Literature Review on Local Government Strategies for Addressing Housing Shortages and Affordability Issues

Abstract

This literature review examines strategies derived from the More Housing Wisconsin initiative—a collaborative effort by the Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, Wisconsin Builders Association, and League of Wisconsin Municipalities—to address the state’s pressing housing shortages and affordability challenges. Drawing on eleven detailed briefing papers, this review focuses on zoning reforms, streamlined permitting processes, public-private partnerships, and methods to counter community opposition. Wisconsin-specific case studies and policy recommendations illustrate how these strategies can expand housing supply, improve affordability, and foster economic growth. Practical solutions are provided to guide municipal leaders and economic developers in overcoming regulatory, financial, and social barriers. These insights emphasize the importance of collaboration, equity, and innovation in resolving Wisconsin’s housing crisis.

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Keywords: More Housing Wisconsin, affordable housing, zoning reform, public-private partnerships, NIMBY opposition, permitting processes, municipal housing policy, workforce housing

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Introduction

Housing shortages and affordability challenges represent urgent issues for municipalities nationwide, with Wisconsin experiencing some of the most acute impacts. A 2024 report by the League of Wisconsin Municipalities projects that Wisconsin must build over 200,000 housing units by 2030 to meet increasing demand driven by demographic shifts, economic growth, and evolving workforce needs (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024a). Yet, systemic barriers such as restrictive zoning laws, high infrastructure costs, and community opposition have hindered progress.

This literature review synthesizes key findings from municipal housing studies to explore innovative strategies for addressing these barriers. The review covers zoning reforms, streamlined permitting processes, public-private partnerships, and methods to build public support for housing initiatives. Through Wisconsin-specific case studies and policy recommendations, this work provides actionable guidance for local governments and economic developers aiming to alleviate the housing crisis while balancing fiscal and community priorities.

The findings underscore the transformative potential of municipal leadership in implementing targeted policy interventions and fostering collaborative solutions. By adopting innovative practices, municipalities can address housing shortages, enhance affordability, and ensure equitable access to housing opportunities for all residents.

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The State of Housing Challenges

Summary of Housing Shortages

The housing crisis in Wisconsin is emblematic of national trends marked by a growing disparity between housing costs and household income. Between 2017 and 2022, the median sales price of homes in Wisconsin surged by over 50%, from $172,900 to $265,000, while the median household income grew by only 19%, from $60,000 to $71,760 (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024b). This widening gap underscores a significant affordability crisis, placing homeownership out of reach for many middle- and low-income families. Furthermore, renting has increased dramatically, with nearly half of Wisconsin renters now classified as cost-burdened, spending more than 30% of their income on housing (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024a). Nationally, Freddie Mac estimates the United States faces a shortage of 3.8 million housing units, a crisis mirrored in Wisconsin, where Forward Analytics predicts a deficit of at least 140,000 units by 2030 to meet baseline needs and 227,000 units to sustain workforce growth (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024a).

The supply of affordable housing has stagnated due to a combination of factors, including rising construction costs, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. These challenges have increased the average price of new home construction by nearly 30% since 2019, reducing affordability (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024c). Regulatory barriers, such as minimum lot sizes and stringent zoning restrictions, have compounded these issues, limiting the ability to develop smaller, more affordable housing options (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024a). Wisconsin’s aging housing stock also presents a challenge; over 40% of existing homes were built before 1970, requiring significant renovations to meet modern standards, further inflating costs (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024b).

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Analysis of Underlying Issues

The roots of Wisconsin’s housing crisis lie in a complex interplay of economic, regulatory, and demographic factors. Zoning laws remain a primary obstacle, particularly restrictions on density and the types of allowable housing units. Historically, post-World War II suburban zoning models favored large-lot, single-family developments, which dominate 75% of residential land in Wisconsin’s urban areas (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024c). These laws not only constrain housing supply but also perpetuate segregation and economic disparities by excluding lower-cost housing types such as duplexes, triplexes, and accessory dwelling units (ADUs) (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024d).

Another significant factor is the mortgage rate “lock-in effect,” which has deterred homeowners from selling their properties and entering the market. As interest rates rose sharply in 2022 and 2023, the percentage of homeowners locked into historically low mortgage rates increased, significantly reducing the turnover of existing housing inventory (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024a). This has created a bottleneck in the housing market, exacerbating shortages and driving up prices. Moreover, labor shortages within the construction industry have led to delays and increased costs. Data from the Wisconsin Builders Association reveal a 15% decline in the state’s construction workforce over the past decade, making it increasingly challenging to meet the demand for new housing (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024c).

Infrastructure costs and permitting delays also exacerbate affordability challenges. Municipalities often require developers to install infrastructure such as roads, sewer lines, and stormwater systems, adding an average of $25,000 per unit to development costs (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024e). Lengthy approval processes—which can take 12-24 months in some municipalities—further discourage development, particularly for smaller projects aimed at affordability (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d).

