Navigating the Crossroads: A Comprehensive Forecast for 2024. Part I.

Section 1: Unveiling the Global Tapestry:

Global Economy, Geopolitics, Technology.

Abstract

The year 2024 will be a pivotal one for the world, as it will face a multitude of complex challenges and opportunities in various domains, such as the global economy, geopolitics, technology, climate change, health, education, inequality, migration, and energy. This forecast aims to provide a roadmap for navigating this uncharted terrain, by analyzing the current situation, projecting the future scenarios, and suggesting the best practices and policies for each domain. The forecast is based on an AI supported, rigorous and balanced review of the literature, data, and publicly available expert opinions, and covers 9 key categories, organized into three sections: unveiling the global tapestry, addressing pressing challenges, and tackling critical issues. The forecast also highlights the interconnections and interdependencies among the various topics and issues, and emphasizes the need for global cooperation and innovation to create a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.

Introduction

The year 2024 will be a pivotal one for the world, as it will face a multitude of complex challenges and opportunities in various domains, such as the global economy, geopolitics, technology, climate change, health, education, inequality, migration, and energy. These domains are not isolated or independent, but rather interconnected and interdependent, forming a global tapestry of interwoven threads and patterns. The world in 2024 will be a crossroads for humanity, where we will have to make crucial decisions and actions that will shape our destiny.

How can we prepare for this uncertain and complex future? How can we anticipate the challenges and opportunities that will arise in 2024? How can we navigate the crossroads with confidence and wisdom? These are the questions that this forecast aims to answer, by providing a comprehensive and balanced overview of the various issues and trends that will shape the world in 2024, using AI technology, data, analysis, and projections from reliable sources. The forecast also aims to provide some recommendations and suggestions for action, addressing the different stakeholders and audiences, such as governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals.

The forecast covers 9 key categories, organized into three sections: unveiling the global tapestry, addressing pressing challenges, and tackling critical issues. The first section provides an in-depth analysis of the global economy, geopolitics, and technology, assessing the pace, direction, and impact of these domains on the world in 2024. The second section examines the urgent and important challenges of climate change, health, and education, evaluating the causes, effects, and possible approaches to solutions for these domains on the world in 2024. The third section explores the critical and complex issues of inequality, migration, and energy, considering the factors, outcomes, and recommendations of these domains on the world in 2024.

The forecast is not intended to be a definitive, exhaustive or authoritative prediction of the future, but rather a plausible and informative exploration of the possible scenarios and implications of the future. The forecast is based on AI technology, a rigorous and balanced review of the literature, data, and publicly available expert opinions, and uses various methods and techniques, such as extrapolation, comparison, simulation, and projection, to generate the forecasts. The forecast also acknowledges the limitations and uncertainties of the forecasting process, and provides some estimates and ranges of the forecast accuracy and confidence.

The forecast is also not intended to be a passive or deterministic description of the future, but rather an active and participatory vision of the future. The forecast is meant to inspire and empower the readers to think critically and creatively about the future, and to take action to shape the future. This forecast aims to promote and enable global collaboration and innovation, as the future of the world in 2024 hinges on the collective capacity and responsibility of all stakeholders and actors to forge a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.

Section 1: Unveiling the Global Tapestry

Global Economy

Introduction

The year 2024 is expected to be a challenging yet potentially prosperous year for the global economy. The world has somewhat emerged from the depths of the COVID-19 pandemic, but it still faces a number of risks and uncertainties. These include rising inflation, interest rate hikes, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical tensions. However, there are also promising opportunities, such as continued economic recovery in emerging markets, technological advancements, and the potential for renewed trade cooperation.

In this section, we will explore the main drivers and trends of the global economy in 2024, focusing on four subtopics: growth, inflation, interest rates, and trade. We will also analyze the implications and challenges of these subtopics for various stakeholders, such as governments, businesses, and consumers. Finally, we will provide some recommendations and best practices for navigating the complex and uncertain global economic environment.

Growth

Global economic growth is expected to moderate in 2024, with estimates ranging from 2.5% to 3.0%. This slowdown stems from inflationary pressures, tightening monetary policy, and lingering pandemic-related effects. However, certain regions and sectors are expected to outperform the global average, particularly Asia, emerging markets, and the services sector.

Factors influencing growth:

• Productivity: Productivity measures the efficiency of production, or how much output can be generated from a given amount of inputs. Higher productivity can lead to lower unit costs, higher profits, and increased competitiveness. Productivity can be enhanced by investing in human capital, physical capital, and technology, as well as by improving institutional quality and governance. Continued improvements in productivity will be crucial for sustaining growth in the face of rising costs.
• Innovation: Innovation refers to the creation and adoption of new products, processes, or methods that improve the quality or efficiency of production or consumption. Innovation can spur economic growth by increasing the variety and quality of goods and services, reducing costs, and expanding markets. Innovation can also foster social and environmental benefits, such as improved health, education, and sustainability. Technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence and automation, can drive productivity gains and create new economic opportunities.
• Demographics: Demographics refers to the characteristics and changes of a population, such as size, age, gender, and income. Demographics can affect economic growth by influencing the size and composition of the labor force, the level and pattern of consumption, and the demand and supply of public goods and services. The aging population in developed economies poses challenges, while the growing middle class in emerging markets offers growth potential.

Table 1 shows the projected growth rates and population trends for selected regions and sectors in 2024.

Inflation

Inflation, driven by supply chain disruptions, energy prices, and strong demand, is a major concern for policymakers worldwide. While central banks are raising interest rates to combat inflation, this could dampen economic growth.

