and degrade it, criticizing scientism using the concept of nihilism
Old forms in modern skeletons
Religion justifies the issue of death with eternal eternal life in Parsch. Religion says that with death, it just wakes up and real life begins after death in Paradise and Hell. The world is the field of the hereafter and the death of the harvest season, not the end of it. Religion defines the meaning of God with the mirror of God, and God defines His virtue and goodness and goodness. Religion, in contrast to the inequality of life and its tragedies, has defined what should be desirable in another world.
Philosophy, in contrast to what is lacking, and the answer to the problem of death, makes the ecstasy a horizontal one to correct this world. Philosophy asks the utopian and desirable Medina and does not regard ignorance and decadence as an innate human, but it considers it to be reformable. That is why it was born with the first philosopher in the true sense of the word (Plato) of Utopia, to be horizontal to reform the world and a measure for its transformation.
Greek philosophy in response to the question of death, instead of God, considered the city to have a meaning to human life. The principle was defined as the collective life of the state-city rather than the individual. Therefore, death on the path to the ideals of justice and preservation of the civilization of the state-the Greek city-was not the end of life, but the martyrdom of civilization and the achievements of the state-city. Before the formation of the city-state, which consumed the lives of the Greeks in the life of the Greeks, drew the meaning of life and practice of death, and from the naming of justice as the main value and the summing up of all virtues, it was the courage and renown that justified death and meant human life.
For example, Achilles is neither due to the Hellenistic civilization or to justice, but merely because of his courage and fame, which perhaps his fame in courage can last in history, and by overcoming immortality, the death of death will be overcome. At that time, the gods of Olympus put this meaning into the lives of humans.
With the state of the city, Plato, with the design of the universe of wisdom and the utopia, which was the horizon for leading the worldly life, tried to justify the projection and the issue of death for a meaning to human life. Whatever justifies death and meaning in life to a mirror for identity. With the collapse of the state-city and mirror like Plato, the Epicureans tried to justify death and meaning for life, and the Stoics created the universal intellect. The mirror of the spiritual arrangement of human life in the Middle Ages was not "state-city", not "courage" and not "like" and "pleasure" but this "God" and the life of the ancestors, which justified human life and the meaning of death. Renaissance, by crushing metaphysics and substituting reason instead of the law, instead of fame, took refuge in the creation of other objects instead of God in justifying the issue of death.
Marxists, for example, saw the death of the working class as the ideals of the working class and the realization of communism as the existential philosophy of the advancement of history and the justification of the problem of evil and death. Max Weber, in the charmed godless world, considered nationalism and politics to justify death and the meaning of life. Hannah Arendt political action and others fascism and racism, and so on. In general, empirical philosophy is associated with collective morality and justice, and the lost paradise, or the original principle of decadence, is accessible in this world, the mission of philosophy from Plato to Hegel and Marx.
In contrast to philosophy, there is mysticism. Thus, the foundations of the world are based on ignorance, neglect, lust and dissatisfaction and decadence, and they consider the essence of the cycle of the world based on this ignorance and neglect, that if ignorance and negligence, the cycle of the world is also from It means that they perceive degeneration and negligence as intrinsic and inalienable. For this reason, they believed that they were not human freedom, but human control and had no hope of saving humanity from decadence. So for the mystics, utopia was not as meaningful as reality. They were pessimistic about human nature and social relations and viewed the world as an unstable, transient, absurd, and irreversible wave, and death was an instrument for humiliating this life and its significance.
The mystics, like philosophy, believe in the realization of the utopia and the collective identities of the state and the nation and the class, not the heavens and the hell. They are merely the love of God and solving in the name of my part, or being lost in their privacy, only the meaning of life And justify the issue of death. The world is not the field of the hereafter, which is to cultivate it for the hereafter, nor the places where humanity can take refuge in collective identities. The world is based on negligence and ignorance, or, according to Schopenhauer, the pre-conception of will, and the escape of this will is not blind.
But Nietzsche's response to the decline and the crisis is different from the previous two. Nietzsche, like philosophy and religion, sees degeneration as inferiority and suffering, which seeks to correct it, and, in the face of those values, and the proletariat, and refuses to leave peace and tranquility, like mysticism against the tragedy of life. The Nietzsche solution is generally different. That is, the wisdom of "mysticism", and the offering of the utopian "philosophers", is due to the pessimism and degeneracy of the world and what it is. But Nietzsche did not know the reality of life and the inequality of social relations, that he was trying to reform or abandon. "Nietzsche, if denied, denied the negation of reality, which is denial, negation of reality, self-acceptance of reality, Nietzsche's slogan, and the acceptance of life is that life."
