Mahsa Amini’s Death Must Decease Iran’s Tyrant Regime by Adnan Qaiser
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Mahsa Amini’s Death Must Decease Iran’s Tyrant Regime by Adnan Qaiser

My latest paper published by South Asia Journal, USA. Complete paper with Endnotes given below.

Mahsa Amini’s Death Must Decease Iran’s Tyrant Regime by Adnan Qaiser, South Asia Journal (USA), Oct 2, 2022

https://southasiajournal.net/35824-2/

Abstract

Iran’s messianic leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had once stated: “I am hopeful that all the victims and the oppressed ones under the banner of Islam will overrun the arrogant.”

It is ironic that the Imam’s Vilayet-e-Faqih (Absolute Guardianship of the Jurist system ) brought through the Iranian Revolution of 1979 brutalized the lives of its people, stifled their voices, forcibly regulated their attire and oppressed them under medieval lifestyle.

The killing of a hapless young Iranian woman, Mahsa Amini (22), at the hands of Iran’s fanatic “morality police” on September 16, 2022 for not wearing a headscarf revived the painful memories of Zahra Kazemi , the Iranian-Canadian photojournalist, who was similarly killed through a skull fracture and broken bones in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison under torture on July 11, 2003.

Religion remains a force: In order to safeguard its reign of brutal oppression and continuity of power, the Iranian regime has allowed the fanatic Revolutionary Guards, Quds Force, paramilitary Basij and Hijab Watch morality police to run riot and repress the Iranian population with ruthless bestiality.

The brutal repression unleashed on the disenfranchised protesters causing countless deaths and arrests in droves in all the major cities and towns of Iran must wake up the international community to outcast the Iranian regime until it grants its people their fundamental human and democratic rights.

Moreover, for too long the civilized world has tolerated violence and infighting in the Islamic world in the name of Sunnis “political Islam ” and Shiites “politicization of martyrdom .” It is time the world powers bring some sanity to the paterfamilias of the Islamic faith and stop them from pitting innocent Muslims against their faith-fellows.

Adnan Qaiser, South Asia Journal, USA

https://southasiajournal.net/35824-2/

Adnan Qaiser, LinkedIn

https://www.dhirubhai.net/pulse/mahsa-aminis-death-must-decease-irans-tyrant-regime-adnan-qaiser/?published=t

Adnan Qaiser, Twitter

https://twitter.com/adnanqaiser01/status/1576805779981860865?s=20&t=LQO-eKEo4ChjEKPZ7hSpNg

Complete Paper with Endnotes

Mahsa Amini’s Death Must Decease Iran’s Tyrant Regime by Adnan Qaiser

Horace had once noted: “Brute force bereft of reason falls by its own weight.”

The unfortunate death of a hapless Iranian woman, Mahsa Amini , 22, at the hands of Iran’s fanatic “morality police” on September 16, 2022 for not wearing a headscarf[1] – followed by brutal repression of protesters causing 76 deaths and 1,200 arrests [2] in 80 cities and town [3] – should get the world out of slumber and take note about the grave human rights violations taking place in Iran.

In this age and time there is neither any room, nor any logic for any theocratic state to exist, stifle the voice of its people or to regulate their attire. For too long the Iranian clergy has befooled the Iranian populace in the name of religion and on the false pretext of Shiite exploitation at the hands of majority Sunnis.

It must be highlighted that the Shia-Sunni schism [4] had, in fact, been more of a political “game of thrones [5] rather than any religious dissension. In her scholarship After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split , Lesley Hazleton records: “If you were a believer in fate, you might think that Ali was destined never to be Caliph, and that when he finally did accept the caliphate twenty-five years after Muhammad’s death, he was provoking fate and thus the tragedy [of his assassination on January 29, 661 AD] that would follow.”[6]

This is another story that while Sunnis took advantage by turning faith into “political Islam ,”[7] the Shiites too manipulated the “virtue of martyrdom, politically .”[8]

Meanwhile, Iran’s Ayatollah Marjas and Hojatoleslams have remained preoccupied with the survival of their Vilayet-e-Faqih and to enrich themselves from state resources – duly protected by the radical Iranian Revolutionary Guards, Quds Force and paramilitary Basij Force.[9]

