The magical innovative 5G: A brief present position and likely benefits

 WHAT IS THE CURRENT STATUS OF 5G IMPLEMENTATION

 For a long time, globally people are thrilled to experience 10x faster 5G internet from 4G internet as the assumption is that 5G will make many new features which will deliver a very unique new customer delight experience. The various technology work on the internet will advance exponential benefits. India is at the cusp of a digital revolution powered by increasing broadband and internet penetration, exponential data uptake, the Government’s focus on digitalization, and increasing trend of technology adoption across industries. This revolution is likely to generate new growth avenues, boost industrial productivity, and have the potential to transform the socio-economic fabric of the country. In addition to 5G providing significant network performance characteristic improvements over the previous generations, it is expected to also add various service dimensions beyond the traditional voice and data through enabling know-how. It is expected that 3% of the network-based mobile service providers are likely to launch a 5G network commercially by the year 2020. Global early bird 5G timelines by Telcos, On one hand, the new features and specifications being released as upgrades for LTE are enabling telcos to reduce the CAPEX and apex expenditure on network deployments through improved spectrum utilization, energy efficiency, and network densification through small cells, on the other, the features also focus on improving network performance. 5G is characterized by greater peak data rates, higher throughput, lower latency, and high connection density as compared to 4G networks, thus is expected to result in improved user experience.                           

 er Government of India statement, it is expected that the 5G services which is 10 times faster than 4G  by March 2023 as the cabinet cleared the auction for the 5G spectrum. With a validity of 20 years, a total of 72 GHz (gigahertz) of the spectrum is set to be put to auction by July 2022 by directly allocating airwaves to enterprises, paving the way for them to operate private 5G networks. "Telecom is the primary source of digital consumption and is very important to bring trusted solution in telecom. India has its own stack of 4G like radio, equipment, and the handset and similar goals are being eyed for the 5G technology," the minister of railways, communications and electronics, and information technology told news agency ANI. "5G is ready in the lab. By the end of March 2023, 5G will also be ready to deploy in the field," he added. He has defined the clearing of the proposal for the 5G spectrum auction as a “new era”. 

 The spectrum auction will be benefitted from the Telecom Sector Reforms announced in September 2021. The reforms include zero Spectrum Usage Charges (SUC) on the spectrum acquired in the upcoming auction, providing significant relief to the service providers in terms of the operating cost of telecom networks. Further, the requirement of submitting a financial bank guarantee equivalent to one annual installment has also been done away with. The time is not far away when India is going to emerge as a leading country in the field of 5G technology and the upcoming 6G technology," the government statement highlighted. This will boost growth in every sector like agriculture, health, education, infrastructure, and logistics. This will also increase convenience and create many employment opportunities.

 THE LAUNCH OF 5G: FASHIONING NEW VALUE ACROSS INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY

  The 4th IR suggests a positive environment for many segments to advance their affordability and influence the local economies, in the direction of the vision of the UNSD missions. As we observed that last three Industrial Revolution ( IR ) had some unique features which could be easily identified displays changes in progress and system. In the 4th IR, the disruption is propelling both traditional and emergent technologies, including the IoT, AI, ML, AR, etc., which makes advanced data analytics, RPA, Robotics, Cloud Computing(CC), VA, and AR, 3D printing and drones. The 4th IR contribution that potentiates these technologies to harness their full potential is connectivity which is nothing but the various innovations of powerful Internet.

All the Industrial revolutions have been characterized by the transformation of physical infrastructure networks. Electricity role in the 2nd and 3rd IRs, as networks all achieved economies of scale by connecting large plants over high-voltage transmission grids to local distribution networks reaching many users. Even the 4th IR’s potential still not fully utilized   will be fully realized through the wide-scale deployment of 5G communication networks. 5G will be vital as it will enable unprecedented levels of connectivity, upgrading 4G networks with five key functional drivers: superfast broadband, ultra-reliable low latency communication, massive machine-type communications, high reliability/availability, and efficient energy usage. Together, these defining features will transform many sectors, such as manufacturing, transportation, health, education,  public services, and defense. To ensure the widespread deployment of 5G networks, key stakeholders must address important questions. Government regulators and city managers must decide whether and when to invest in 5G infrastructure; mobile and telecommunications operators must gauge suitable business models, and citizens must discover ways to realize the full benefits this technology can alter while ensuring the preservation of the community’s rights. The transition to 5G networks will be crystalized and require all stakeholders – citizens, the private sector, and the government – to collaborate to implement a broad range of opportunities, including the optimization of service delivery, decision-making, and end-user experience. Significant economic and social value can be generated by enabling use cases activated by 5G.

As per an estimate that $13.2 trillion in global economic value will be made possible by 2035, generating 22.3 million jobs in the 5G global value chain alone. To better comprehend it, the 5G ecosystem was recorded to identify its mechanisms, its stakeholders and mutuality, and the actions taken to fast-track 5G placement and completely realize the potential. A set of tasks was identified for each component (spectrum, infrastructure, devices, services, impact, and security). To ensure that all the actions to hasten  5G distribution are coordinated and the mutuality comprehended, robust collaboration between stakeholders is needed. One key area for collaboration that requires each stakeholder's input is a firming of the business case for 5G through the quantification of the potential social value that can be created. Many of the current use cases are technically enabled by the functional drivers of 5G and activated by means of several stakeholders' cooperation and collaboration. Economic and social value can be gotten from the widespread deployment of 5G networks. Technological applications, enabled by a set of key functional features, will both facilitate industrial advances, improve their bottom line, and enhance city and citizen experiences. To fast-track, the adoption of 5G, fully new collaboration models among stakeholders are needed, along with clear methodologies to estimate the social value creation, which will enhance the business case of 5G.