Inflation trends and implications:

• Monetary and fiscal policies: Monetary policy refers to the actions of central banks to influence the money supply and interest rates in the economy. Fiscal policy refers to the actions of governments to influence the level and composition of public spending and taxation in the economy. Tightening monetary policy can reduce inflation by lowering the demand for goods and services, increasing the cost of borrowing, and strengthening the exchange rate. However, this can also slow down economic growth by reducing investment, consumption, and net exports. Implementing fiscal measures, such as subsidies, tax cuts, or spending increases, can mitigate the impact of inflation on vulnerable groups, such as low-income households, workers, and producers. However, this can also worsen the fiscal deficit and debt, and create distortions in the market. Policymakers should adopt a balanced and flexible approach to address the trade-offs and uncertainties of the inflation situation.
• Supply and demand shocks: Supply and demand shocks refer to unexpected events that affect the availability or desirability of goods and services in the economy. Supplyshocks can reduce the quantity or increase the cost of production, leading to higher prices and lower output. Demand shocks can increase or decrease the willingness or ability of consumers or investors to purchase goods and services, leading to higher or lower prices and output. Uncertainties related to the war in Ukraine, COVID-19, and climate change can exacerbate supply chain disruptions and fuel inflation. Policymakers should coordinate their policies and actions to mitigate the effects of these shocks and restore stability and confidence in the economy.
• Commodity prices: Commodity prices refer to the prices of raw materials or primary products that are traded in the global market, such as oil, gas, metals, grains, and livestock. Commodity prices can affect inflation by influencing the cost of production and consumption of goods and services. Higher commodity prices can increase inflation by raising the cost of inputs, such as fuel, electricity, and fertilizers, and the cost of outputs, such as food, clothing, and transportation. Lower commodity prices can reduce inflation by lowering the cost of inputs and outputs. Commodity prices can be volatile due to various factors, such as supply and demand conditions, weather, geopolitics, and speculation. Policymakers should monitor the trends and signals of commodity prices and adjust their policies and strategies accordingly.

Table 2 shows the projected inflation rates and commodity prices for selected regions and commodities in 2024.

Interest Rates

Interest rate normalization is underway, with central banks raising rates to combat inflation. This could lead to increased borrowing costs for businesses and individuals, potentially impacting investment and consumption.

Interest rate scenarios and consequences:

• Role of central banks: Central banks are the institutions that control the money supply and interest rates in the economy. They have the dual mandate of maintaining price stability and supporting economic growth. Central banks can raise interest rates to reduce inflation by lowering the demand for money and credit, and increasing the supply of savings. However, this can also reduce economic growth by lowering the demand for investment and consumption, and increasing the cost of debt servicing. Central banks can lower interest rates to stimulate economic growth by increasing the demand for money and credit, and reducing the supply of savings. However, this can also increase inflation by increasing the demand for goods and services, and reducing the value of the currency. Central banks must strike a delicate balance between taming inflation and avoiding a recession.
• Market expectations: Market expectations refer to the beliefs and predictions of economic agents, such as consumers, investors, and businesses, about the future state of the economy. Market expectations can affect economic outcomes by influencing the behavior and decisions of economic agents. Market reactions to interest rate hikes can be positive or negative, depending on the perceived credibility and effectiveness of the central bank. Positive market reactions can boost economic confidence and growth by increasing the demand for assets, such as stocks and bonds, and reducing the demand for safe havens, such as gold and foreign currencies. Negative market reactions can undermine economic confidence and growth by reducing the demand for assets and increasing the demand for safe havens.
• Debt levels: Debt levels refer to the amount of money that is owed by economic agents, such as governments, businesses, and households, to other economic agents, such as banks, investors, and creditors. Debt levels can affect economic performance by influencing the availability and cost of credit, the allocation of resources, and the distribution of income. High debt levels can magnify the impact of interest rate increases by increasing the burden of debt servicing, reducing the availability of credit, and increasing the risk of default. High debt levels can also constrain the ability of governments to implement fiscal measures to support economic growth and stability.

Table 3 shows the projected interest rates and debt levels for selected regions and sectors in 2024.

Trade

The global trade landscape is undergoing significant transformation, with trade agreements, disputes, and barriers shaping economic interactions. Regional trade blocs and digital trade are gaining prominence.

Evolving trade landscape:

• Effects of trade agreements: Trade agreements are treaties or arrangements that regulate the terms and conditions of trade between two or more countries or regions. Trade agreements can enhance economic cooperation and integration by harmonizing rules and standards, resolving disputes, and promoting dialogue. Trade agreements can reduce trade barriers by eliminating or lowering tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and non-tariff measures, such as technical, sanitary, and phytosanitary regulations. Trade agreements can increase trade flows by expanding the market size, increasing the variety and quality of goods and services, and reducing the cost and uncertainty of trade.
• Trade disputes and barriers: Trade disputes are conflicts or disagreements over trade policies or practices between two or more countries or regions. Trade disputes can arise from various sources, such as unfair trade practices, trade imbalances, or political and strategic interests. Trade disputes can escalate into trade wars, which involve the imposition of retaliatory tariffs, quotas, sanctions, or other measures that restrict trade. Trade barriers are policies or practices that restrict or distort trade between countries or regions. Trade barriers can be tariff or non-tariff, such as subsidies, quotas, embargoes, or regulations. Trade barriers can reduce trade and economic growth by increasing the cost and uncertainty of trade, reducing the efficiency and competitiveness of production, and creating market distortions and inefficiencies. Policymakers should seek to resolve trade disputes and reduce trade barriers, while respecting the multilateral trade rules and institutions.
• Opportunities for regional and global integration: Regional trade blocs, such as the African Continental Free Trade Area, can promote economic integration and enhance trade opportunities. Regional trade blocs are groups of countries or regions that form a common market or economic union, based on trade agreements or treaties. Regional trade blocs can promote economic integration and cooperation by facilitating the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, harmonizing rules and standards, and coordinating policies and institutions. Regional trade blocs can enhance trade opportunities by creating larger and more diversified markets, increasing the economies of scale and scope, and reducing the trade costs and barriers. Regional trade blocs can also foster regional peace and stability, by increasing interdependence and dialogue. Digital trade, such as e-commerce, can expand trade possibilities and reduce trade frictions. Digital trade refers to the exchange of goods, services, or information using digital technologies, such as the internet, mobile devices, or online platforms. Digital trade can expand trade possibilities by increasing the access and availability of goods, services, and information, creating new business models and markets, and enhancing consumer choice and welfare. Digital trade can reduce trade frictions by lowering the transaction costs and time, increasing the transparency and trust, and overcoming the physical and geographical constraints.