With reports of Iran’s supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s (83) ill-health circulating the power corridors, a succession tussle has already begun between the incumbent president Ebrahim Raisi and Khamenei’s heir Mojtaba Khamenei.[10]

The theocratic Iranian regime has always been too hung up about morality issues since the Iranian Revolution of February 1979.[11] Any connotation of liberal or westernized lifestyle has been seen by the clerics as threat to their power. Unsurprisingly, the recent anti-hijab campaign [12] has been labelled as a “grand sedition ” inviting state oppression and harsh prison sentences.[13]

But strict hijab enforcement was a bomb waiting to explode since 2020. The way Iran’s morality police, called Hijab Watch, took hijab compliance to farcical level people had been sick and tired of being summoned for even travelling in their private cars bare head.[14]

Most distressingly, denying it as “anarchy ,” Iran’s supreme leader, through his shrewd machination to safeguard his rule, has pitted innocent Iranians against their fellow citizens.[15] By provoking pro-government zealots against the protesting crowds to uphold the virtues of the Islamic Revolution, Ali Khamenei has allowed them to use violence and firearms against their own compatriots.[16]

Unsurprisingly thus, the government doubled down its harsh response. Granting a free hand to the security forces while on one hand Iran’s judiciary chief Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei decreed “decisive action [against rioters] without leniency,” the government simultaneously took out public rallies in Enghelab (Revolution) Square supporting hijab and conservative values – stirring up the “martyrdom sentiment.” Opposing the discretionary wearing of hijab, media reported a demonstrator shouting “Martyrs died so that this hijab will be on our head.”[17]

Another favourite expression of an (insecure) Iranian regime is “international conspiracy” against it. As the European Union’s foreign policy chief Josep Borrell deplored the security forces’ heavy-handed response as “disproportionate ... unjustifiable and unacceptable;” and Washington sanctioned Iran’s “morality police” for its abuse and violence against the Iranian women and demonstrators,[18] not only Tehran’s foreign ministry spokesperson Nasser Kanaani hit back : “Washington is always trying to weaken Iran’s stability and security,”[19] but the Foreign Ministry also summoned the British and Norwegian Ambassadors to hand over a demarche over what it said was interference and hostile media coverage.[20] ?

The brutal killing of Mahsa Amini – with a head injury in police custody – revived the painful memories of Zahra Kazemi , the Iranian-Canadian photojournalist, who was similarly killed through a skull fracture in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison under torture on July 11, 2003.[21] Religion remains a force; Unleashed upon untamed minds results in turning them into evil monsters, who can go to any length of savagery and brutality to please their clerical masters.

While rights groups keep voicing their protestations at the indiscriminate use of state force in Iran, Canada has been raising this issue through its successive resolutions at the UN General Assembly since 2003.[22] In its annual report of 2021, Human Rights Watch noted Iranian regime to be one of the “world’s leading implementers of death penalty.” The report chronicled that “in 2021 [alone] Iran had executed at least 254 people as of November 8, including at least seven people on alleged terrorism-related charges.”[23]

While the international community procrastinated for good 43 years, it is time the Iranian regime is brought under harsh international sanctions. State repression may not fall under the four categories of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing under the 2005’s United Nations’ political commitment of Responsibility to Protect (R2P); yet the world must demand right to life and democratic equities for the Iranian people from the oppressive Iranian regime.[24]

The world must also ensure the Iranian clergy stops its political meddling into the internal affairs of neighbouring Iraq or to threaten any regional Arab state for that matter.[25] Iran’s interference causing intra-Shiite political feud [26] has reached a point of civil-war in Iraq.[27] Moreover, Iran’s militia called Popular Mobilization Force (PMU) not only impaired Baghdad[28] but also expelled the U.S. forces from Iraqi soil.[29] Using Iraq as a staging battleground, Iran not only armed and funded the Shiite Houthis in Yemen[30] but also stunned Saudi Arabia into silence through a swarm-drone attack at Saudi oil installations on September 14, 2019.[31] A senior Iranian diplomat in Canada once confided to me: “Tehran can take control of Baghdad in less than an hour.”