 Industrial progressed 5G will give in order to achieve industrial advances in three significant ways: by 1) enabling faster and more effective inspections through predictive intelligence; 2) improving the workplace and worker safety, and 3) enhancing operational effectiveness. 5G also has the potential to impress the industry by controlling the carbon footprint and bridging the digital divide, which together applies to 63% of the use cases identified. Social impact 5G can deliver social value across 11 key areas that correspond to 11 of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This value derives mainly from contributing to good health and well-being, enhancing infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation. Other key areas in which social value is created through 5G include contributing to responsible consumption, enabling sustainable cities and communities, and promoting decent work and economic growth.

Five key efficient drivers of 5G support certain technological applications. They are: 1) enhanced mobile broadband; 2) ultra-reliable low latency communication; 3) security; 4) massive machine-type communications; and 5) power efficiency. Most (93%) of the use cases analyzed would be enhanced by ultra-reliable low latency communication and 78% by enhanced mobile broadband. Massive machine-type communications and security are also important, with each driver contributing to 45% of the use cases analyzed. It is pertinent to note that 5G could be the ideal technology for certain solutions, but others might be sufficiently served with WiFi, 4G, or even earlier generations of networks. 5G maturity 5G deployment will happen in phases with certain functional drivers improving over time. However, not all the use cases identified require these functional drivers at full maturity. The key drivers in their current state and in the short term that have the highest potential to disrupt are low latency communication and enhanced mobile broadband.

  Creating New Value across Industries and Society

Fast, intelligent internet connectivity enabled by 5G technology is expected to create approximately $3.6 trillion in economic output and 22.3 million jobs by 2035 in the global 5G value chain alone. This will translate into global economic value across industries of $13.2 trillion, with manufacturing representing over a third of that output; information and communications, wholesale and retail, public services, and construction will account for another third combined. To make that possible, however, trillions will first have to be invested to deploy global 5G networks. 5G offers an opportunity for companies to be first movers, but greater cooperation is needed to accelerate deployment. While several countries have initiated roadmaps for the 5G rollout, others are falling behind due to a diverse set of challenges that will require an unprecedented level of collaboration between business, the public sector, and broader stakeholders in society. These have consequences across several areas of the ecosystem, including creating new business models, nurturing innovation, defining investment models for digital infrastructure, preparing for cybersecurity scenarios, and, more broadly, ensuring sustainability and positive societal impact. To understand these systemic challenges, the World Economic Forum has initiated a 5G-Next Generation Networks Programme to help enterprises across industries transform while shaping an inclusive and sustainable transition to the next generation of networks.

This program is a part of the Digital Economy and New Value Creation Platform, whose objective is to develop new economic and business services, enhanced in-building broadband service, real-time augmented reality service, real-time virtual and mixed reality service, crowded or dense area service, enhanced digital signage, high definition cloud gaming, public protection, and disaster response services, massive content streaming services, remote surgery and examination Ultra-reliable low latency communication (LLC). Reduced time for data from the device to be uploaded and reach its target (1 ms compared to 50 ms for 4G)  Allows for a large number of connections to support data-intensive applications, asset tracking and predictive maintenance, smart cities/buildings/agriculture, internet of energy/utility management, industrial automation, smart logistics (advanced telematics), smart grid and metering, smart consumer wearables, environmental management, intelligent surveillance, and video analytics, smart retail Power efficiency Efficient power requirements for massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO), small cell implementation leads to lower costs and enables massive internet of things By definition, 5G refers to fifth-generation cellular network technology, which has been evolving since 1980. 5G is expected to significantly enhance the mobile network, enabling more connections and interactions. This connectivity enhancement across networks will unlock significant potential for various industries to improve their bottom line.  The transition to 5G involves a new, end-to-end network architecture and presents several defining features that make it unique. The five key functional drivers4 of 5G and possible use cases can be summarized as follows:  The Impact of 5G is making new Value across Industries and Society Infrastructure Impact Devices Services Security Spectrum Source: World Economic Forum and PwC project team. Realizing the economic and social value of 5G calls for an effective approach to 5G deployment. To achieve this goal, specific existing challenges in the various components of the 5G ecosystem, and the stakeholder(s) responsible for each challenge, first needed to be identified.

 The stakeholders identified were grouped into four categories: 5G Ecosystem Cycle was identified to best use the new, end-to-end network architecture of 5G and its corresponding functional drivers. It enables the sustainable transformation of industry sectors and society. The cycle is based on interdependencies across all key areas of the ecosystem and the need of the devices must be able to support much greater performances and need to exist in a variety of form factors to support the new 5G-enabled use cases and business models. 5G represents an opportunity for connectivity providers 5G ecosystem to improve network leadership by being the first movers and competitively positioning themselves to deliver key services across diverse geographies. However, subscriber-based business models need to be transformed to enable digital services that support the roadmaps of enterprises across sectors. Involving non-traditional stakeholders across industries would be required to create partnership-based ecosystems and achieve the deployment of 5G networks more quickly actions to occur in each of these areas to initiate and maintain momentum.    

 A study conducted by Tech4i2 indicates that 5G will support 137,000 jobs in Switzerland alone and create an economic output of 42.4 billion Swiss francs by 2030.8 According to a European Commission Study conducted in 2016,9 the potential economic output of 5G is estimated to be €141 billion with 2.3 million jobs created in the 28 Member States of the European Union. While significant research validates the macroeconomic potential of future networks, a wide range of socio-economic benefits that 5G enabled applications could provide and that will increase the demand for 5G networks are not being fully considered at the use-case level.  

