Next Generation JavaScript

1. let and const

let and const basically replace var. You use let instead of var and const instead of var if you plan on never re-assigning this "variable"

2. Arrow Functions

Arrow functions are a different way of creating functions in JavaScript. Besides a shorter syntax, they offer advantages when it comes to keeping the scope of the this keyword.

Arrow function syntax may look strange but it's actually simple.

function getAppName(appName) {

	console.log(appName);

}

getAppName("LinkedIn"); //LinkedIn

which you could also write as:

const getAppName = function(appName) {

	console.log(appName);

}

getAppName("LinkedIn"); //LinkedIn

becomes: 

const getAppName = (appName) => {

	console.log(appName);

}

getAppName("LinkedIn"); // 'LinkedIn'

Important: When having no arguments, you have to use empty parentheses in the function declaration:

const getAppName = () => {

	console.log('LinkedIn');

}

getAppName(); // 'LinkedIn'

When having exactly one argument, you may omit the parentheses:

const getAppName = appName => {

	console.log(appName);

}

getAppName("LinkedIn"); //LinkedIn

When just returning a value, you can use the following shortcut:

const returnMe = name => name

That's equal to:

const returnMe = name => {

    return name;

}

3. Exports & Imports

In Angular / React projects (and actually in all modern JavaScript projects), you split your code across multiple JavaScript files - called modules. You do this, to keep each file/module focused and manageable.

To still access functionality in another file, you need export (to make it available) and import  (to get access) statements.

You got two different types of exports: default (unnamed) and named exports:

default => export default ...;  

named => export const someData = ...; 

You can import default exports like this:

import someNameOfYourChoice from './path/to/file.js';  

Surprisingly, someNameOfYourChoice is totally up to you.

Named exports have to be imported by their name:

import { someData } from './path/to/file.js';

A file can only contain one default and an unlimited amount of named exports. You can also mix the one default with any amount of named exports in one and the same file.

When importing named exports, you can also import all named exports at once with the following syntax:

import * as upToYou from './path/to/file.js';  

upToYou  is - well - up to you and simply bundles all exported variables/functions in one JavaScript object. For example, if you export const someData = ...  ( /path/to/file.js ) you can access it on upToYou  like this: upToYou.someData.

4. Classes

Classes are a feature which basically replace constructor functions and prototypes. You can define blueprints for JavaScript objects with them. 

Like this:

class Person {

	constructor () {

		this.name = 'Jeff Weiner';

	}

}
const person = new Person();

console.log(person.name); // prints 'Jeff Weiner'

In the above example, not only the class but also a property of that class (=> name) is defined. They syntax you see there, is the "old" syntax for defining properties. In modern JavaScript projects, you can use the following, more convenient way of defining class properties:

class Person {

    name = 'Jeff Weiner';

}
 
const person = new Person();

console.log(person.name); // Jeff Weiner

You can also define methods. Either like this:

class Person {

	name = 'Jeff Weiner';

	printMyName () {

		console.log(this.name); // 'this is required to refer to the class!
	}
}
 
const person = new Person();

person.printMyName(); //'Jeff Weiner'

Or like this:

class Person {

	name = 'Jeff Weiner';

	printMyName = () => {

		console.log(this.name);

	}
}
 
const person = new Person();

person.printMyName(); //'Jeff Weiner'

The second approach has the same advantage as all arrow functions have: The this keyword doesn't change its reference.

You can also use inheritance when using classes:

class Human {

	species = 'human';

}
 
class Person extends Human {

	name = 'Jeff Weiner';

	printMyName = () => {

		console.log(this.name);

	}
}

const person = new Person();.

person.printMyName(); //'Jeff Weiner'

console.log(person.species); // prints 'human'

5. Spread & Rest Operator

The spread and rest operators actually use the same syntax: ...  

Yes, that is the operator - just three dots. It's usage determines whether you're using it as the spread or rest operator.

Using the Spread Operator:

The spread operator allows you to pull elements out of an array (=> split the array into a list of its elements) or pull the properties out of an object. Here are two examples:

const oldArray = [1, 2, 3];

const newArray = [...oldArray, 4, 5]; // This now is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

Here's the spread operator used on an object:

const oldObject = {

	name: 'Jeff Weiner'

};

const newObject = {

	...oldObject, age: 49

};

newObject would then be

{

	name: 'Jeff Weiner',

	age: 49

}

The spread operator is extremely useful for cloning arrays and objects. Since both are reference types (and not primitives), copying them safely (i.e. preventing future mutation of the copied original) can be tricky. With the spread operator you have an easy way of creating a (shallow!) clone of the object or array. 

6. Destructuring

Destructuring allows you to easily access the values of arrays or objects and assign them to variables. Here's an example for an array:

const array = [1, 2, 3];

const [a, b] = array;

console.log(a); // prints 1

console.log(b); // prints 2

console.log(array); // prints [1, 2, 3]

And here for an object:

const myObj = {

	name: 'Jeff Weiner',

	age: 49
}
const {name} = myObj;

console.log(name); // prints 'Jeff Weiner'

console.log(age); // prints undefined

console.log(myObj); // prints {name: 'Jeff Weiner', age: 49}

Destructuring is very useful when working with function arguments. Consider this example:

const printName = (personObj) => {

	console.log(personObj.name);

}

printName({name: 'Jeff Weiner', age: 49}); // prints 'Jeff Weiner'

Here, we only want to print the name in the function but we pass a complete person object to the function. Of course this is no issue but it forces us to call personObj.name inside of our function. We can condense this code with destructuring:

const printName = ({name}) => {

	console.log(name);

}

printName({name: 'Jeff Weiner', age: 49}); // prints 'Jeff Weiner')

We get the same result as above but we save some code. By destructuring, we simply pull out the name  property and store it in a variable/ argument named name which we then can use in the function body.