Maintaining the cosmological principle regarding quasar alignment with unmodified Newtonian gravity, model testing
"Quasars are very bright galaxies that host a supermassive black hole, one with the mass of hundreds of millions of suns. While dust and gas fall into the black hole, other particles are accelerated away from it at speeds close to the speed of light, forming jets above and below the black hole. The gamma ray emission the VERITAS ground-based telescope detected this past April was emitted high on these jets 7.6 billion years ago." *
"The existence of correlations in quasar axes over such extreme scales would constitute a serious anomaly for the cosmological principle." [1]
The "cosmological principle" indicates that at sufficiently large scales the Universe is uniform throughout; this principle is at the root of modern cosmology, the attempt to leave nothing out of physics, from the beginning of everything until now, assuming there was a single beginning, i.e., Big Bang.
The rotation axes of quasars (coincident with jets radiating from each side of disc center) are aligned with the visible matter of the large-scale structure of the Universe [1] [Figure 1].?
Figure 1.?Large-scale structure of the?Universe, 2-D schematic emphasizing?a primary repeatable structural "cell," and quasar axes alignments with cell wall consisting of galactic?superclusters; vectors normal to individual quasar axes represent?the accelerated dark energy field.?
To reach the scale of this figure requires stepping from the galaxy, to clusters of galaxies, to galactic superclusters (gray ring, thousands to millions of light years thick), then finally to a basic repeatable "cell," the center of which is the large-scale void of dark energy, principal driver of the accelerated Hubble expansion.?These cells were better described as clashes of "soap bubbles" competing for dominance, in that the basically spherical voids can be orders of magnitude larger than the thickness of the walls (gray ring), and this analog provides a sense of proportion, variety and dynamism [2]. The expansion begins at the supercluster level, so that the gray wall is being stretched or constituents are undergoing mutual repulsion, as the wall is simultaneously increasing in length and thickening, as permitted by surrounding cells in three dimensions.??
????At this scale there is no viable means of aligning individual quasars with one another, nor?with the overall large-scale pattern.?Conventional gravitation is not helpful here, rather the cosmological constant predominates, which is not native to the formal mathematics of general relativity; classical Newtonian gravity as conventionally interpreted, nor variants that differ from 1/r^2 are also not appropriate.?Some other effect dominates, conventionally referred to as the unknown "dark energy," in that repulsion is the principal effect both along and across the perimeter, and radially from the void center of Figure 1.?
?However, there are common elements in these?alignments -- the circumferences of adjacent large-scale voids, the tangents of which are parallel to the quasar rotation axes; these axes are coincident with ejected material, giving quasars the characteristic appearance of mechanical gyroscopes, as in the cover image. ?Alternatively, the repulsive radial dark energy fields of these voids are common as well with these alignments; the quasar axes are normal to the radial accelerated expanding field of the void, indicated by typical directed field lines at specific quasars in Figure 1.
Negative condensed matter has been discussed to account for such repulsion [3].?But this is problematical in that two types of condensed matter must be thoroughly accounted for; there is no experience at hand where such a solid negative mass repels a common particle of positive mass.? However, if the dark energy (-E) void is considered a negative mass,
-m = -E/c^2
the calculation is straightforward. In order to possibly explain this large-scale quasar alignment, the following is a brief quantitative review of:
Reseating Newtonian gravity **
Consider mass |n| having non-relativistic motion with respect to another mass |m|, where |m|>>|n|.?If mass centers are sufficiently far apart initially, they accelerate away from one another according to the accelerated Hubble expansion [4].?Also, since general relativity reverts to Newtonian gravitation under these conditions, and given the equivalence of gravitational and acceleration effects?
G(-m)n / d^2 = nA??.................................................(1)
where (-m) is the mass/energy of an arbitrary spherical section of space (equivalent to the gravitational field according to general relativity), with or without visible matter, undergoing observed accelerated expansion, n is a common visible particle in the visible matter about the periphery of this section of space, and where A is the acceleration of n with respect to the center of mass of -m due to this hypothetical Newtonian form of gravitational repulsion at the scale of galactic superclusters and above.???
Let r be the radius of mass -m, and u the radius of n, where r >> u, then distance d between mass centers may be replaced by r,?thus
?A= G(-m) / r^2.???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Calibrating A:?given observed accelerated expansion at this scale, let -m ≈ 10^15 Solar masses, the local supercluster [5]; this mass encompasses some 100 million light years (ly), so that let r ≈ 50 x10^6 ly, then
?-m / r^2?=?A/ G..............................................?(2)
where -m?is the total mass/energy -- visible, dark energy and dark matter -- encompassed by said volume of radius r, and where A is the acceleration of the local supercluster (equivalent to that of mass n at the periphery of the volume),?