 Transport and manufacturing were the most represented industry sectors with 15 and 11 use cases, respectively, representing 65% of the total. A series of multistakeholder workshops and interviews were also conducted to gather insights on the potential effects across a variety of industry sectors. These use cases were then analyzed across three key dimensions: 1. Industry advancement: How are they improving and advancing their specific industry-related key performance indicators: cost-cutting, enhanced safety, better decision-making, etc. 2. Social impact: What are the corresponding Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) these use cases contribute to achieving? This information helps to assess the extent of and expected social impact areas. 3. Functional drivers: What 5G functional features enable this use case to exist? What is the timeline to realize its full potential? These defining features help to recognize the economic and social value and potential.

 Based on the analyses, illustrative impact pathways were identified for each case. Use case illustrative impact pathways What inputs (r these inputs to achieve outputs? What has changed as a result of these outputs? How can the impact be measured? Input Activities Output Outcome Impact Measure Finally, the level of maturity required for the 5G to realize its full potential was assessed for the current state, short term, and long term. Selected functional drivers were used as a reference of the 5G networks’ maturity level across all use cases for consistency, regardless of whether the analyzed use case would benefit from those functional drivers.

 The three most significant ways 5G will contribute to industrial advances are by 1) enabling faster and more effective inspections through predictive intelligence; 2) improving the workplace and worker safety, and 3) enhancing operational effectiveness. Additionally, 5G has the potential to impact the industry by managing the carbon footprint and bridging the digital divide, which together applies to 63% of the use cases identified.

1. The manufacturing industry is expected to advance rapidly through faster and more effective inspections due to predictive intelligence enabled by 5G. Almost two-thirds (63%) of the use cases include an aspect of predictive intelligence, particularly applied to the manufacturing industry, which will generate significant economic value. Bright Machines Bright Machines manages a cloud-based software for the design, simulation, and deployment of the configuration and instructions used to set up, reconfigure and run any number of physical production lines for assembly, allowing enhanced operations. This software replaces traditional assembly processes.

The Catalyst to Digital Revolution in India does faster speeds, higher bandwidth, and lower latency. The next era of wireless technology 5G will open the door to life-changing innovations. 5G - the fifth generation of wireless networks will allow new innovations to flourish and dramatically change our day-to-day lives; as telecom firms SP network and new technologies to prepare for the next era of wireless service – one that relies on dense networks of small cells. Billions of new connected devices will come online in the next decade. These devices will need to transmit significantly more data and do so reliably. Today’s wireless networks need to be enhanced to enable this connectivity. As society becomes increasingly dependent on the transfer of mobile data, current technologies need to boost up to handle the demands of the progressively digital savvy consumer. To aid make this possible, 5G technology will use new frequencies of spectrum, i.e. the radio waves that are used to carry cellular signals. With more and smarter devices and appliances hitting the market every year,

 In this Digital Revolution, Information Communication and Technology (ICT) is the dominant industry and it is focusing on broadband and impending technological shift to 5G in the sector that is expected to serve as the ‘Catalyst’. It is envisaged that this technology shift is likely to give rise to opportunities through digitization by the introduction of new services & products, new intermediaries in the value chain, and greater efficiencies in productivity across industry verticals. The evolution to 5G is logical for Telcos While 4G was a clear upgrade in technology from 3G, 5G is more focused on incremental enhancements on existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology thereby allowing operators to evolve their LTE networks.  

T-Mobile committed to a massive, multi-year investment in 5G networks partnering a deal of USD 3.5 billion with Nokia with a complete suite of equipment and services to start deployments in 2019.  Sprint will launch mobile 5G services on its 2.5 GHz spectrum holdings on a nationwide basis in the first half of the year 2019.  China Mobile is conducting trials for 5G in a string of cities and will start pre-commercial use of 5G by the year 2019 before its commercial launch by 2020 with an expected ~ 10,000 5G base stations across locations China Unicom will start 5G test this year, pre-commercialize 5G in 2019 and is expected to achieve largescale commercialization by the year 2020 South Korea SK Telecom has formed a 200-member task force to fasten commercial launch of 5G services and has acquired spectrum in the 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz frequencies for coverage and hotspot based capacity Korea Telecom is expected to launch its commercial 5G network by March 2019. It had earlier completed 5G trials during the Winter Olympics Games in the city of Pyeongchang with 5G-driven visual technologies Australia Telstra has conducted 5G network data call trial with Ericsson and Intel as a part of Telstra 2022 strategy and is planning to deploy its 5G network with full commercial deployment expected in the year 2020 in high demand areas United Kingdom Vodafone shall be using frequencies in its 3.4 GHz band for 5G trial across seven cities in the UK and is expected to commercially launch in the year 2020.