Moreover, while Iran’s true ambitions behind obtaining nuclear technology – i.e. making a nuclear bomb – has already dawned upon the U.S. and its reluctant European allies, all efforts must be made to stop the eccentric regime in its nuclear tracks.[32] Recent reports have emerged about Iran not only pursuing nuclear device making capability through uranium enrichment but also by processing plutonium .[33] Experts have warned Tehran’s nuclear program has already crossed a reversible threshold needing a credible threat of force to stop.[34] The world cannot afford another impetuous North Korea ![35]

Iran is an ancient civilization ;[36] its people must not be allowed to be held hostage by a group of clerics only interested in prolonging their power, perks and privileges at state expense.

The ensuing nationwide?demonstrations in the Iranian streets, though repressed iron-handedly,[37] show Iranians have had enough of the dose of religion and Taliban-style Sharia. The Comite-he Gasht and the squads of Amr-bil Ma’ruf va Nahi Anil Munker must be reined-in and stop interfering into the private lives of people – faith and its rituals being one of them. However, that being amounting to death knell for the Ayatollahs, calling the protesters as “enemies it would confront ” even the Iranian Army has declared its willingness to go to any length of repression with live ammunition issued.[38]

Bizarrely, the Iranian regime sees the 1983’s hijab-wearing law as a fundamental pillar of the Islamic Republic without which the political and societal order might wreck.[39] Whereas, according to an independent survey an overwhelming 72 percent majority rejects mandatory hijab observance[40] – which incidentally is also not obligatory in the Islamic faith.

Despite having been emotionally and religiously brainwashed by the Islamist clerics for their own influence into the Iranian polity – like the messianic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (died 1989) –the moderate Muslims of Iran generally aspired to walk in sync with the modern world toward prosperity and personal liberty.

It had been Iranian clergy’s political machination that led to the failure of King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s “White Revolution” of 1963, which the New York Times had historically noted as a ‘gush taking Iran out of 2,500 years of archaic stagnation.’[41] ?

Praveen Swami wrote in The Print : “Eleven years after he coronated himself in December 1924, Iran’s King of Kings Reza Shah Pahlavi, the son of a conservative small landowner, ordered his women subjects to remove the hijab. The Kashf-e-hijab decree was a critical moment in his effort to remake the country into a modern nation with a modern military, modern railways, modern banks, modern schools—and men in European-style caps.”[42] That era of women emancipation and liberalization had since been impeded and reversed by the Islamic Revolution.

The Iranian regime is already on a wane . The Vilaet-e-Faqih’s inner dissensions, distrusts and disputes have already begun to erode its very foundations.[43] Meanwhile, Iranian population, especially the youth, are fed up by living a life cut-off from the civilized world.[44] The Iranian people out protesting in the streets should be helped in getting rid of a theocratic regime that has muffled their voices, seized their democratic rights and choked their human aspirations for the past four decades.[45]

Similar to the end of “papal’s power ” in the Roman Church,[46] it is time the “power of pulpit” is also cut to size in the Islamic world – especially Iran – and the abuse of religion in the name of politics be brought to an end. The fourteen hundred year old political feud [47] between Shia-Sunni sects [48] and a cold-war between Islam’s self-proclaimed paterfamilias for hegemony in the Middle East – and beyond to Muslim countries – must cease now.[49]

In the death of Mahsa Amini, Henry Kissinger must have received the answer to his refrain , “whether [Iran] wants to be a nation or a cause.”[50] With Iranian regime’s penchant for martyrdom, the death of innocent Mahsa Amini must not go in vain; It must bring down the tyrant theocratic regime too.[51]

?

Adnan Qaiser is an international affairs expert having had a distinguished career in the armed forces as well as international diplomacy. He can be reached at: [email protected] and Tweets @adnanqaiser01. Views are personal and do not represent any institutional thought.