Table 4 shows the projected trade volumes and values for selected regions and sectors in 2024.

Conclusion

As the world emerges from the tumultuous aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the year 2024 presents a crossroads for the global economy. While the immediate crisis has receded, the path ahead is fraught with both formidable challenges and enticing opportunities. On the one hand, mounting inflation, tightening monetary policy, supply chain bottlenecks, and simmering geopolitical tensions threaten to dampen economic growth. On the other hand, the prospect of continued economic resurgence in emerging markets, groundbreaking technological breakthroughs, and the potential revitalization of trade cooperation offers a glimmer of hope for a more prosperous future.

Recommendations and best practices:

• Policy responses: Policymakers should adopt a balanced and flexible approach to address the trade-offs and uncertainties of the global economic situation. Policymakers should coordinate their monetary and fiscal policies to achieve the optimal mix of inflation and growth outcomes. Policymakers should also pursue structural reforms to enhance productivity, innovation, and competitiveness. Policymakers should seek to resolve trade disputes and reduce trade barriers, while respecting the multilateral trade rules and institutions. Policymakers should also support the development and integration of regional trade blocs and digital trade, while ensuring the protection of consumer rights, data privacy, and cyber security.
• Risk management: Businesses and individuals should adopt a proactive and prudent approach to manage the risks and opportunities of the global economic situation. Businesses and individuals should diversify their sources of income, investment, and consumption, to reduce their exposure to shocks and volatility. Businesses and individuals should also hedge their risks, using financial instruments, such as futures, options, and swaps, to protect themselves from adverse price movements. Businesses and individuals should also monitor the market trends and signals, and adjust their strategies and expectations accordingly.
• Long-term growth strategies: Businesses and individuals should adopt a forward-looking and sustainable approach to pursue the long-term growth potential of the global economy. Businesses and individuals should invest in human capital, physical capital, and technology, to enhance their productivity, innovation, and competitiveness. Businesses and individuals should also explore new markets and opportunities, especially in emerging markets, regional trade blocs, and digital trade. Businesses and individuals should also adopt environmentally and socially responsible practices, to contribute to the global goals of reducing poverty, inequality, and climate change.

Table 5 shows the projected outcomes and indicators for selected regions and sectors in 2024, based on the recommendations and best practices.

References

• Begovi?, B. (2023). Shutdown: How Covid Shook the World’s Economy by Adam Tooze Allan Lane, 2021. Panoeconomicus, 70(2), 321–329. Retrieved from https://panoeconomicus.org/index.php/jorunal/article/view/1897
• Bordo, Michael D., and Athanasios Orphanides (eds), The Great Inflation: The Rebirth of Modern Central Banking (Chicago, IL, 2013; online edn, Chicago Scholarship Online, 26 Sept. 2013), https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226043555.001.0001, accessed 22 Dec. 2023.
• Caseloads, R. (2022). World economic outlook. World Economic Outlook.
• Cling, Jean-Pierre. (2014). The future of global trade and the WTO. Foresight - The journal of future studies. 16. 10.1108/FS-06-2012-0044.
• Downing, T. E. (1993). The effects of climate change on agriculture and food security. Renewable Energy, 3(4-5), 491-497.
• Goodhart, C. & Lastra, R. (2023). The Changing and Growing Roles of Independent Central Banks Now Do Require a Reconsideration of Their Mandate. Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium. https://doi.org/10.1515/ael-2022-0097
• Hossin, M. S. (2023). Interest rate deregulation, financial development and economic growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. Global business review, 24(4), 690-703.
• ILO (2020): The future of work in the digital economy. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/publication/wcms_771117.pdf
• International Monetary Fund. (2021). World economic outlook database, April 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April
• Holitschke, S. (2023, December 6): Breaking the Brake: How Germany’s Budget Crisis Threatens Its Coalition Government and Its Role in Europe. LinkedIn Article. Retrieved from: https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/breaking-brake-how-germanys-budget-crisis-threatens-its-holitschke-ezc8e/?trackingId=s%2B0qYq%2BQQ26X7EbBVch1SA%3D%3D
• Irwin, D. A. (2023). The Bank, the Fund, and the GATT: Which Institution Most Supported Developing-Country Trade Reform? World Trade Review, 22(3–4), 370–381. doi:10.1017/S1474745623000198
• Krugman, P. R. (2023). The return of depression economics and the crisis of 2008. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Mandarano, P. (2023). Perspective About Ai-human Collaboration in Creative Decision-making.
• Mishkin, F. S. (2007). Is Financial Globalization Beneficial? Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 39(2/3), 259–294. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4494252
• Olsson-Collentine, A., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2020). Heterogeneity in direct replications in psychology and its association with effect size. Psychological Bulletin, 146(10), 922–940. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000294
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). OECD economic outlook, volume 2021 issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1787/0d1d1e2e-en
• Pak, Anton, A Adegboye, Oyelola A., A Adekunle, Adeshina I. et al (2020): Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Outbreak: the Need for Epidemic Preparedness. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00241
• Prasad, E. S. (2021). The future of Money. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780674258440.
• Rogoff, K. S. (2023). The curse of cash: How central banks can stop the depletion of money. Princeton University Press.
• Sadiq, M., Ou, J. P., Duong, K. D., Van, L., & Xuan Bui, T. (2023). The influence of economic factors on the sustainable energy consumption: evidence from China. Economic research-Ekonomska istra?ivanja, 36(1), 1751-1773.
• J?rg Ha?ler, Melanie Magin, and Uta Russman (2023): Social Media’s Role in Political and Societal Mobilization. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.i358
• Shiller, Robert J (2004): The new financial order: Risk in the 21st Century. ISBN 978-0691120119.
• Monetary policy in a global economy: Past and future research challenges. Macroeconomic Performance in a Globalising Economy, 269
• UN (2023): World Economic Situation and Prospects. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wesp2023_en.pdf
• World Bank. (2021). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
• World Trade Organization. (2021). WTO statistics database. https://data.wto.org/
• Zaman, K. (2023). The future of financial support for developing countries: regional and Islamic monetary funds.