 Comparative view of current broadband technologies vs. 5G Limitation of key broadband technologies Despite having high-range wireless modems/ Wi-Fi hotspots, fixed broadband still does not provide the level of mobility that today’s consumer wants. Higher latency values in 4G prevent it from being used for industrial and mission-critical applications Fixed broadband deployment is not only CAPEX intensive but time-consuming to deploy. This may delay the go-to-market timelines of the Telcos 4G network and may not be able to handle data speeds expected in the future in view of data-hungry applications, richer content, and billions of connected devices India still has a low wireline broadband penetration. Hence, fixed broadband cannot match the scale/ volumes which mobility services provide 4G uses complex modulation techniques which along with other factors such as coverage gaps and better data rates (compared to 2G/3G) result in faster draining of battery Fixed broadband 4G LTE Data speed in 5G is expected to be around 10 Gbps. With such speeds, 5G will not only provide a rich user experience but also revolutionize the mobility content available online 5G network is being designed for less than 1-millisecond latency. Hence, 5G in conjunction with IoT will be the key technology choice industries in automotive, medicine, and manufacturing 5G technology will fundamentally move the processing ability of handsets to mobile edge/ cloud. Hence, handsets are expected to have a much longer battery life than ever before 5G in a Software-defined Networking (SDN) / Network Function Virtualization (NFV) environment will provide services based on network slicing whereby operators will allocate network resources (slices) in line with the complexity of customer requirements 5G is expected to use higher frequency bands (30-300 GHz) which will provide better capacity, bandwidth scalability, and lesser interference.

 China Mobile is conducting trials for 5G in a string of cities and will start pre-commercial use of 5G by the year 2019 before its commercial launch by 2020 with an expected ~ 10,000 5G base stations across locations China Unicom will start 5G test this year, pre-commercialize 5G in 2019 and is expected to achieve largescale commercialization by the year 2020 South Korea SK Telecom has formed a 200-member task force to fasten commercial launch of 5G services and has acquired spectrum in the 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz frequencies for coverage and hotspot based capacity Korea Telecom is expected to launch its commercial 5G network by March 2019. It had earlier completed 5G trials during the Winter Olympics Games in the city of Pyeongchang with 5G-driven visual technologies Australia Telstra has conducted 5G network data call trial with Ericsson and Intel as a part of Telstra 2022 strategy and is planning to deploy its 5G network with full commercial deployment expected in the year 2020 in high demand areas United Kingdom Vodafone shall be using frequencies in its 3.4 GHz band for 5G trial across seven cities in the UK and is expected to commercially launch in the year 2020. 5G: The Catalyst to Digital Revolution in India content and billions of connected devices India still has a low wireline broadband penetration. Hence, fixed broadband cannot match the scale/ volumes which mobility services provide 4G uses complex modulation techniques which along with other factors such as coverage gaps and better data rates (compared to 2G/3G) result in faster draining of battery Fixed broadband 4G LTE Data speed in 5G is expected to be around 10  online 5G network is being designed for less than 1-millisecond latency. Hence, 5G in conjunction with IoT will be the key technology choice for businesses in automotive, medicine, manufacturing 5G technology will fundamentally move the processing ability of handsets to mobile edge/ cloud. Hence, handsets are expected to have a much longer battery life than ever before 5G in a Software-defined Networking (SDN) / Network Function Virtualization (NFV) environment will provide services based on network slicing whereby operators will allocate network resources (slices) in line with the complexity of customer requirements 5G is expected to use higher frequency bands (30-300 GHz) which will provide better capacity, bandwidth scalability, and lesser interference technology  5G.

 5G has been conceived as a foundation for expanding the potential of the Networked Society. A digital transformation brought about through the power of connectivity is taking place in almost every industry. The landscape is expanding to include the massive scale of “smart things” to be interconnected. Therefore, the manner in which future networks will cope with massively varied demands and a business landscape will be significantly different from today. For India, 5G provides an opportunity for the industry to reach out to global markets, and consumers to gain economies of scale. Worldwide countries have launched similar Forums and thus, India has joined the race in 5G technologies. Geographic isolation, both in terms of population densities and the techno-economic infeasibility of taking connectivity to rural & remote regions, combined with the fragmented politics of local governance present a significant challenge. 5G may well be the most suitable platform to address these challenges and guarantee, to the greatest possible degree, equal access to the Internet. It is believed that the 5G ecosystem would be based on a layered approach especially when it comes to meeting a country with such a vast and diverse geographical expanse as India. The bottom layer would comprise terrestrial technologies –both fixed and mobile. The next layer would comprise airborne technologies including. HAPS (High Altitude Platform Services) will help meet the needs of dense broadband clusters in urban areas where terrestrial technologies would find it hard to reach as well as rural sites where the deployment of fiber may not be feasible. Both these layers would be superimposed by a layer comprising Next-generation Satellite technologies viz. LEO/MEO/HEO along with High Throughput Technologies to cater to high bandwidth requirements, and ultra-low latency requirements in remote and hard-to-reach areas. The sections in this paper present a snapshot of the Roadmap for 5G in India, the 5G vision, optimal 5G architecture for India, the ongoing development of 5G technologies across the world, the rural use case for 5G, articulates the role of satellite technology in supporting this development, and also presents a limited set of policy recommendations in this regard. These recommendations are based on a review of the literature and the existing policy discourse over the development of 5G across the world. Roadmap for 5G in India 6 / MAY 2018 2. Need for a Roadmap With so many generations of mobile now deployed globally, the technology is starting to become a commodity and is naturally experiencing market pressure underpinned by shrinking margins and higher deployment costs. It is useful and timely to pose the question of the future of mobile—a future that goes beyond 5G. Notably, it is important to understand which technology disruptions are required to enable mobile not only to survive but also to thrive in an increasingly competitive technology and business landscape. With proper guidance, it is anticipated that 5G and Beyond will be able to unlock the economic benefits outlined in numerous studies. It is imperative that the entire industry for future 5G networks and massive connectivity is willing to participate in this Roadmap activity.

