Navigating Ethical Crossroads: Understanding Moral Dilemmas and the Principle of Lesser Evil

By: Chidiebere Ogbonna (Cheedz),

March, 2024.

Introduction:

In the landscape of ethical decision-making, moral dilemmas present complex scenarios that challenge individuals to reconcile conflicting moral principles. This paper delves into the concept of moral dilemmas, examines their existential nature, and evaluates the ethical considerations surrounding the principle of choosing the lesser evil in such predicaments.

What is a Moral Dilemma?

A moral dilemma occurs when an individual is confronted with a situation where they must choose between two or more morally conflicting options, each with potential ethical consequences [1]. These dilemmas often involve fundamental moral principles such as honesty, justice, and benevolence, rendering decision-making arduous due to the absence of a clear moral pathway [2].

Existential Reality of Moral Dilemmas:

The existential reality of moral dilemmas manifests across various domains, from everyday life to professional and societal contexts. While some moral dilemmas are hypothetical or fictional constructs, many are rooted in real-world scenarios, presenting genuine ethical quandaries that individuals grapple with [3] These dilemmas underscore the complexity of ethical decision-making and the inherent tension between competing moral values.

Ethical dilemmas are undeniably real and prevalent in human experiences. They stem from the intricate nature of ethical decision-making, where values, beliefs, and responsibilities clash. These dilemmas challenge one's moral fiber and necessitate careful consideration of outcomes and principles.

Is a Moral Dilemma Real or Not Real?

Moral dilemmas' reality lies in individuals' subjective experiences and genuine ethical conflicts they face (Matthew 6:24). Despite being hypothetical or imagined, moral dilemmas hold significant ethical stakes, posing authentic challenges to moral reasoning (Proverbs 11:1).

The moral tension and ethical stakes involved are undeniably real for those facing them [4]. Some argue that opting for the lesser evil is warranted as it minimizes harm and upholds certain moral values. Conversely, others posit that compromising ethical principles, even for a seemingly noble cause, undermines integrity and establishes a risky precedent. Consequently, moral dilemmas are real in the sense that they pose genuine challenges to moral reasoning and decision-making, albeit within varying contexts and degrees of complexity.

Is it Right to Do the Lesser Evil?

The principle of choosing the lesser evil in moral dilemmas raises profound ethical questions regarding the justification of actions that entail harm or compromise moral principles. Proponents argue that prioritizing the lesser evil aligns with consequentialist ethics, aiming to minimize overall harm or maximize good outcomes [5]. However, critics caution against the potential erosion of moral integrity and the risk of prioritizing expediency over principled reasoning [6].

It is generally considered morally right to choose the lesser evil in certain situations. Here are some key points to justify my opinion:

1. Voting for the Lesser Evil: The obligation to vote for the lesser of two evils is explored in the context of elections. It is argued that voting for the lesser evil is not a lesser action but a moral duty to contribute to good governance and prevent potentially harmful outcomes.

2. The Lesser Evil in Political Ethics: The book "The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror" delves into societal decisions when faced with the threat of destruction[7]. It discusses how societies may commit lesser evils to avoid greater ones, emphasizing the moral complexities involved in such decisions.

Based on these points, there is a consensus that under certain circumstances, such as in politics, voting, and legal contexts, choosing the lesser evil can be morally justifiable and even necessary to prevent greater harm or negative consequences.

Practical Scenario in Nigeria:

Consider a scenario in Nigeria where a government official is faced with a moral dilemma regarding corruption. The official has the option to either accept a bribe to expedite a bureaucratic process, ensuring personal gain and advancement, or refuse the bribe, risking backlash and potential harm to their career and livelihood. While accepting the bribe may seem like the lesser evil in terms of immediate benefits, it perpetuates corruption and undermines the ethical principles of honesty and integrity (Proverbs 15:27).

Negative Effects of Doing the Lesser Evil:

Choosing the lesser evil in this scenario not only perpetuates corruption but also undermines the fabric of society, eroding trust in governance institutions and fostering a culture of impunity (Amos 5:12). Furthermore, it sets a detrimental precedent for future generations, normalizing unethical behavior and compromising the nation's moral integrity (Proverbs 17:15).

Conclusion:

In conclusion, moral dilemmas present intricate ethical challenges that demand thoughtful consideration and principled decision-making. While their existential reality underscores their prevalence in human experiences, the principle of choosing the lesser evil introduces a pragmatic approach to navigating ethical crossroads. However, the ethical implications of this principle necessitate careful deliberation, emphasizing the importance of balancing pragmatic considerations with moral integrity and principled reasoning in confronting moral dilemmas. Moral dilemmas require principled decision-making, grounded in biblical values of righteousness and integrity (Proverbs 2:20). Despite the allure of choosing the lesser evil, upholding moral principles is paramount, safeguarding societal integrity and trust (Proverbs 12:22).

References:

[1]????? Philippa. Foot, “Virtues and vices, and other essays in moral philosophy,” p. 207, 1978.

[2]????? James. Rachels and S. Rachels, “The elements of moral philosophy,” p. 203, 2010.

[3]????? R. M. Hare, “Moral Thinking?: Its Levels , Method , and Point Abstract and Keywords,” no. January, pp. 1–13, 2012.

[4]????? A. Kolnai, F. Dunlop, and B. Klug, “Ethics, Value and Reality.” 1977.

[5]????? “Utilitarianism - Google Books.” Accessed: Mar. 12, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Utilitarianism/lyUCAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0

[6]????? I. Kant, “Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (Third Section),” p. 343, 2002.

[7]????? Michael. Ignatieff, “The lesser evil?: political ethics in an age of terror,” p. 212, 2005.

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