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Notes

[1] AFP , Iranian woman’s death galvanises critics of ‘morality police’ ,?Dawn, Sept 19, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1710846/iranian-womans-death-galvanises-critics-of-morality-police

[2] AFP , 1,200 held as crackdown widens in Iran; rights group says 76 killed so far , Dawn, Sept 27, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1712110/1200-held-as-crackdown-widens-in-iran-rights-group-says-76-killed-so-far

[3] Iran protests flare anew for eighth straight night after pro-government rallies , France24, Sept 24, 2022

https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220924-iran-protests-flare-anew-for-eighth-straight-night-after-pro-government-rallies?xtor=EPR-300&_ope=eyJndWlkIjoiZmUwZDFhMzY2MmU3ODM1YzgzNjk5NWI0Y2FiZTAxNjYifQ%3D%3D

[4] The Sunni-Shia?Divide: A CFR InfoGuide Presentation , Council on Foreign Relations

https://www.cfr.org/sunni-shia-divide/#!/

[5] Ian Black , Sunni v Shia: why the conflict is more political than religious , The Guardian, Apr 5, 2015

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/05/sunni-shia-why-conflict-more-political-than-religious-sectarian-middle-east

[6] Lezley Hazleton, After the Prophet: The Epic Story of Shia-Sunni Split , Anchor Books (Random House), New York (2009, p. 69

https://www.amazon.com/After-Prophet-Story-Shia-Sunni-Split/dp/0385523947

[7] Nadeem F. Paracha , Political Islam: Rise, fragmentation and possible fall , Dawn, Jul. 18, 2013 https://www.dawn.com/news/1029725

See also:

(2) Shruti Godbole , Is Islam exceptional? And what does it mean for the future of Western democracy? Brookings Institute, 15 May 2018

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/05/15/is-islam-exceptional-and-what-does-it-mean-for-the-future-of-western-democracy/

[8] Adel Hashemi, The Making of Martyrdom in Modern Twelver Shi'ism: From Protesters and Revolutionaries to Shrine Defenders , I.B. Taurus (2002), pp. 224

https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220802-the-making-of-martyrdom-in-modern-twelver-shiism-from-protesters-and-revolutionaries-to-shrine-defenders/

[9] Kasra Aarabi, What Is Velayat-e Faqih? Explainer , Tony Blair Institute of Global Change, Mar 20, 2019

https://institute.global/policy/what-velayat-e-faqih

[10] Iran: Ayatollah Khamenei's health issues prompt fresh speculation on succession , France24, Sept 25, 2022

https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220925-iran-ayatollah-khamenei-s-health-issues-prompt-fresh-speculation-on-succession?xtor=EPR-300&_ope=eyJndWlkIjoiZmUwZDFhMzY2MmU3ODM1YzgzNjk5NWI0Y2FiZTAxNjYifQ%3D%3D

[11] Homa Katouzian , The Iranian Revolution of February 1979 , The Middle East Institute, Jan 29, 2009

https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-revolution-february-1979

[12] What the Hijab Protests Mean for Iran’s Clerical Class , Foreign Policy, Sept 23, 2022

https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/23/iran-hijab-protests-regime-reform-islamist-tehran-khamenei/?utm_source=PostUp&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Editors%20Picks%20OC&utm_term=49531&tpcc=Editors%20Picks%20OC

[13] Breaking the norms of hijab is the problem of today's society/enemies are planning sedition every day , Shohadaye Iran, Apr 28, 2022

https://shohadayeiran.com/fa/news/228703/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF

[14] Rohollah Faghihi , 'Enough is enough': Iranians frustrated over police drive to enforce hijab-wearing in cars , Middle East Eye, Oct 25, 2020

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-morality-police-enforce-hijab-cars?fbclid=IwAR12EpS0nFxHfHJJHJZhKLry1QKFN_5vJlMb4XB4M_BJMUDouv5eKZj0oEQ

[15] Khamenei: 'Fire at Will' Not Anarchy , Radio Farda, Jun 26, 2017

https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-khamenei-fire-at-will/28579927.html

[16] Amr Be Marouf Headquarters: Instead of a specific patrol, more publicity and fire to empower hijab fans , Radio Zamaney

https://www.radiozamaneh.com/731260/

[17] Iranians return to streets in fresh protests despite hundreds of arrests , France24, 25 Sept 2022

https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20220925-iranians-return-to-streets-in-fresh-protests-despite-hundreds-of-arrests?xtor=EPR-300&_ope=eyJndWlkIjoiZmUwZDFhMzY2MmU3ODM1YzgzNjk5NWI0Y2FiZTAxNjYifQ%3D%3D