These operators are on track to launch commercial 5G networks by 2020 and are expected to establish China as the world’s largest 5G market by 2025. Countries including South Korea, China, Japan, the US, the UK, and Brazil are expected to roll out 5G networks by 2020. Even the Pakistan Government is contemplating rolling out 5G networks soon. The 5G vision will be realized in the converged network in three fundamental ways: through densification, virtualization, and optimization of the network. Densification If 5G is really going to deliver speeds 10 or more times faster than 4G, it will require more base stations in a given area—increasing the density of the network itself. Mobile network operators (MNOs) have begun this process in their 3G and 4G networks, with increased vectorization and the addition of small cells. Regardless of how 5G is ultimately defined, it will require more densification across macro sites, in-building, and within small cells. Densification adds complexity to the network because it increases the number of cell borders, where interference becomes a problem and handoffs introduces the possibility of dropped connections. In a 5G world, networks will need to depend on intelligent, automatic spectrum allocation to maintain quality as well as speed. Wireline infrastructure will also require upgrades to provide adequate fronthaul, backhaul, and power. 3. 5G Vision Roadmap for 5G in India 8 / MAY 2018 Optimization The third strategic component is to design and deploy for optimal performance. On a general level, this means increased efficiency throughout the converged network—from spectrum efficiency to implementation of virtualized load-balancing, and from space-efficient small cells to energy-efficient backhaul.

Measures are seen in such solutions as ? Mobile edge computing (MEC), which will serve the low-latency 5G IoT use cases such as augmented driving and the tactile internet. Placing cloud-computing capabilities at the edge of the mobile network involves many smaller data centers distributed closer to the cell sites— forming an edge cloud where intelligence can be placed closer to devices and machines. Content will become more complex and will require ultralow latency—not just in the pathway (which 5G solves), but in the core data center. Moving all of this content to the very edges of the network solves the problem. ? New power solutions, which are needed by 5G networks that have targets for energy efficiency as well as spectrum efficiency. It will be essential to learn how to get this power to sites in a practical, cost-effective, and environmentally-responsible way. Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a promising technology for 5G devices in the IoT. ? Frequency management in shared site equipment, which will require advanced self-organizing network (SON) capabilities in addition to core network architecture changes. New access network techniques such as massive MIMO (multiple input multiple outputs) are required to deliver the 5G experience; RF beamforming and interference mitigation technologies are also critical. Massive MIMO typically describes arrays of at least 64 antennas—often in bands above 2 GHz in the TDD spectrum. Massive MIMO will be deployed extensively in the centimeter and millimeter wave bands where the antennas become very small. ? Time division duplex (TDD) modes, which will play a significant role in growing 5G deployments. In 2015, about one in eight networks utilizes TDD technology, and that ratio is likely to increase. ? Interference mitigation, which is needed to ensure robust data services, as increased complexity demands increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As stated in Shannon’s Law, the level Virtualization MNOs will need to virtualize much of their 5G infrastructure to effectively manage spectrum—and efficiently manage costs. Several solutions and practices already exist to make this migration practical, including ? Centralized radio access networks (C-RANs), which will be the precursor to cloud radio access networks (also known as C-RANs). Centralized RAN involves moving baseband processing units (BBUs) from cell sites to a central location serving a wide area via fronthaul. This practice not only reduces the amount of equipment at the cell site but also lowers latency. In the coming evolution to cloud radio access networks, many BBU functions will be offloaded to commercial servers, essentially virtualizing the radio itself and greatly simplifying network management. ? Network function virtualization (NFV), which guides the development of new core network architecture will simplify the rollout of new services. NFV and software-defined networking (SDN)—deployed in conjunction with advanced analytic tools—will allow MNOs to automatically optimize their networks under policy control. ? Cell virtualization, which extends the concept of virtualization beyond the core network to the airwaves. Inside buildings, cell virtualization will enable MNOs to manage multiple radio points within the footprint of a single cell, boosting capacity and eliminating inter-cell interference. C-RAN-enabled cell virtualization also gives operators the ability to greatly increase spectrum reuse—hence, boosting overall efficiency. ? Virtual service instances, which reflect the need for 5G networks to support a diverse set of use cases. These virtual instances (or “network slices”) can serve different customers with different Quality of Experience (QoE) levels even though they may be sharing common computing, storage, or connectivity resources. 9 Roadmap for 5G in India of noise and interference in a wireless network determines the throughput capacity. MNOs must focus on ensuring a clean RF path through new technologies that reduce cell border interference, carefully sculpted transmission patterns, and network optimization. Understanding and appreciation of 5G require a totally different mindset from what is applicable to 3G and 4G. The latter two are mobile technologies which are progressive baby steps, with different degrees of success, toward broadband. However, 5G goes much beyond that. Incremental-type thinking cannot envision the character and potential of 5G. It marks the entry into the true full-fledged broadband era of ultra-high speeds & bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and a truly interconnected world – a continuum of both people and things. It will also usher us into the exciting world of ultra-high definition and virtual reality expectations. Thus, in a sense, in contradistinction to 3G and 4G, it even takes us beyond true broadband. Such ultra-level performance includes an eco-friendly ‘green’ telecom aspect with an incredible reduction in energy consumption per bit by a factor of 1000.

 The abstraction or virtualization techniques mentioned above and the cloud nature of the services raise complex issues for critical services and security as the point on which services or content could be delivered will be operated over several heterogeneous networks managed possibly by different entities. The whole end-to-end management then becomes a real issue. The second and increasingly important issue is that of reducing energy. The target is a reduction of 90% of today’s energy by 2020 with no reduction in performance or increase in cost. Thus 5G network design becomes a complex task involving link and area spectral efficiency together with energy efficiency.