Geopolitics

Introduction

The year 2024 is marked by a high level of geopolitical instability and uncertainty, as the world faces multiple challenges and threats from various sources. The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed nearly seven million deaths and caused over 772 million confirmed cases (as of 17 December 2023, WHO). This pandemic caused severe economic and social disruptions, has exposed the fragility and interdependence of the global system, as well as the need for multilateral cooperation and solidarity. However, the pandemic has also exacerbated existing tensions and conflicts, as well as created new ones, among the major actors and regions of the world.

Some of the key geopolitical issues and trends that shape the global landscape in 2024 are:

• The ongoing conflict in Ukraine, which has escalated into a full-scale war between Ukraine and Russia, with the involvement of the U.S., the EU, and NATO. The war has resulted in massive casualties, displacement, and humanitarian crises, as well as increased the risk of a wider confrontation and nuclear escalation.
• The rise of China as a global power, which has achieved remarkable economic growth, technological innovation, and military modernization, and has expanded its influence and interests in various regions and domains. China's emergence poses both challenges and opportunities for the international order and cooperation, as it competes and cooperates with the U.S. and other actors on various issues, such as trade, climate change, human rights, and security.
• The multifaceted challenges posed by terrorism, which has intensified and diversified across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Europe, exploiting the instability and grievances caused by the pandemic, poverty, inequality, and political repression. Terrorist groups have adopted new strategies and tactics, such as cyberattacks, drones, and possibly biological weapons, and have targeted civilians, infrastructure, and institutions. States and organizations have responded with various measures, such as intelligence sharing, counter-radicalization, and military intervention, but also face legal, ethical, and human rights dilemmas.
• The Israel-Palestine conflict is a long and complicated struggle over land, identity, and security, based on the different stories and demands of both sides. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist group that came from the Muslim Brotherhood in the late 1980s, and now controls the Gaza Strip, a crowded and poor area by the sea. Hamas denies Israel's right to exist and fights against the Israeli occupation, while also helping and ruling the local people. Hamas has had many clashes and truces with Israel, especially in 2008-2009, 2012, and 2014, causing many deaths, damage, and suffering.

Ukraine

The conflict in Ukraine, which began in 2014 following Russia's annexation of Crimea and its support for separatist forces in eastern Ukraine, has escalated into a full-scale war in 2022, after Russia launched a massive military operation to seize more territory and secure its strategic interests. The war has been characterized by intense fighting, heavy shelling, and air strikes, as well as the use of hybrid warfare, such as cyberattacks, propaganda, and covert operations. The war has resulted in thousands of deaths, mostly civilians, and many displaced people, as well as widespread destruction and humanitarian crises.

The war has also drawn the involvement of external powers, such as the U.S., the EU, and NATO, which have provided political, economic, and military support to Ukraine, as well as imposed sanctions and diplomatic pressure on Russia. The U.S. has also deployed troops and weapons to the region, raising the risk of a wider and nuclear conflict. The UN Security Council has been paralyzed by the veto power of Russia and China, and the efforts of the OSCE, the Minsk Group, and other mediators have failed to produce a lasting and comprehensive peace agreement.

The main causes of the conflict are the historical, ethnic, and cultural divisions between Ukraine and Russia, as well as the geopolitical and security interests of both sides and their allies. The main dynamics of the conflict are the military balance and capabilities of the parties, the political will and legitimacy of the leaders, and the role and influence of the external actors. The main outcomes of the conflict are the human and material costs and consequences, the impact on the regional and global stability and order, and the prospects and challenges for a peaceful and sustainable resolution.

China

China has emerged as a global power that rivals the U.S. in many ways, although the total economic power of modern democracies—most of which are strategic partners of the U.S.—vastly exceeds the size of the Chinese economy, trade efforts, and efforts in technology and research and development. China has achieved remarkable economic growth, averaging 6 percent annually since 2010, and has become the world's second-largest economy, the largest exporter and importer, and the largest creditor and investor. China has also invested heavily in technological innovation, especially in areas such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and quantum computing, and has become a leader in some fields, such as 5G, e-commerce, and digital currency. China has also modernized its military, increasing its budget, capabilities, and activities, and has developed and deployed advanced weapons, such as hypersonic missiles, stealth fighters, and aircraft carriers.

China's emergence as a global power has also expanded its influence and interests in various regions and domains, such as Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Arctic, and outer space. China has pursued a strategy of "peaceful development" and "win-win cooperation", and has initiated and participated in various initiatives and platforms, such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. China has also sought to reform and reshape the international order and institutions, such as the UN, the WTO, and the WHO, to reflect its status and interests.

China's rise as a global power poses both challenges and opportunities for the international order and cooperation, as it competes and cooperates with the U.S. and other actors on various issues, such as trade, climate change, human rights, and security. China and the U.S. have engaged in a strategic rivalry and a "new Cold War", marked by economic decoupling, technological competition, ideological confrontation, and military tension, especially in the Indo-Pacific region. China and the U.S. have also cooperated on some issues, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Iran nuclear deal, and the North Korea issue, and have maintained dialogue and communication through various channels and mechanisms. China and the EU have developed a complex and comprehensive partnership, based on economic interdependence, political dialogue, and cultural exchange, but also facing challenges, such as human rights, market access, and security. China and other actors, such as Russia, India, Japan, and Australia, have also developed various relations, ranging from strategic partnership to strategic competition, depending on their interests and values.