[18] Mahsa Amini protests: US sanctions Iran’s ‘morality police’ , Al Jazeera, Sept 22, 2022

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/22/mahsa-amini-protests-us-sanctions-irans-morality-police

[19] Reuters , Iran says US trying to violate sovereignty over unrest, warns of response , Dawn, Sept 26, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1712065/iran-says-us-trying-to-violate-sovereignty-over-unrest-warns-of-response

[20] Reuters , Iran summons British, Norwegian envoys as unrest persists , Dawn, Sept 26, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1712026/iran-summons-british-norwegian-envoys-as-unrest-persists

[21] Tehran’s surprise announcement that Canadian news photographer Zahra Kazemi died of beatings comes just days after the government announced it would investigate the circumstances of the photojournalist’s death. Earlier, the government had said that Kazemi, who was arrested while working in Tehran, had died of an unspecified "brain attack." But a major diplomatic row with Ottawa forced Tehran to revisit the case.

Charles Recknagel , Iran: Tehran Says Canadian Photojournalist Died As Result Of Beatings , Radio Free Europe, July 16, 2003

https://www.rferl.org/a/1103815.html

Also see:

(2) Mysterious death of Zahra Kazemi is unraveled after 15 years , NCRI Women’s Committee, June 28, 2018

https://women.ncr-iran.org/2018/06/28/mysterious-death-zahra-kazemi-unraveled-after-15-years/

(3) Zahra Kazemi’s killers still unpunished, 15 years after her death in custody , Reporters Without Borders

https://rsf.org/en/zahra-kazemi-s-killers-still-unpunished-15-years-after-her-death-custody

(4) Sima Sahar Zerehi , Remembering Canadian journalist Zahra Kazemi through her photographs : Exhibit marks 11 years since death in Iranian prison, CBC News, July 10, 2014

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/remembering-canadian-journalist-zahra-kazemi-through-her-photographs-1.2703341

[22] UN chides Iran over human rights , BBC News, Dec 21, 2004

https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4114621.stm

[23] Iran: Events of 2021, Human Rights Watch

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/iran#:~:text=Right%20to%20Life%20and%20Executions,-Iran%20continues%20to&text=According%20to%20rights%20groups%2C%20in,allegedly%20committed%20as%20a%20child .

[24] Constructing the Responsibility to Protect: Contestation and Consolidation ,” Edited by Charles T. Hunt and Phil Orchard, Routledge, 2020, pp. 194

[25] In neighbouring Iraq, anger simmers over Iran’s meddling , Arab Weekly, Oct 4, 2021

https://thearabweekly.com/neighbouring-iraq-anger-simmers-over-irans-meddling

See also:

(2) Lionel Beehner ?and?Greg Bruno , Iran’s Involvement in Iraq , Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, Mar 3, 2008

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-involvement-iraq

(3) Ahmad Majidyar , Iraq’s Vice-President calls on Iran to stop meddling in Iraqi internal affairs , Middle East Institute, Mar 15, 2018

https://www.mei.edu/publications/iraqs-vice-president-calls-iran-stop-meddling-iraqi-internal-affairs

[26] Max Boot , How Inter-Shia Strife Is Threatening Iraqi Security , Council on Foreign Relations, Aug 31, 2022

https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-inter-shia-strife-threatening-iraqi-security?utm_source=twtw&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=TWTW%202022Sept2&utm_term=TWTW%20and%20All%20Staff%20as%20of%207-9-20

[27] Ahmed Twaij , Iraq Is Nearing the Brink of a Shiite Civil War , Foreign Policy, Sept 15, 2022

https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/15/iraq-sadr-iran-shiite-civil-war/?utm_source=PostUp&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Editors%20Picks%20OC&utm_term=48560&tpcc=Editors%20Picks%20OC

[28] Seth J. Frantzman , The PMU Is Getting More Aggressive in Iraq , Foreign Policy, Apr 7, 2020

https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/07/pmu-iraq-suleimani-iran/?utm_source=PostUp&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20802&utm_term=Editors%20Picks%20OC&

