Nano: Synthesis, characterization and uses of nanomaterials by PK Gupta
Dr Pawan Kumar (PK) Gupta
President, ASAW; Director, Toxicology; formerly Div Head, IVRI Advisor WHO; Editor/Author/Expert WHO, UNFAO and IAEA
Introduction
Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their tunable physical, chemical and biological properties with enhanced performance over their bulk counterpart. These materials are of great interest in drug delivery systems, drug formulation, medical diagnostic, and biosensor production. This chapter targets the synthesis, characterization and uses of NPs and NMs using algae, waste materials (the agrowaste in the presence of biomolecules) and various other methods of synthesis. The use of waste materials not only reduces the cost of synthesis but also minimizes the need of using hazardous chemicals and stimulates “green synthesis.” It also focuses on the computational aspects of binding of biomolecules to NPs and some of the applications of the biosynthesized
NPs in biomedical, catalysis, biosensors, detection, characterization,
and isolation of NPs.
Key points
? The small size and high surface area of NPs are the causes of their tunable physicochemical properties such as improved thermal conductivity, light absorbance, significant chemical stability, and high catalytic activity.
? The decreasing size causes their surface effects to become more significant, due to an increase in the volume fraction of surface atoms, which determines in some instances their special properties.
? Due to the fast development of NPs, it is necessary to identify the correlation
between the physical and chemical attributes of NPs and their corresponding biological effects.
? Physical, chemical, biological, and in some cases hybrid techniques are the main
ways of NP production.
? NPs can be synthesized through two main approaches: top-down approach and
bottom-up approaches.
? Top-down approach is the production of NPs by making smaller and smaller structures by etching the bulk agents.
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? Bottom-up approach is the building up of NPs from atoms.
Further reading
Bhardwaj, V., Kaushik, A., 2017. Biomedical applications of nanotechnology and nanomaterials. Micromachines—Open. Access. J. 8, 298. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8100298.
Cele, T., 2020. Preparation of nanoparticles. Open access peer-reviewed Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90771.
Gupta, P.K., 2020a. Toxic effects of nanoparticles, Toxicology: Resource for Self Study Questions, Second ed. Kinder Direct Publications (Chapter 15).
Gupta, P.K., 2020b. Toxicology of nanoparticles, Problem Solving Questions in Toxicology - A Study Guide for the Board and other Examinations, First ed. Springer nature, Switzerland, Chapter 14.
Gupta, P.K., 2020c. Toxic effects of nanoparticles, Brain Storming Questions in Toxicology, First ed. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. CRC Press, pp. 297300.
Gupta, P.K., 2023. Nanotoxicology in Nanobiomediine, 1st ed. Springer nature, Switzerland.
.Jaison, J., Barhoum, A., Chan, Y.S., Dufresne, A., et al., 2018. Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 9, 10501074.
Rahimi, H.-R., Doostmohammadi, M., 2020. Nanoparticle synthesis, applications, and toxicity. Openaccess peer-reviewed DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.87973 ,https://www.intechopen.com/books/applications- of-nanobiotechnology/NP-synthesis-applications-and-toxicity..
Sharma, D., Kanchi, S., Bisetty, K., 2019. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles: a review. Arab. J. Chem.12 (8), 35763600. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.11.002. Available from:
Warheit, D.B., Oberd?rster, G., Kane, A.B., et al., 2019. Nanoparticle toxicology. In: Klaassen, C.D.(Ed.), Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Ninth ed. McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 13811430.