The response of philosophy and religion is what Nietzsche calls Apollonistic orientation and the rule of reason and morality. The philosophy and apolleion of philosophy and apollo led him from the path of Christian ethics to modernity, which Nietzsche deals with the concepts of Dionysus and the will power directed at denying it. The answer to mysticism is what Nietzsche calls passive nihilism, Schopenhauer, who seeks to replace active nihilism.
In some ways Nietzsche's pain is also in response to human nature-the immortality and the solution to the problem of death that mankind has always been mortal, against the narratives of modern progress, which it calls secular doctrine of Christianity, with the motto.
Nietzsche's position on the truth
Nietzsche's main postmodern framework
"There are several types of eyes, the Sphinx also has eyes - and as a result, there are several types of truth-and thus there is no truth in the work."
As we have said, one of the most important features of Nietzsche's work is the metaphorical use of language to express the intricate and widespread content found in the writings of this difficult writer. The best example of this claim was Nietzsche's masterpiece, Zarathustra, who, from his opening sentence, opened the way for commentary and opens the door and throws up the man in contemplation. What we will continue to discuss is the general framework of post-modern Nietzsche's thinking and how to deal with the truth.
In reviewing the theories of Obad, it was noted that this theory has been raised in relation to the specific type of Nietzsche's question of truth. As his work turns out, in the writings of his first and middle period, Nietzsche, he has always emphasized the unreliability and reliance of common beliefs and beliefs. His attempt at these works has been to prove to us that our ideas and attitudes are not true. However, in later works by Nietzsche, we only face the rejection of metaphysical truth.
This issue is of high importance in Nietzsche's thoughts, to the point where it can be argued that in the final years of Nietzsche's life, the denial of metaphysics constitutes the cornerstone of his late philosophy. Nietzsche proposes a discussion of metaphysics for proposing another theory. In other words, what he has introduced as the central axis of metaphysics is another universal concept, on the other, or the "Last Serpent".
According to Nietzsche's view, humans, where they are unable to solve the problems of eternalism and attempt to find empirical methods in the solution of the problems caused by the truth of the world, try to look for another in their dreams.
In fact, the other theory of the root is rooted in the same process. On the basis of this, the human disability in the empirical understanding of the truth that the world expects will ultimately lead to a dual division. In their words, the empirical world is becoming an expanse of phenomena. This is where people acknowledge that this world itself is a shadow or imperfect gem of another.
Accordingly, empirical methods in the understanding of the world are no longer considered ineffective and new ways of understanding the different nature of that other world are studied. Ultimately, this is a metaphysic, which, as a final method, recognizes such an area is considered to be the right and proper way. Based on what he finds out, Nietzsche has tried to prove that knowledge of the non-experimental universe or of the real world is psychologically superfluous and in vain is in vain.
One of the most important parts of Nietzsche's ideas about how to continue to believe in the metaphysical world. According to Nietzsche's belief, the belief in the metaphysical world is persevered because the justification of the highest values in human culture requires their realization in the right direction. The range that has been introduced by philosophers and ordinary people in the history of thought in a particular way as the realm of the real world or the other.
As was the case in Nietzsche's studies of Greek history, Socrates was the first person in ancient Greece who was inclined to make a theoretical discovery of the truth of empirical facts, and eventually Plato wrote this in a well-written and written way in the history of Western thought. It executes.
To put it plainly, Plato's thought is subject to the transformation of the nature of truth. In fact, the history of this transformation has become the history of metaphysics. Therefore, Plato's philosophy should not be regarded as belonging to the past, but should be regarded as belonging to the present and historical times.
This does not mean that the ancient period has been imitated and the tradition has been preserved. Instead, it must be said that the essence of Platonic truth has been solved in the history of history. Ultimately, this is the transformation of the nature of truth in Plato, which led us from the pre-Socratic period to the era of Plato's ideas of dominance.
As far as the concept of truth is concerned, before the advent of Plato, they recognized truth as the development and emergence of being. It should be added that at this time, truth was nothing but brilliance and clarity. But since Plato, we are faced with the correctness of truth by changing the nature of the truth. At this stage, thought changes from being to knowledge and value.
Plato argued that the principle of the universe, which is defined as our perceptual perceptions, is free of truth, and in general two distinct spheres can be understood in the universe of being. He called one of these two realms the true scope of stable and constant ideas that can only be understood through philosophical reasoning, and the other is the world of shadows or the scope of sensible and unstable phenomena that can be understood through our senses. . In this statement, the true realm of the realm is indispensable, but the opposite of the real world is a timed and spatial range.
Aristotle, the disciple of Plato, understood the truth as conformance and agreement between mind and reality. He says that if we say what is and is not, then we have not really told the truth. According to Aristotle, the truth is the matching of the mental order with the real. While Plato believes that the truth is the matching of the object with the face of another world or the like in the mind.
It can be said that from the time of Aristotle, the theory of matching the rational form with external exhortation was found in the scope of philosophy. The age of Thomas Aquinas also accepted the theory of conformity to the truth, claiming that truth is the rationalization of objects and phenomena.