[29] Morgan L. Kaplan , The U.S. Withdrawal from Iraq and Its Impact on Baghdad, Erbil, and the Relations Between Them , Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI), Oct 18, 2021

https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/us-withdrawal-iraq-and-its-impact-baghdad-erbil-and-relations-between-them-31958?utm_source=ctw&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=buttonlink&mkt_tok=MDk1LVBQVi04MTMAAAGAQ_RvF8p-4msdBOBRF7nILh2Jn3-UhbcK3AKaHJam6ZVIQBZtf5J5pL-JO9cPY53NB1SS8YSHhCd93L2fvKoafJWYhVb3cUqy5Inw6rynb5_PgQ

[30] Jonathan Saul ,?Parisa Hafezi ,?Michael Georgy , Exclusive: Iran steps up support for Houthis in Yemen's war - sources , Reuters, Mar 21, 2017

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-iran-houthis-idUSKBN16S22R

[31] US secretary of state says Tehran behind drone attack

Pompeo: Iran behind attack on Saudi oil facilities that will reduce kingdom's output , The Guardian, Sept 15, 2019

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/14/pompeo-iran-saudi-arabia-oil-yemen-houthi

[32] Adnan Qaiser (Author), The Iranian Nuclear Bomb , South Asia Journal (USA), Aug 6, 2022

https://southasiajournal.net/the-iranian-nuclear-bomb/

[33] Stephen Bryen , Does Iran have a secret plutonium bomb program? Asia Times, Sept 9, 2022

https://asiatimes.com/2022/09/does-iran-have-a-secret-plutonium-bomb-program/?mc_cid=4bbfd90020&mc_eid=ae98134ac3

[34] Dennis Ross , A New Iran Deal Won’t Prevent an Iranian Bomb , Foreign Policy, Sept 9, 2022

https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/09/a-new-iran-deal-wont-prevent-an-iranian-bomb/?utm_source=PostUp&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Editors%20Picks%20OC&utm_term=47157&tpcc=Editors%20Picks%20OC

[35] AFP , North Korea adopts law for nuclear first strike , Dawn, Sept 10, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1709354/north-korea-adopts-law-for-nuclear-first-strike

[36] Iran Profile – Timeline , BBC News, Jan 6, 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14542438

[37] Reuters , Fury grows in Iran over woman who died after hijab arrest , Dawn, Sept 18, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1710752/fury-grows-in-iran-over-woman-who-died-after-hijab-arrest

[38] Reuters , AFP , Iranian army says it will ‘confront the enemies’ as protests rage , Dawn, Sept 23, 2022

https://www.dawn.com/news/1711562/iranian-army-says-it-will-confront-the-enemies-as-protests-rage

[39] Compulsory Hijab;?Religious Order or Government Manifesto , Voice of America

https://ir.voanews.com/a/pressure-on-women-in-iran-human-rights/6670354.html

[40] Iranians’ Attitudes Toward Religion: A 2020 Survey Report , The Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in IRAN (GAMAAN), Aug 2020

https://gamaan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GAMAAN-Iran-Religion-Survey-2020-English.pdf

[41] Jay Walz, Iran's Shah Leads a 'White Revolution'; His aim is to end 2,500 years of feudalism and transform his Middle Eastern kingdom into a modern nation in the Western mold. But powerful forces oppose him. Iran's Shah , The New York Times, Oct, 27, 1963

https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/27/archives/irans-shah-leads-a-white-revolution-his-aim-is-to-end-2500-years-of.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F10%2F27%2F89565574.html%3Fpdf_redirect%3Dtrue&site=false

Also see:

(2) Ali M. Ansari, The Myth of the White Revolution: Mohammad Reza Shah, 'Modernization' and the Consolidation of Power , Middle Eastern Studies Publication, Sept 8, 2010

https://mideast-africa.tau.ac.il/sites/humanities.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/mideast_africa/untitled%20folder/The%20Myth%20of%20the%20White%20Revolution_Mohammad%20Reza.pdf

[42] Praveen Swami , The many shades of grey in Iran’s hijab war show it’s not just personal freedom vs theocracy , The Print, Sept 25, 2022

https://theprint.in/opinion/security-code/the-many-shades-of-grey-in-irans-hijab-war-show-its-not-just-personal-freedom-vs-theocracy/1141168/