  The seeds of systemic reform conducive to the development of 5G are said to be effectively in place in China. In an effort to fine-tune the development of future communication Asia-Pacific region countries, including South Korea, China, and Japan, are teaming together to research frequencies for 5G mobile telecommunications to secure early both 5G frequencies and their position as leaders in the technology, Chinese operators are on track to launch commercial 5G networks by 2020 and are expected to establish China as the world’s largest 5G market by 2025. Countries including South Korea, China, Japan, the US, the UK, and Brazil are expected to roll out 5G networks by 2020. Even the Pakistan Government is contemplating it will roll out 5G networks soon. Many countries are currently in a scramble to nail down disparate technologies to conform to a 5G ideal. The spoils of a first mover advantage are clear, and India is in a formidable position to take a lead on the implementation of complementary technologies to achieve 5G capabilities and monetize the resulting benefits for its own socio-economic development. There are disparities across nations with respect to may also be used in any other band harmonized at the European level for mobile services and licensed under the technology neutrality paradigm (800 MHz, 2 GHz, 2.3 GHz, and 2.6 GHz). The European Union followed ITU guidelines and designated 3.25 GHz of spectrum in band 24.25–27.5 GHz as a pioneer 5G band. The Europeans also consider the bands 31.8–33.4 GHz and 40.5–43.5 GHz as promising bands in the future. and innovation centers such as Shenzhen, a vibrant ecosystem with carriers and equipment manufacturers, as well as active participation and demonstrated thought leadership makes China a formidable contender in the race to adopt to start building the next generation 5G ready network architecture as a platform for innovation. The market knows it, and our service provider customers know it as well. The true innovators in our industry are already pushing the envelope of what is possible, feasible, and still only imaginable. The long pole is not the “5G New Radio”, it is the entire network transformation toward a digital, cloud-enabled, app-driven world that is money-making and easy to operate. 5G will be as strong as the weakest link across domains: HetNet, Cloud-RAN, IP transport, mobile core, edge, and cloud computing, supported by the proper virtualization and SDN capabilities, management, control, orchestration, analytics, and security end-to-end from the device to the app/service. Identity management, policy, and charging have to evolve as well to support a seamless and consistent quality of experience. Full automation and CUPS can help to break artificial domains to further seamless interworking. With this advancement, network slicing (through the mobile core, IP transport, and radio) becomes an invaluable enablement tool making communication services via satellite(s). The research challenges to addressing the fruitful integration of terrestrial and satellite air interfaces include the optimization of resource allocation strategies for both traffic and signaling, the efficient delivery of broadcast-like services, the reduction of latency, cost per bit, and energy consumption. The improvement of the autonomy (how many days/months/years it can operate) of High Altitude/Low Altitude platforms is also a key topic. The level of integration between terrestrial and satellite solutions (physical interface, control layer, service layer…) should also be investigated taking into account the constraints on devices and system costs, impact on the environment, and on energy consumption. The integration of network standards is seen to be crucial in these architectures. In particular how the satellite gateway interconnects into the 5G network interfaces. There are various scenarios of interconnection between the network entities, separating the control plane from the data plane that will determine the performance and the signaling load on the networks that needs to be minimized. India has started tuning the spectrum for 5G services as part of its roadmap to become an early adopters of the next generation services, which is expected to provide download speed over 1000Mbps on mobile devices. old us that India will have one of the biggest IoT (Internet of things) user bases and the company is keen to partner with C-DoT to develop various IoT solutions.

 India is a forerunner and will be an early adopter of 5G. Even a lot of Indian software companies are behind a lot of the technologies in 5G. The corresponding software has to be made. Indian companies are developing software for that. Already C-DoT has developed a standard M2M platform.  Roadmap for 5G in India the mobile user to reduce the network communication cost for service delivery. Different users with vastly different mobility and service patterns can adopt different integrated location and service management methods to optimize system performance. The integration of satellite (GEO and non-GEO) and terrestrial can be used to extend the 5G network to ubiquitous coverage. For example to sea—cruise liners and yachts, passenger aircraft, trains, and even to remote locations such as holiday villas. A simple example is via backhauling but this can be done in an intelligent manner by routing traffic either over the satellite or terrestrially depending on the content and the required QoE. IoT coverage to wide areas involving sensors and M2M connections al for satellite with its wide coverage. In the safety market, all new vehicles are likely to be mandated to include safety packages, and given the need for ubiquitous coverage systems that follow on from the EU SAFE TRIP system demonstration will play a key role. Furthermore, we foresee the provisioning of a robust, virtually infrastructure-less network for safety and emergency networks, highly distributed enterprise networks, and a backhaul alternative for isolated and remote areas. Beyond offloading broadcast services, there is also a need to determine, identify and investigate those scenarios for which satellite-based solutions hold the potential to provide advantages with respect to a stand-alone terrestrial solution (e.g., on sea/air, low-density populated areas, isolated villages, emerging countries, tracking of fleets, etc) in terms of service availability, resilience, coverage. To achieve this objective, techno economics & benchmarking studies should be conducted in addition to performance and capacity studies. A major contribution that satellites can make to 5G is to off-load traffic from terrestrial networks, in particular for video-based traffic as the largest contributor to spectrum demands through one-to-many distribution to, e.g., localized caches. This can be achieved by traffic classification and intelligent routing and will thus reduce the demands on the terrestrial spectrum. Satellites have been traditionally used for broadcast purposes but as CDNs become common, the ability of satellites to download high data that can be cached for onward delivery becomes an attractive feature. The interplay with new (inter)network architectures, such as CDN is important to consider for SatCom/cellular integration. Pervasive caching and naming of information and content transferred over the networks would more easily allow the inclusion of SatCom into an integrated Satellite-Terrestrial network by exploiting the broadcast/multicast and broadband capabilities and masking the longer propagation delay, improving overall performance with caches at the edges. QoE is becoming the byword for service provision and a major differentiator, but it is little understood at the moment. It is clear that peak and average bit rates are not the determining factors but sustainable bit rate links more to the QoE. Intelligent delivery of services using the systems that best suit the QoE to the user is another area in which satellites can play a part. Integrated localization schemes are key enablers to many new services in 5G. The notion of per-user integrated location and service management in cellular/satellite systems should be investigated either to help in spectrum sharing or to improve trucking systems.