Terrorism

Terrorism has intensified and diversified across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Europe, exploiting the instability and grievances caused by the pandemic, poverty, inequality, and political repression. Terrorist groups have adopted new strategies and tactics, such as cyberattacks, drones, and quite possibly biological weapons, and have targeted civilians, infrastructure, and institutions. States and organizations have responded with various measures, such as intelligence sharing, counter-radicalization, and military intervention, but also face legal, ethical, and human rights dilemmas.

Some of the main sources of terrorism are the ideological, religious, and political motivations and narratives of the terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State, al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Taliban, which seek to establish their version of a caliphate, a state, or a regime, and to challenge the existing order and values. Some of the main strategies of terrorism are the use of violence, propaganda, and recruitment, to spread fear, chaos, and division, and to attract followers, supporters, and sympathizers. Some of the main targets of terrorism are the civilians, especially the vulnerable and marginalized groups, such as women, children, minorities, and refugees, as well as the infrastructure, especially the critical and symbolic ones, such as airports, railways, and monuments, and the institutions, especially the democratic and multilateral ones, such as parliaments, courts, and the UN.

Some of the main responses to terrorism are the intelligence gathering, analysis, and sharing, to detect, prevent, and disrupt terrorist plots and networks, and to identify and prosecute the perpetrators and facilitators. Some of the main responses are also the counter-radicalization and de-radicalization programs, to address the root causes and drivers of terrorism, and to provide alternatives and opportunities for the potential and former terrorists. Some of the main responses are also the military intervention and counter-terrorism operations, to eliminate, degrade, and contain the terrorist groups and their safe havens, and to protect and assist the affected populations and regions.

Some of the main challenges and dilemmas posed by terrorism are the legal, ethical, and human rights issues, such as the definition and classification of terrorism, the use of force and lethal weapons, the detention and treatment of suspects and prisoners, the protection of privacy and data, and the respect for sovereignty and international law. Some of the main challenges and dilemmas are also the social, political, and cultural issues, such as the impact of terrorism on the cohesion, diversity, and resilience of the societies, the role and responsibility of the media, the internet, and the civil society, and the balance and harmony between security and freedom, and between national and global interests.

Israel-Hamas

Background: The Israel-Palestine conflict is a complex and protracted dispute over land, identity, and security, rooted in the competing claims and narratives of both peoples. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist movement that emerged in the late 1980s as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, and has since become the dominant political and military force in the Gaza Strip, a densely populated and impoverished coastal enclave. Hamas rejects Israel's right to exist and advocates armed resistance against the Israeli occupation, while also providing social services and governance to the local population. Hamas has fought several rounds of violence and ceasefires with Israel, most notably in 2008-2009, 2012, and 2014, resulting in thousands of casualties, widespread destruction, and humanitarian crises.

Trigger: The 7th of October attack by Hamas and its allies was a surprise and unprecedented assault on Israeli territory, involving rockets, drones, tunnels, and paragliders. The attack was planned and executed by the Palestinian Joint Operations Room, a coalition of various armed factions, including Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP, DFLP, and al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. The attack was motivated by several factors, such as the frustration with the stalled peace process, the deteriorating conditions in Gaza, the perceived weakness of Israel, and the desire to assert Palestinian unity and resistance. The attack initially killed over 1,000 Israelis, mostly civilians, and sparked the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.

Escalation: The war has been marked by intense and sustained military and diplomatic developments, as both sides have pursued their objectives and interests, while also facing various challenges and constraints. Israel has launched a massive ground, air, and naval offensive to destroy Hamas' infrastructure, capabilities, and leadership, as well as to rescue the hostages and restore deterrence. Hamas has continued to fire rockets and launch attacks against Israeli targets, as well as to defend its territory and population, while also seeking to gain political and moral legitimacy and support. The war has also involved and affected regional and global actors, such as Egypt, Iran, the U.S., and the UN, who have played different roles and pursued different agendas, such as mediation, assistance, pressure, or intervention. The war has caused enormous humanitarian and economic costs, as well as widespread violations of human rights and international law, affecting millions of people on both sides of the border.

Resolution: The prospects and challenges for ending the war are uncertain and complex, as both sides have different and conflicting conditions and demands, as well as different levels of trust and willingness to compromise. Israel demands the unconditional release of all hostages, the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Gaza, and the recognition of its right to exist and defend itself. Hamas demands the lifting of the blockade and siege on Gaza, the release of all Palestinian prisoners, and the establishment of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. The role and efforts of mediators and peacekeepers, such as Egypt, the U.S., and the UN, are crucial and indispensable, but also limited and constrained, by the realities and dynamics of the conflict, as well as by their own interests and influence. The potential scenarios and outcomes of a ceasefire or a peace agreement are diverse and unpredictable, ranging from a temporary and fragile truce, to a comprehensive and lasting settlement, or anything in between.

Implications: The short-term and long-term consequences and implications of the war are profound and far-reaching, for Israel, Hamas, the Palestinians, the region, and the world, in terms of security, stability, human rights, development, and cooperation. The war has reshaped the political and strategic landscape of the Middle East, creating new challenges and opportunities, as well as new alliances and rivalries. The war has also exposed and exacerbated the social and economic problems and inequalities, as well as the psychological and emotional traumas and scars, of both societies. The war has also tested and challenged the norms and values of the international community and the international system, as well as the role and responsibility of the global actors and institutions. The war has also raised and highlighted the fundamental and unresolved questions and issues of the Israel-Palestine conflict, such as the right to self-determination, the right to security, the right to justice, and the right to peace.