[43] Dexter Filkins , The Twilight of the Iranian Revolution , Letter from Iran , The New Yorker, May 25, 2020 Issue , 18 May 2020

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/25/the-twilight-of-the-iranian-revolution?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=tny&utm_mailing=TNY_Magazine_Daily_052520&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_medium=email&bxid=5be9c5ec3f92a40469dc4829&cndid=42909398&hasha=32141037e4d85f2bf3ae84b1c32bbf40&hashb=351bfc57160ecd463eea1cf8d67e16927cf8e391&hashc=0e64d9800f5469b1483ce4f5bee38c752b63926143af072055838c0657117072&esrc=&utm_term=TNY_Daily

[44] Mahsa Amini’s death is the ‘straw that broke the camel’s back’ for Iran's defiant youth , France24, Sept 23, 2022

https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220923-mahsa-amini-s-death-is-straw-that-broke-the-camel-s-back-for-iran-s-defiant-youth?xtor=EPR-300&_ope=eyJndWlkIjoiZmUwZDFhMzY2MmU3ODM1YzgzNjk5NWI0Y2FiZTAxNjYifQ%3D%3D

[45] Anisha Kohli , What to Know About the Iranian Protests Over Mahsa Amini’s Death , TIME, Sept 24, 2022

https://time.com/6216513/mahsa-amini-iran-protests-police/#:~:text=Protests%20intensify%20in%20Iran%20over%20Amini's%20death&text=Iranian%20women%20have%20taken%20to,of%20police%20assaulting%20peaceful%20protestors .

[46] On July 18, 1536, the English Parliament passed the law titled “An Act Extinguishing the authority of the bishop of Rome ” (28 Hen. 8 c.10). This was in fact one of a series of laws which had been passed during the previous four years, severing England from the pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Margaret Wood , Today in History – Extinguishing the Pope’s Power in England , Library of Congress, July 18, 2017

https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/07/today-in-history-extinguishing-the-popes-power-in-england/#:~:text=On%20July%2018%2C%201536%2C%20the,and%20the%20Roman%20Catholic%20Church .

Also see:

(2) Max Fisher, When the pope was powerful, and why that changed , The Washington Post, Feb 11, 2013

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/02/11/the-rise-and-decline-of-the-popes-once-great-power/

[47] Sarah Pruitt , Islam's Sunni-Shia Divide, Explained , History, Jan 10, 2022

https://www.history.com/news/sunni-shia-divide-islam-muslim#:~:text=Though%20the%20two%20main%20sects,the%20Islamic%20faith%20he%20introduced

[48] Mike Shuster , The Origins Of The Shiite-Sunni Split , NPR, Feb 12, 2007

https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2007/02/12/7332087/the-origins-of-the-shiite-sunni-split

[49] Adnan Qaiser (Author), Middle East Conundrum: Saudi Jitteriness – Sanctifying Sectarianism , Conference of Defence Associations Institute, Canada, Jul 12, 2017

https://cdainstitute.ca/qaiser-middle-east-conundrum-saudi-jitteriness-sanctifying-sectarianism/

[50] David Ignatius, Talk Boldly With Iran , The Washington Post, June 23, 2006

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201469.html

See also:

(2) Doyle Mcmanus , Column:?Iran’s dilemma: a country or a cause , Los Angeles Times, Jan 24, 2016

https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0124-mcmanus-iran-symbolism-20160124-column.html

[51] Robin Wright , Iran’s Ferocious Return to the Belligerent Policies of the Revolution’s Early Days , The New Yorker, Sept 25, 2022

https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/irans-ferocious-return-to-the-belligerent-policies-of-the-revolutions-early-days?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=tny&utm_mailing=TNY_Daily_092522&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_medium=email&utm_term=tny_daily_digest&bxid=5f48637d5f596c339141bb36&cndid=61997028&hasha=fe0d1a3662e7835c836995b4cabe0166&hashb=42beb88614f2bc9c8203facbaa0f6c99a8ca8528&hashc=c98e58b4b476cdc76b9841e92bee37dc98daa95f32775e3a8291627677cb61a5&esrc=Header_Desktop_217&mbid=CRMNYR012019

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