Joining this with integrated satellite and cellular communications will provide a powerful new fusion enabling the innovation of services. The future 5G system will include the integrated provision of communication, localization, and sensing on a global and very accurate scale. Security services require high resilience and thus the use of satellite together with cellular delivery will help provide the availability required. Most countries have a fallback disaster and emergency networks, which can benefit from an integrated satellite and cellular approach. There is the increased use of surveillance using UAVs and the necessity for real-time high de

  Tuning ranges allow the development of equipment that accommodates multiple bands and thereby facilitates the development of an ecosystem that can serve multiple markets. Developers and manufacturers can potentially customize equipment for deployment countries and provide flexibility for regulators to manage spectrum resources within any given jurisdiction. Therefore, administrations should consider how 5G services can be harmonized internationally, even if identical allocations cannot be used everywhere. To that end, administrations should consider their specific allocations within a broader globally harmonized and licensed band that accounts for the needs of various regions or countries. Under this approach, each administration would apply the tuning range concept, with a focus on specific bands appropriate for its needs. The near-term bands for mid-band and high-band consideration are 3.3-4.2 GHz, 24.25-29.5, and 37-43.5 GHz. Beyond these brands, it is proposed that global 6.3.  Since 5G is targeting improvements across three fronts, enhanced mobile broadband, massive-scale connectivity, and ultra-reliable low latency service, there are different spectrum requirements than previous generations of cellular technology.

  The large bandwidths available in the mm-Wave bands can achieve high data throughput speeds but the somewhat limited propagation distances and penetration at these higher frequencies could possibly confine usage to more concentrated areas. It is therefore important that regulators take actions to ensure adequate spectrum resources are available in all bands and allocate adequate bandwidth to support the varied use cases of 5G. . Cost, performance and complexity trade-offs impact the feasibility of covering harmonized frequency ranges with a single radio unit. The use of existing IMT bands has the advantage of being able to reuse existing front-end modules for 5G NR usage.

 One of the expected implications is the global wide deployment of trillions of monitoring systems as part of the Internet of Things (IoT) connected over 5G infrastructures. Each IoT device will naturally consume power when actively connected to the network. The 5G KPI target of “facilitating very dense deployments of wireless communication links to connect 7 trillion wireless devices serving over 7 billion people” could take advantage of satellites by adapting the air interface to allow satellite terminals to reduce the power consumption of connected devices (when appropriate) and allow for the creation of physical and data link layers to further minimize energy consumption. Spectrum Perhaps the most significant benefit of satellites would be higher spectral economies. Dynamic frequency sharing would be critical for driving major increases in spectrum use, given both networks are permitted and set up to engage in such sharing. 23 Roadmap for 5G in India is relocated in order to meet the demand and changing requirements of the operator or service provider’s business plan.

 Advantages of HAP communications: HAP communications have a number of potential benefits, as summarized below. ? Large-area coverage (compared with terrestrial systems). The geometry of HAP deployment means that long-range links experience relatively little rain attenuation compared to terrestrial links over the same distance, due to a shorter slant path through the atmosphere. At the shorter millimeter-wave bands this can yield significant link budget advantages within large cells. ? Flexibility to respond to traffic demands. HAPs are ideally suited to the provision of centralized adaptable resource allocation, i.e. flexible and responsive frequency reuse patterns, and cell sizes, unconstrained by the physical location of base stations. Such almost real-time adaptation should provide greatly increased overall capacity compared with fixed terrestrial schemes or satellite systems. ? Low cost. Although there is to date no direct experience of operating costs, a small cluster of HAPS should prove considerably cheaper to procure and launch than geostationary satellites or a constellation of LEO satellites. A HAPS 7.2 High Altitude Platform Services (HAPS) In the past providers of communication services have clearly fallen into two categories – satellite or terrestrial, now new efforts are underway to give a second wind to a delivery platform, which is physically located between the two: airborne systems including high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), placed on air above 20 km height. While the ITU-R has studied the delivery of Radiocommunication services over HAPS for years, operational HAPS systems communications services have yet to be been realized. Recent improvements in lightweight aircraft technology offer potential for realizable HAPS systems. Innovation in India and technology outputs The aforementioned broad policy considerations have special significance for emerging economies such as India which are currently at a crucial juncture and are looking to successfully reap the immense potential benefits of an increasingly digitized economy. Unfortunately, however, the lack of a robust innovation ecosystem for technology development and knowledge-based.

 It is also evident that despite being the second largest market for mobile connections and smartphones and having hundreds of suppliers of ICT products, none are actually being ‘made’ in India in the true sense. Resultantly, India is trapped in being a mere consumer/follower of almost all ICT technologies and has not even managed to contribute as an implementer of technology in the global value chain. Owing to the lack of an indigenous IP pool, India is way behind on innovation. R&D capacity and associated investments are also weak.