Conclusion

The geopolitical situation in 2024 is characterized by a high level of instability and uncertainty, as the world faces multiple challenges and threats from various sources, such as the conflict in Ukraine, the rise of China, terrorism and the Israel-Hamas conflict. The main findings and implications of the geopolitical outlook are:

• The conflict in Ukraine is a major crisis and a potential flashpoint for a wider and potentially nuclear confrontation, which requires urgent and sustained diplomatic and humanitarian efforts to end the war and to restore peace and stability in the region.
• The rise of China is a significant phenomenon and a game-changer for the international order and cooperation, which requires strategic and pragmatic engagement and dialogue to manage the competition and to enhance the cooperation on the common and global issues.
• Terrorism is a persistent and evolving threat and a challenge for the human rights and the rule of law, which requires comprehensive and coordinated measures to counter the terrorism and to address its causes and consequences.
• The Israel-Hamas conflict has profound and far-reaching implications for the future of geopolitics in 2024 and beyond, as it has reshaped the political and strategic landscape of the region, creating new challenges and opportunities, as well as new alliances and rivalries. The war has exposed and exacerbated the social and economic problems and inequalities, as well as the psychological and emotional traumas and scars, of both societies. The war has also tested and challenged the norms and values of the international community and the international system, as well as the role and responsibility of the global actors and institutions. The war has also raised and highlighted the fundamental and unresolved questions and issues of the Israel-Palestine conflict, such as the right to self-determination, the right to security, the right to justice, and the right to peace. The war has also increased the risk of further escalation and violence, as well as the possibility of a multi-front war, involving other actors such as Hezbollah, Syria, or Iran. The war has also impacted the global trade and energy markets, as well as the global fight against terrorism and extremism.
• The possibility of a miscalculation, escalation, or accident that could trigger a wider and nuclear conflict between the U.S. and Russia, or between the U.S. and China, or among other nuclear-armed states, such as India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Iran.
• The possibility of a major economic, financial, or environmental crisis that could undermine the stability and prosperity of the global system, and exacerbate the social and political discontent and unrest in various regions and countries.
• The possibility of a new or mutated pandemic, or a bioterrorist attack, that could cause a massive loss of life and a severe disruption of the health and security systems, and pose a threat to the biological and genetic diversity and integrity of the human species.

The main potential policy responses and recommendations for the geopolitical outlook are:

• The promotion and strengthening of the multilateral cooperation and dialogue, especially among the major powers and actors, to address the common and global challenges and threats, and to build trust and confidence, and to prevent and resolve conflicts and disputes.
• The reform and adaptation of the international order and institutions, to reflect the changing realities and interests of the world, and to enhance the legitimacy, effectiveness, and inclusiveness of the global governance and decision-making.
• The protection and advancement of the human rights and the rule of law, to ensure the dignity, security, and freedom of the people, and to prevent and combat the violations and abuses of the human rights and the rule of law by the states, the non-state actors, and the terrorist groups.

References

• Au, L. Y. (2018). China’s rise as a world power. International Socialist Review, (112). Retrieved from https://isreview.org/issue/112/chinas-rise-world-power/index.html
• Associated Press. (2023, December 30). Analysis: Has Israel weakened Hamas enough to win the war on Gaza? MSN. Analysis: Has Israel weakened Hamas enough to win the war on Gaza? (msn.com)
• BBC (nd). China anniversary: How the country became the world’s ‘economic miracle’. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49806247
• Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 30). Israel-Hamas War of 2023. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Israel-Hamas-War-of-2023
• Congressional Research Service. (2023, October 14). Israel and Hamas October 2023 Conflict: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
• Cordesman, A. H. (2023). China’s emergence as a superpower: A graphic comparison of the United States, Russia, China, and other major powers. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-emergence-superpower
• Engelland, B. (2023). Geopolitical & economic outlook 2024: Democracy and the splintering economy. Thomson Reuters Institute. Retrieved from https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/global-economy/geopolitical-economic-outlook-2024-democracy-economy/
• Holitschke, S. (2023, December 16): A Comprehensive Strategy for Peace and Stability in Ukraine: A Holistic and Artificial Intelligence Supported Approach. LinkedIn Article. Retrieved from: https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/comprehensive-strategy-achieving-victory-peace-war-first-stefan-vcide/
• Leppard, A. (2013). Countering terrorism: The future threats and challenges. City Security Magazine. Retrieved from https://citysecuritymagazine.com/counter-terrorism/countering-terrorism-threats-challenges/
• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2008). Human rights, terrorism and counter-terrorism. Fact Sheet No. 32. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Factsheet32EN.pdf
• United Nations. (2022). Terrorism intensifying across Africa, exploiting instability and conflict. UN News. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/11/1130432
• United Nations. (2023). Speakers warn Security Council terrorism spreading across Africa at alarming pace, exploiting instability, poverty, COVID-19 pandemic. UN Press. Retrieved from https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15245.doc.htm
• United Nations. (2023). Terrorism intensifying across Africa, exploiting instability and conflict. UN Africa Renewal. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/november-2022/terrorism-intensifying-across-africa-exploiting-instability-and-conflict
• Yu, E. (2023). China 2049: Economic challenges of a rising global power. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/china-2049-economic-challenges-of-a-rising-global-power/

Technology

Introduction

Technology is a driving force of change and innovation in the world, and the year 2024 is expected to witness some remarkable developments and breakthroughs in various fields and domains. In this section, we will provide an overview of the technological situation in 2024, highlighting the main innovations, developments, and impacts of three key areas: artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and quantum computing. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with information, the environment, and each other, as well as to create new opportunities and challenges for society, economy, and security.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines and systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as perception, reasoning, learning, decision making, and creativity. AI has been advancing rapidly in recent years, fueled by the availability of large amounts of data, the improvement of computational power, and the development of new algorithms and architectures. AI has been applied to various domains, such as industry, education, and daily life, bringing benefits such as increased efficiency, productivity, quality, and personalization, as well as enabling new products and services.

However, AI also poses significant challenges and risks, such as ethical, social, legal, and regulatory issues, as well as potential threats to human dignity, autonomy, privacy, and security. Moreover, AI may have disruptive impacts on the labor market, the economy, and the society, creating winners and losers, and requiring adaptation and reskilling. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that AI is developed and used in a responsible, trustworthy, and human-centric manner, respecting the values and rights of individuals and communities, and promoting the common good.

