Nano: Health and safety assessment in use of Nanotechnology
Dr Pawan Kumar (PK) Gupta
President, ASAW; Director, Toxicology; formerly Div Head, IVRI Advisor WHO; Editor/Author/Expert WHO, UNFAO and IAEA
Introduction
The health and safety hazards include the potential toxicity of various types of nanomaterials (NMs), as well as fire and dust explosion hazards. Because nanotechnology is a recent development, the health and safety effects of exposures to NMs, and what levels of exposure may be acceptable, are subjects of ongoing research. Of the possible hazards, inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern showing pulmonary effects such as inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenicity for some NMs. Skin contact and ingestion exposure, and dust explosion hazards, are also a concern. This chapter briefly describes testing strategies and assessments of potential hazards associated with
health risk assessments.
Key points
? “Naturally” derived nanoparticle (NP) types has long been recognized, including
particulate components of combustion.
? Commercialization and promotion of the technology have become more widespread to consumers, concerns have been raised about safety issues with questions relating to health effects and impacts on the environment.
? With regard to a general testing approach for human health hazard evaluation of NPs include a prioritization-related in vitro screening strategy to assess the possible reactivity, biomarkers of inflammation and cellular uptake of NPs; this process is followed by validated using in vivo techniques.
? Cell viability is assessed most commonly by tetrazolium reduction assays, cell
membrane integrity with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, immunohistochemistry biomarkers for apoptosis, and comet assay for genotoxicity. For intracellular localization of NPs, electron microscopy is employed. To detect viable cells, compounds such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), XTT (2,3-bis-(2-
methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide), and WSTs
(water-soluble tetrazolium salts), are used. MTT being a positive compound
readily enter the viable eukaryotic cells while negative compounds such as MTS,
XTT, and WSTs do not permeate cells rapidly.
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Further reading
Bahadar, H., Maqbool, F., Niaz, K., Abdollahi, M., 2016. Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran. Biomed. J. Jan. 20 (1), 111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7508/ibj.2016.01.001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689276/.
Buchman, J.T., Hudson-Smith, N.V., Landy, K.M., Haynes, C.L., 2019. Understanding nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms to inform redesign strategies to reduce environmental impact. Acc. Chem. Research 52, 16321642. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00053.
European Parliament and Council. Regulation 2007. (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing an European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. OJ EU. 2006; L396:1.
Gupta, P.K., 2020a. Toxic effects of nanoparticles, Toxicology: Resource for Self Study Questions, Second ed. Kinder Direct Publications (Chapter 15).
Gupta, P.K., 2020b. Toxicology of nanoparticles, Problem Solving Questions in Toxicology - A Study Guide for the Board and other Examinations, Ffirst ed. Springer nature, Switzerland, Chapter 14.
Gupta, P.K., 2020c. Toxic effects of nanoparticles, Brain Storming Questions in Toxicology, First ed. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. CRC Press, pp. 297300.
Gupta, P.K., 2022. Nanotoxicology of nanbiomedicine, Ffirst ed. Springer nature, Switzerland.
OECD, 2012. Guideline for testing of chemicals Paris, France.
Oksel, C., Hunt, N., Wilkins, T., Wang, X.Z., 2017. Risk management of nanomaterials: guidelines for the manufacture and use of nanomaterials. Version 1, January 1, 2017, The REACH CENTRE, UK
Schrand, A.M., Dai, L., Schlager, J.J., Hussain, S.M., 2012. Toxicity testing of nanomaterials. PMID: 22437813 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_5 ,pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 22437813.
Warheit, D.B, 2018. Hazard and risk assessment strategies for nanoparticle exposures: how far have we come in the past 10 years? Version 1. F1000 Res. 7: 376. Published online 2018 Mar 26. Available from: https://doi. org/10.12688/f1000research.12691.1 ,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871814/.
Warheit, D.B., Borm, P., Hennes, C., Lademann, J., 2007. Testing strategies to establish the safety of NMs: conclusions of an ECETOC workshop. Inhalation Toxicol. 19 (8), 631643. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701353080.
Warheit, D.B., Oberd?rster, G., Kane, A.B., et al., 2019. Nanoparticle toxicology. In: Klaassen, C.D. (Ed.), Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Ninth ed. McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 1381-1430.