LOSSES:

1. Iron Losses (Core Losses)

Iron losses occur in the transformer core due to the alternating magnetic field and consist of:

? Eddy Current Losses:

o Cause: Induced currents (eddy currents) flow within the core material due to the changing magnetic field, generating heat.

o Reduction: Laminating the core with thin sheets of insulated steel reduces these losses by breaking up eddy current paths.

? Hysteresis Losses:

o Cause: Energy is lost as the core material undergoes repeated cycles of magnetization and demagnetization, due to the lag between the magnetic field and the magnetization of the core.

o Reduction: Using core materials with low hysteresis loss characteristics, such as high-grade silicon steel, minimizes these losses.

2. Copper Losses (Winding Losses)

Copper losses occur in the transformer windings and depend on the load current.

? Cause: Due to the electrical resistance in the windings, energy is dissipated as heat according to the formula I2R, where I is current and R is the resistance.

? Reduction: Using conductors with low resistance and optimizing winding design helps reduce these losses.

3. Stray Losses

Stray losses are caused by leakage flux that induces currents in nearby metallic parts.

? Cause: Leakage magnetic flux induces eddy currents in non-winding components, leading to localized heating.

? Reduction: Proper design and placement of metallic components minimize exposure to leakage flux.

4. Dielectric Losses

Dielectric losses occur in the insulating materials due to the alternating electric field.

? Cause: Polarization and small leakage currents in the insulation material lead to energy dissipation as heat.

? Reduction: Using high-quality, low-loss insulating materials and optimizing insulation design help reduce?these?losses.