?A ≈ 6 ×10^-13 m/s^2;.............................?(prediction)
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the value for the scale of Figure 1 would likely differ somewhat.??
All mass/energy negative? It has been shown that particles should be treated as gravitational sinks rather than sources, where the gravitational field cancels at a point for elementary particles, having zero inherent mass, so that mass is in the fields about the points. If the fields are negative as indicated above, all mass/energy may be considered negative, and therefore, defined as positive (leaving textbooks intact in this regard).
Example of quasar force vector magnitude in Figure 1. Applying the above to the cell of Figure 1, the dark energy or gravitational force vector F on any visible mass n adjacent to the void, would be
|F| ≈ nA .......................................................(3)
in the direction indicated in Figure 1 for a given quasar, where n is total mass/energy of this quasar (to include the relativistic kinetic mass/energy of the jets to their full extent).
Discussion. However, this example still does not fully explain the observed alignment of quasar axis as perpendicular, or nearly so, to the force vector. As mentioned such an axis is composed of material particles approaching light speed, so that the quasar can be described as having "wings" sprouting from top and bottom surfaces of the gas and dust disc about the central black hole. The moments of inertia *** of such wings should be substantial because of extreme particle speeds implying high relativistic kinetic mass/energy. This force vector F would be pushing on upper and lower wings in equal measure if wings plus disc sections on each side have the same mass moment of inertia. Otherwise the system should be unstable and "tumble" or generally have a random orientation relative to the force vector.
For normal galaxies "No preferred orientation is found in the spin vector orientations of barred spiral and irregular galaxies "[5]. Aside from brightness, the principal mechanical difference between quasars and normal galaxies is the response to the jets from the predominant local gravitational field (indicated by vectors in Figures1 and 2); normal galaxies are also generally considered as having central supermassive black holes. Note that the vectors in a neighboring tangent cell would also point to certain quasars, and should be accounted for in model testing as indicated below. Tangent cells could look like this with force vectors in each pointing to a given quasar from opposite directions,
Figure 2. Two tangent "cells" with common quasar having dark energy fields normal to and pointing at quasar. Largest scale structure of the Universe.
Even though the fields from -m of Equation (1) are negative, gravity will appear attractive below the galactic supercluster level, within gray rings of Figure 2. Forces F1 and F2 of this figure tend to compact the visible matter of cell wall constituents. The stable orientation for quasars may not necessarily be exactly normal to the force vector(s), depending on the ratio of jet mass/energy to disc thickness, radius and mass; jets need not have the same moment of inertia on each side if disc parameters are accounted for. Generally, a more stable arrangement could be for the quasar axis to precess, as is common for astronomical bodies in complex gravitational fields, i.e., Earth's rotation axis.
Figure 3. Likely precession of quasar axis of rotation
Prediction. The mass moments inertia of quasars on each side of their discs -- including jet and disc inertia -- are similar, with precession accounting for likely gravitational force imbalances.
Model testing. Construct quasar model with estimated mass/energy in disc and jets. Vary mass moments of inertia parameters in each component (jets and disc) such that system stabilizes in gravitational field(s) of given orientation (approximately parallel to force vector). Note if stabilizing masses conform to actual quasar disc and axis masses or mass ratios. Stability is defined as quasar axis normal or near-normal to field vector to certain maximum angle of precession. Conversely, note stabilizing moments of inertia, and predict actual masses or mass ratios, i.e., (disc inertia) / (jet inertia). This would be analogous to wind tunnel, or computer simulated wind tunnel, tests of aircraft models.
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?[1]?D. Hutsemékers, L. Braibant, V. Pelgrims and D. Sluse, Alignment of quasar polarizations with large-scale structures,?Astronomy and Astrophysics, 572 (2014) A18??https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2014/12/aa24631-14/aa24631-14.html
?[2] Geller, M.J., Huchra, J.P., Mapping the universe, Science, 246, 897 (1989)
[3]?J. S. Farnes, A unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter: Negative masses and matter creation within a modified ΛCDM framework, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620, A92 (2018)
[4]?Adam G. Riess, Alexei V. Filippenko, Peter Challis, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Alan Diercks, Peter M. Garnavich, Ron L. Gilliland, Craig J. Hogan, Saurabh Jha, Robert P. Kirshner et al Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant, Astronomical Journal, 116 1009 (1998)?
[5] B. Aryal?and?W. Saurer, Morphological dependence in the spatial orientations of Local Supercluster galaxies, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume?432, Number?2, March III 2005Page(s)431 - 442SectionExtragalactic astronomyDOIhttps://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041679Published online02 March 2005
*** The tendency to resist rotation of the axis itself, as a heavy bat is more difficult to swing than a light bat.