With the advent of the modern age, the same argument has been presented in a new way. One should take into account that Hobbes considers the truth as the system of names. In the opinion of
last word
"Where our ignorance begins - where we can not see it again - we make a word - for example - the term" doing "-the word of suffering-these may be lines of our horizons-but-truth-not."
Some scholars, in view of some of the fundamental differences between modernism and postmodernism, believe that postmodernism, which means "postmodernism", is considered to be a new movement created after modernism, referring to the next stage This is because, while modernism emphasized the stability of reality and the discovery of facts, postmodernism insists on the instability of everything and the creation of facts.
Modernism is a matter of certainty, necessity and transcendence, but from the point of view of postmodernism, it can not and should not be mentioned in any of these categories. Especially in the field of the education of values, ethics, politics, etc., one should not speak of constitutions and theoretical foundations of a universal and universal.
Values are relative things that vary from culture to culture. Therefore, the postmodern movement is in fact the stage after modernism and a kind of transition from it. Some of the followers of this reading of Postmodernism believe that it began with the writings of Richard Rorty.
On the whole, however, postmodernism can be regarded as a powerful cultural, intellectual political movement that has been developing since the 1970s, and has hitherto addressed sharp critiques and challenges in various fields of human thought, including in the process of formulating and evolving self-identity. , The individual and the formation of facies of cognition, morality, history, philosophy, economics, literature, sociology, politics, art and architecture.
Given that Nietzsche is a prophet of his age - Nietzsche and postmodernism are in fact synonymous. However, examining the main fields of postmodern formation as the last state of mind, generally in the Western world, is one of the most difficult issues. If any of the investigations is carried out, any research in this field will be considered on the one hand and clarify the subject, and on the other hand, the researcher will fail to achieve the desired goal.
The difficulty of this is due to the study of modernity and its fundamental characteristics in order to discover the meaning of postmodernity. It offers a comprehensive overview of the modernity of the universe so that it can check the status of it afterwards.
Since the achievement of such an image was not simple in the critique of Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, we have explored the foundations of postmodernism with the help of modern reason. But what has been sought, the study of the qualities of Nietzsche's critique of modern reasoning He was a postmodern reader. In fact, I tried to assess the ways in which Nietzsche interpreted the modern wisdom of the transition from it as a true and true narrative of world understanding.
What needs to be emphasized first and foremost is the basic point that the intended review was dedicated to studying Nietzsche's specific point of view on the truth. It is based on this fundamental concept that we will eventually see the main claims of modern philosophers challenged.
One of the controversial points was whether Postmodernism was a reaction to modernity. The modern age is a period of history in which we witness the emergence of Renaissance humanism, enlightenment, the scientific revolution and the development of liberal values and human rights, a period in which Western societies gradually transformed microcosm and natural science into beliefs and superstitions. The title of the path to knowledge is preferred, and at this point a concept developed from the individual who, as an independent human race, owns a series of fundamental rights and freedoms, rather than part of a multitude of congregations governed by hierarchical hierarchical rules of society.
Modernity claimed the progress of the proportion of the course of human history and considered modernity as the culmination of the process of history and the evolution of humanity that was able to solve human problems and eliminate inequality and the realization of justice. In the failure to fulfill the claims of modernism and the resulting despair, Nietzsche, with the motto of eternal return, challenges both the illusion of progress and the justice of modernity, as well as the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of justice.
Nietzsche's eternal return is so great that even Ali can not even seem to allow all previous schools to even allow the possibility that: not trying to deny what is to the utopia (philosophy from Plato to Marx), not trying to deny the earth to prosperity The kingdom (religion and Christ), not the joy and despair of passive nihilism, but the universal acceptance of this life and the life of life, with the same attitudes. The eternal return does not claim to improve life or make a new life, but to return to life is the same life. Nietzsche's ideas provided a basis for criticizing the philosophical foundations of modernity, and provided a platform for the opening up of postmodern thought in the critique of Western rationalism and self-centered subject.
What we sought was Nietzsche's definition of the philosophical foundations of modernity, and the pursuit of the concept of postmodernity, which inevitably led to his thoughts. Nietzsche criticized modernity beyond its concepts and created new concepts that tried to critique the main concepts of modernity with each one. The history of Western rationalism, which was assumed in the Hegelian philosophy of evolutionary process, was called the Apollonian Apocalypse, which, instead of understanding the tragedy of life and its reality, has challenged the eating of "like", "God" and utopia. In contrast to the concept of Dionysus, it accepts the tragedy of life, instead of refuge in metaphysical illusions and land idols, with dance and drunkenness and joy.
Nihilism is the logical consequence of God's death that science has not been able to fill this vacuum, and modern humans are confused and captive to everyday life.