Some of the current and emerging trends and applications of AI in 2024 are:

• Generative AI: This is a branch of AI that can create novel and realistic content, such as text, images, audio, and video, based on data and models. Generative AI can be used for various purposes, such as entertainment, education, art, and design, but also for malicious purposes, such as misinformation, deception, and manipulation. For example, generative AI can produce deepfakes, which are synthetic media that can impersonate or manipulate the appearance or voice of real people*.
• AI for social good: This is the use of AI to address and solve some of the most pressing social and environmental problems, such as poverty, health, education, climate change, and human rights. AI for social good can leverage the power of data and analytics to provide insights, predictions, and recommendations that can help decision makers and stakeholders to achieve positive outcomes and impact. For example, AI can help to monitor and protect endangered species, to diagnose and treat diseases, to optimize and reduce energy consumption, and to enhance disaster response and humanitarian aid.
• AI ethics and governance: This is the study and practice of ensuring that AI is aligned with the ethical principles and values of human society, and that it is subject to appropriate oversight and accountability mechanisms. AI ethics and governance can address issues such as fairness, transparency, explainability, privacy, security, safety, and human agency, as well as the social and economic implications of AI. For example, AI ethics and governance can involve the development and implementation of ethical frameworks, standards, guidelines, and codes of conduct, as well as the establishment and enforcement of laws, regulations, and policies.

Augmented Reality

Augmented reality (AR) is the technology that enhances the user’s real-world environment by adding a digital layer of graphics or text. Unlike virtual reality (VR), AR does not require external hardware like AR glasses or headsets, but can be accessed via smartphones or other devices. AR can improve the user’s perception and interaction with the physical world, as well as provide additional information and functionality. AR can be used for various purposes, such as entertainment, education, health, and tourism, bringing benefits such as increased engagement, immersion, and enjoyment, as well as enabling new experiences and services.

However, AR also faces some challenges and limitations, such as technical, usability, and user acceptance issues, as well as ethical, social, and legal issues. Moreover, AR may have unintended consequences on the user’s behavior, cognition, and emotion, as well as on the user’s relationship with the physical world and other people. Therefore, it is important to ensure that AR is designed and used in a user-friendly, respectful, and responsible manner, considering the needs and preferences of the user, as well as the context and impact of the AR application.

Some of the current and emerging trends and applications of AR in 2024 are:

• AR for entertainment: This is the use of AR to provide fun and immersive experiences for the user, such as games, movies, and shows. AR for entertainment can leverage the user’s location, surroundings, and movements, as well as the user’s social network and preferences, to create personalized and interactive content. For example, AR for entertainment can allow the user to play Pokemon Go, to watch Star Wars, or to see their favorite celebrities in their own environment.
• AR for education: This is the use of AR to enhance the learning process and outcomes for the user, such as students, teachers, and professionals. AR for education can provide rich and engaging content, such as 3D models, animations, and simulations, that can supplement or replace traditional textbooks, lectures, and labs. AR for education can also provide feedback, guidance, and assessment, as well as enable collaboration and communication. For example, AR for education can help the user to learn anatomy, chemistry, or history, by visualizing and interacting with the relevant concepts and phenomena.
• AR for health: This is the use of AR to improve the health and well-being of the user, such as patients, doctors, and caregivers. AR for health can provide information, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as support and motivation, for various health conditions and needs. AR for health can also enhance the quality and efficiency of health care services, as well as the training and education of health care professionals. For example, AR for health can help the user to monitor and manage their chronic diseases, to undergo surgery or rehabilitation, or to access telemedicine and remote care.

Quantum Computing

Quantum computing is the technology that uses the principles and phenomena of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform computations that are beyond the reach of classical computers. Quantum computers can manipulate and process quantum bits, or qubits, which can represent both 0 and 1 at the same time, and can also be linked with other qubits, regardless of their distance. Quantum computers can thus perform parallel and probabilistic operations, as well as exploit quantum interference and quantum algorithms, to solve complex and intractable problems, such as optimization, simulation, and cryptography.

However, quantum computing also faces significant challenges and risks, such as technical, practical, and theoretical issues, as well as ethical, social, and security issues. Moreover, quantum computing may have disruptive impacts on the existing and future technologies, systems, and applications, creating new possibilities and challenges for various fields and domains. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that quantum computing is developed and used in a reliable, secure, and beneficial manner, respecting the scientific and societal norms and values, and promoting the scientific and technological progress and innovation.

Some of the current and emerging trends and applications of quantum computing in 2024 are:

• Quantum supremacy: This is the achievement of demonstrating that a quantum computer can perform a task that is impossible or impractical for a classical computer, even with the most advanced hardware and software. Quantum supremacy is a milestone and a challenge for quantum computing, as it can prove the superiority and the potential of quantum computers, as well as inspire and motivate further research and development. For example, in 2019, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy by performing a specific random number generation task in 200 seconds, which would take a classical supercomputer 10,000 years.
• Quantum cloud: This is the provision of quantum computing services and resources over the internet, via cloud platforms and networks. Quantum cloud can enable the access and the use of quantum computers and algorithms, without the need to own or operate them physically. Quantum cloud can also facilitate the integration and the interoperability of quantum and classical computing, as well as the collaboration and the communication of quantum and classical users. For example, IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon offer quantum cloud services, such as IBM Q Experience, Microsoft Azure Quantum, and Amazon Braket, respectively*.
• Quantum cryptography: This is the application of quantum mechanics to secure and protect the transmission and the storage of information, such as encryption, decryption, authentication, and verification. Quantum cryptography can exploit the properties and the behaviors of quantum particles, such as photons and electrons, to generate and distribute secret keys, to detect and prevent eavesdropping, and to ensure the confidentiality and the integrity of information. For example, quantum cryptography can enable quantum key distribution, quantum digital signatures, and quantum secure direct communication*.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have provided an overview of the technological situation in 2024, focusing on three key areas: artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and quantum computing. These technologies have shown remarkable innovations, developments, and impacts, as well as diverse and promising applications, in various fields and domains. However, these technologies also pose significant challenges and risks.