  Even after being a producer, India imports more handsets than it produces domestically. The fact that Indian origin manufacturers have not been able to innovate to meet rising competition. Knowledge Diffusion and IPR Receipts depict either a stagnating or a decreasing trend. The Indian smartphone industry is a typical case in point, which personifies the aforementioned scenario. If we look at the situation of smartphone production in India, it is clear that India is merely assembling mobile handsets and not truly adding value. The general lack of innovation in the Indian smartphone industry and low competitiveness of domestic players (the reason for this stems from the low domestic capacities of firms to invest in specialized R&D efforts required to develop technology such as semiconductors and the general lack of specialized skills) has resulted in the absence of India’s participation in the global value chain of ICT products and its components. India’s royalty and license fees receipts and domestic patent application statistics have remained stagnant over the past three years  Hence, there is substantial scope for India to develop its indigenous IP pool, especially in industries such as ICT. 30 indigenous IP pool, India is way behind on innovation. R&D capacity and associated investments are also weak. Moreover, stats depict that India accounts for a production of nearly 100 million mobile phones which has significantly risen from 68 million in 2014. This includes major manufacturers such as Panasonic, Mitsubishi, Samsung, LG, and Flextronics, along with Indian manufacturers such as Micromax, Lava, and Intex among others. However, despite being a producer, India imports more handsets than it produces domestically. Number of Handsets imported into India (in millions) The fact that Indian-origin manufacturers have not been able to innovate to meet rising competition has resulted in decreasing market shares for domestic players. Falling Market Shares of Indian Smartphone Makers 2 India imports roughly 83 percent of its local demand for mobile phones. The government of India has in fact recognized the need to bolster the present innovation ecosystem and has accordingly framed the National Intellectual Property Rights Policy (the Policy), 2016 which envisages a long-term vision to encourage creativity and innovation in IP-led growth for the benefit of all.

.New dimension to the Digital India, Smart Cities, and Smart Village initiatives and could potentially make huge contributions to the Make in India and Start-Up India missions as well. to achieve long-term ambitions, India needs to turn around this situation by initiating specific policy interventions which target to increase its own competitiveness vis-à-vis SEP portfolios rather than undermining those of the current ‘Haves’.  Avoid unilateral standard-setting initiatives and encourage participation in international SDOs The historical perspective on standards development and the relative advantages and disadvantages vis-à-vis different modes of standardization advances several arguments which should ideally encourage jurisdictions such as India to vigorously pursue participation in international standard development processes. Lessons from other jurisdictions which have sought to increase the competitiveness of domestic market players by either introducing protectionist policies or by developing their own standards unilaterally have not been successful and they too have moved towards international fora. Take the case of China, which realized the nearly absolute dominance of western firms in the wireless telecommunications standards field, and the high royalty rates charged by them by Chinese firms and adopted a proprietary approach to 3G standardization. Their efforts resulted in TD-SCDMA, which was a Chinese standard developed by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Research (CATT) and its state-owned affiliate Datang in collaboration with German equipment vendor Siemens. Though the standard cannot be considered to be a market success, it surely advanced China’s goal of building in-house technical expertise, thereby enhancing their domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced ICT products. Considering the high cost of developing these standards, coupled with their lack of international adoption, China has now moved towards international interoperable standards, through significantly increased participation in international SDOs. Participation in international fora has several benefits for firms that currently lie in the ‘Have-Not’ category. First, the embodiment of proprietary technology in the industry standards itself gives an early advantage to contributory firms which can thereby utilize SEPs to gain strategic advantages over competitors.13 Second, the role has largely been restricted to that of an assembler, and not even a manufacturer. A major part of the manufacturing value chain (MVC) is still happening in other countries such as China, Taiwan, etc. where there is a well-built component ecosystem, which supports its manufacturing. The Internet Society (ISOC), which is a US/ Switzerland-based NGO that oversees the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a major developer of Internet standards, is a good example. It regularly supports Fellows from developing countries to participate in IETF meetings and other activities.

 However, with the expected technical and operational capabilities of 5G; the existing and near-future services will no more be occurrences but reality. This is because, for the first time, there will be a mobile network where specialized services can be delivered to meet specific commercial, social and political needs.  Also in most parts of the world, there are different arrangements, where the public sector forms a partnership with a network operator and a community to facilitate a telecom network. These partnerships provide inspiration for a financial and organizational strategy that may be adapted to extend 5G infrastructure and services into rural areas. These visions, arrangements, and cost advantages create possibilities for extending 5G infrastructure into rural areas, by extending base stations delivering relevant services to meet the commercial needs of a rural area. Therefore an effort is to be made to simulate a strategy using existing markets to demonstrate how - based on the technological and service delivery potential of 5G - can be facilitated to extend the 5G to a rural areas in India. Cellular technology is mostly an urban technology that has been unable to serve rural areas well. This is because the traditional cellular models are not economical for areas with low user density and lesser revenues. In 5G cellular networks, the coverage dilemma is likely to remain the same, thus widening the rural-urban digital divide further. It is about time to identify the root cause that has hindered the rural technology growth and analyze the possible options in 5G architecture to address this issue. We firmly believe that it can be accomplished.  5G is expected to handle services that 4G cannot handle efficiently, such as IoT services, M2M, etc. Therefore 5G is one technology, in which service possibilities exist before the network.  Simultaneous management of multiple technologies in the same band limited spectrum is a challenge in 5G mobile communication which supports going beyond voice for net planes are increasingly complex.

CONCLUSION

It is evident that we all are waiting for the magical stories and benefits forecasted after the successful implementation of the widely popular 5G. Whatever you have read may be less or more but it is a journey towards progression which will be very useful for people and the economy.