Therefore, it is imperative to monitor and evaluate the technological outlook, as well as to anticipate and mitigate the potential risks and uncertainties, by adopting a foresight and a precautionary approach. Moreover, it is necessary to develop and implement appropriate policy responses and recommendations, such as regulations, standards, guidelines, and best practices, as well as to foster and support the participation and the collaboration of various stakeholders, such as governments, businesses, academia, civil society, and users, in the governance and the development of these technologies. By doing so, we can ensure that these technologies are used in a way that is ethical, responsible, and beneficial for humanity and the planet.

Policy Recommendations

1. Promoting transparency and accountability: Strengthening transparency and accountability mechanisms can help build trust and ensure that these technologies are used for positive purposes. This includes requiring companies to disclose their AI algorithms and decision-making processes, establishing independent oversight bodies, and enabling individuals to understand and challenge AI-based decisions that affect them.

2. Protecting human rights and privacy: As AI and other technologies become increasingly integrated into our lives, it is crucial to protect fundamental human rights, such as privacy, freedom of expression, and non-discrimination. This includes developing clear guidelines for data collection, storage, and usage, ensuring robust privacy protections, and preventing discrimination based on AI-generated algorithms or decisions.

3. Promoting responsible AI research and development: Fostering responsible research and development practices in AI can help mitigate potential risks and ensure that AI systems are developed and deployed with ethical principles in mind. This includes encouraging open collaboration and sharing of knowledge, promoting diversity and inclusion in AI development teams, and embedding ethical considerations into the design and development process.

4. Investing in education and skills training: The rapid advancement of technology necessitates continuous education and skills training to prepare individuals for the evolving job market and ensure that they can benefit from these technologies. This includes promoting STEM education, developing specialized training programs, and supporting lifelong learning opportunities.

5. Fostering international cooperation: Addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging technologies requires international cooperation and collaboration. This includes sharing knowledge, developing common standards and frameworks, and promoting dialogue and consensus-building among governments, businesses, and civil society at the global level.

By implementing these policy recommendations and fostering a culture of responsible and ethical technological development, we can harness the potential benefits of AI, AR, and quantum computing while mitigating potential risks and ensuring that these technologies serve the common good of humanity.

References

• Bostrom, N. and Yudkowsky, E. (2014) The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. In: Frankish, K. and Ramsey, W., Eds., Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, New York, 316-334. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2045132
• Bova, F. (2021): Quantum Computing Is Coming. What Can It Do? HBR - Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2021/07/quantum-computing-is-coming-what-can-it-do
• Bryson, JJ (2019): The future of AI’s impact on society. As artificial intelligence continues its rapid evolution, what influence do humans have? MIT Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/12/18/102365/the-future-of-ais-impact-on-society/
• Carmigniani, J., Furht, B., Anisetti, M. et al. Augmented reality technologies, systems and applications. Multimed Tools Appl 51, 341–377 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-010-0660-6
• The Economist (2019): Google claims to have demonstrated “quantum supremacy”. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/09/28/google-claims-to-have-demonstrated-quantum-supremacy?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA-bmsBhAGEiwAoaQNmkLwVVEncO_gaXH9cuDCshgxvvinsKPhGhCzGkXe0LLn1iu7NyUOwxoCLCMQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
• Chen, C. P., & Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data. Information sciences, 275, 314-347.
• Chesney, Robert and Citron, Danielle Keats, Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security (July 14, 2018). 107 California Law Review 1753 (2019), U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 692, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2018-21, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3213954 or https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3213954
• Dignum, V. (2019). Responsible artificial intelligence: How to develop and use AI in a responsible way. Springer.
• Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M. et al. AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations. Minds & Machines 28, 689–707 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5
• Gartner. (2024). Gartner top 10 strategic technology trends for 2024. https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/insights/top-technology-trends
• Holitschke, S. (2023, December 7): The impact of artificial intelligence on human rights and democracy. LinkedIn Article. Retrieved from: https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/impact-artificial-intelligence-human-rights-democracy-holitschke-vz9ve/?trackingId=s%2B0qYq%2BQQ26X7EbBVch1SA%3D%3D
• IBM. (2020). IBM Q Experience. https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/
• Kipper, G., & Rampolla, J. (2013). Augmented reality: An emerging technologies guide to AR. ASIN: B00MK04E6O
• Liu, D., Dede, C., Huang, R., & Richards, J. (Eds.). (2017). Virtual, augmented, and mixed realities in education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5490-7
• Ma, M., et al (Eds.). (2014). Virtual, augmented reality and serious games for healthcare. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-54816-1
• Pautasso, L (2021): The current state of quantum computing: Between hype and revolution. McKinsey Digital. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/tech-forward/the-current-state-of-quantum-computing-between-hype-and-revolution
• Preskill, J. (2018). Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond. Quantum, 2, 79. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1801.00862
• Svore, K. M., Troyer, M., & Bacon, D. (2018). Q#: Enabling scalable quantum computing and development with a high-level DSL. In Proceedings of the Real World Domain Specific Languages Workshop 2018 (pp. 7–12). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3183895.3183901
• Lo, H. K., & Lütkenhaus, N. (2007). Quantum cryptography: from theory to practice. arXiv preprint quant-ph/0702202.

Text:

Microsoft Bing Chat (Copilot) with ChatGPT4

Google Bard Experiment

Manual edit, proofreading and revisions, AI prompting, co-creation / co-authoring:

Stefan Holitschke

This report and its three parts, sections and subsections were prepared and created between 28th of December 2023 and 30th of December 2023.

#NavigatingTheCrossroads2024 #TheFutureIsOursToShape #EmpoweringGlobalChange2024 #NavigatingTheCrossroads2024_Part1