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Context for Local Governments

Local governments are uniquely positioned to address these challenges through targeted policy interventions and innovative strategies. They hold the authority to amend zoning codes, streamline permitting processes, and offer incentives to developers to promote affordable housing. For example, reducing minimum lot sizes and allowing higher-density developments could enable the construction of smaller, more cost-effective homes (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d). Additionally, municipal governments can utilize public land and Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) districts to support workforce housing projects, leveraging public resources to attract private investment (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024h).

However, these efforts must contend with fiscal constraints and community resistance. Wisconsin’s levy limits restrict municipal revenue growth to net new construction, limiting the capacity to fund housing initiatives without increasing property taxes (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024a). Furthermore, opposition from residents—often driven by NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) sentiments—presents significant barriers to implementing zoning reforms or approving multi-family housing projects (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2025). Community outreach and coalition-building are critical for fostering public support and overcoming resistance.

Local governments also must delicately balance fostering economic growth and preserving community character. Policymakers must ensure that housing solutions align with the broader goals of equity, sustainability, and economic vitality while addressing the diverse needs of their populations. By adopting a holistic and data-driven approach, municipalities can develop strategies that effectively address housing shortages while maintaining fiscal and community stability (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024b).

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Strategic Solutions in Housing Policy

Zoning and Land Use Reform

Zoning reform is widely recognized as one of the most impactful strategies for addressing housing shortages and promoting affordability. Historically, exclusionary zoning practices, such as single-family-only designations, have limited housing diversity and contributed to affordability challenges (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024d). Reducing minimum lot sizes, allowing accessory dwelling units (ADUs), and enabling missing middle housing (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, and townhomes) can increase density and expand housing options across income levels (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024c).

Case studies underscore the efficacy of zoning reform. For example, Madison, Wisconsin, amended its zoning ordinance to increase housing density by lowering minimum lot sizes and permitting multi-family developments by right in mixed-use districts, resulting in significant growth in housing availability (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d). Wisconsin municipalities adopting ADU-friendly policies report increased housing options for seniors, young professionals, and smaller households while preserving neighborhood character (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d).

Flexible zoning policies also foster innovation in housing design, enabling cottage clusters and co-housing developments. Municipalities that implement these reforms can more effectively meet the needs of diverse populations while addressing systemic inequities in housing access (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e).

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Streamlining Development Approvals

Reducing delays in permitting and approval processes is critical for accelerating housing development and controlling costs. Bureaucratic inefficiencies, including lengthy review timelines and inconsistent zoning code applications, add significant costs to housing projects and often delay them by months or even years (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024e).

Streamlined permitting systems, such as one-stop shops, can reduce processing times by consolidating reviews across departments (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e). Pre-approved building plans are another effective tool, offering developers templates that meet municipal requirements, thus eliminating the need for multiple revisions. Madison, Wisconsin, has successfully expedited higher-density developments through statutory deadlines for decision-making, a strategy credited with facilitating over 300 housing developments (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e). Additionally, municipalities employing digital tools, such as online application portals and automated tracking systems, report significant improvements in transparency and reduced administrative burdens (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e).

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Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships (P3s)

Public-private partnerships (P3s) represent a collaborative approach to addressing housing shortages, leveraging public resources and private-sector innovation. These partnerships often involve employers, developers, and municipalities working together to fund, design, and implement housing projects that meet community needs (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024f).

In Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, a coalition of employers, including Johnsonville, Kohler Co., and Sargento Foods, contributed $8 million to the Founders’ Pointe subdivision, which included 54 workforce housing units (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024f). The municipality provided infrastructure support through Tax Increment Financing (TIF), illustrating how public incentives can attract significant private investment. Similarly, the “Live it Up, Wausau” program, a partnership between the City of Wausau and local employers, provided down payment assistance to employees purchasing homes within the community, addressing housing affordability while retaining workforce talent (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024g).

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Utilizing Public Land and Tax Incremental Financing (TIF)

Repurposing publicly owned land and leveraging TIF are proven strategies for expanding housing supply and affordability. Public land, often underutilized, can serve as a foundation for mixed-income or workforce housing projects when paired with strategic partnerships and funding mechanisms (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024g).

Green Bay, Wisconsin, offers a compelling example. The city utilized a $500,000 corporate donation from JBS Foods and 26 acres of donated land to create a housing development that included 200 single- and multi-family units (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024g). By incorporating public park spaces and sustainable design features, the project balanced community needs with housing production goals, showcasing the multifaceted potential of public land redevelopment.

Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) remains one of the most versatile tools for funding housing projects available to municipalities. TIF allows municipalities to capture increased property tax revenue from new developments and reinvest it into project infrastructure, thereby reducing upfront costs for developers (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024h). Cities like Madison have effectively used TIF extensions to fund affordable housing, creating hundreds of units for low- and moderate-income households while catalyzing private development (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024h).

TIF-supported housing projects often yield substantial economic benefits. A study by the Wisconsin Policy Forum found that TIF typically generates $6 in private investment for every $1 of public funding, underscoring its multiplier effect on local economies. However, careful management is essential to avoid over-reliance and ensure that revenues are sufficient to cover long-term infrastructure costs without compromising fiscal stability (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024h).

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Addressing Opposition and Building Public Support

Challenges of NIMBYism

Community opposition to housing projects, often rooted in NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) sentiments, continues to be a significant impediment to zoning reforms and multi-family housing development. Opponents frequently cite concerns about declining property values, changes to neighborhood character, increased traffic, and strain on existing infrastructure such as schools and water systems (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2025). Such opposition is particularly strong in low-density neighborhoods, where residents wield considerable influence, often exacerbating housing disparities and limiting availability in high-demand areas (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

Misconceptions about the impact of affordable and multi-family housing often fuel NIMBYism. Contrary to these fears, well-designed housing developments do not decrease property values. They may improve neighborhood appeal by incorporating aesthetic and functional enhancements (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025). Despite evidence to the contrary, these perceptions persist, highlighting the necessity for proactive and empathetic municipal responses to opposition (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

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Strategies for Public Engagement

Engaging communities effectively is essential for mitigating opposition and fostering support for housing projects. Successful public engagement addresses concerns dispels myths and builds trust among stakeholders. Proven strategies include tailored community outreach plans, public workshops, and transparent communication about project goals and benefits (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

Visualization tools play a pivotal role in reducing resistance. Municipalities that employ detailed visual representations of proposed developments can clarify project designs and dispel fears. For example, sharing visualizations of how missing middle housing integrates seamlessly into neighborhoods often garners public approval and reduces misconceptions (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d). Framing housing initiatives as solutions to critical community issues, such as workforce retention, housing affordability, and economic growth, shifts the narrative from individual fears to collective benefits (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

Another effective strategy is tailored messaging. Addressing specific local concerns, such as increased tax revenues or reduced commuting times for essential workers, helps align housing projects with community priorities. Emphasizing shared benefits fosters a collaborative spirit, creating momentum for necessary zoning and policy changes (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

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Coalition Building

Building coalitions of diverse stakeholders is critical for overcoming opposition and advancing housing initiatives. Effective coalitions include business leaders, housing advocates, residents, and municipal officials collaborating to advocate for shared goals (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2025). Early and continuous engagement ensures that all voices are heard, fostering inclusivity and alignment.

In Green Bay, Wisconsin, a coalition of local employers, nonprofits, and city officials successfully championed a workforce housing project by tailoring messages to align with community values, such as sustainability and economic development. Their collective advocacy expedited the approval process and secured essential funding (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024g).

Targeted outreach to underrepresented groups, including renters, young professionals, and minority communities, further broadens dialogue and builds support. These groups are often directly affected by housing shortages and can provide unique perspectives that enrich the discussion (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025). Social media platforms and virtual town halls have also proven effective in engaging these populations, particularly younger demographics who are more likely to support housing density and affordability measures (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

Strong leadership is essential to maintain coalition focus and cohesion. Municipal leaders must navigate disagreements, foster unity, and ensure that advocacy efforts remain strategic and goal-oriented. By leveraging diverse perspectives and resources, coalitions can amplify their impact, advancing housing initiatives that benefit entire communities (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

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Policy Recommendations for Local Governments

Implement Zoning Reforms

Local governments should prioritize zoning reforms to address housing shortages and promote affordability. Traditional zoning laws, particularly those favoring single-family homes, have constrained the development of diverse and affordable housing types. By reducing minimum lot sizes, permitting accessory dwelling units (ADUs), and allowing multi-family housing in single-family zones, municipalities can increase density and expand housing options (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024d).

For example, reducing minimum lot sizes has proven to facilitate the development of smaller, more affordable homes. Wisconsin municipalities adopting ADU-friendly policies report increased housing options for seniors, young professionals, and smaller households while preserving neighborhood character (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d). These reforms expand housing supply and promote economic equity by increasing access to high-opportunity neighborhoods and addressing systemic inequities in housing access (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024d).

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Streamline Permitting Processes

Streamlining permitting processes is a critical strategy for reducing development costs, accelerating timelines, and encouraging investment. Regulatory delays are a major contributor to increased housing costs, and addressing these bottlenecks can make development more efficient (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024e).

Municipalities can adopt one-stop permitting systems to consolidate reviews across departments, eliminating redundant processes. Pre-approved building plans also provide developers with compliant templates, reducing revisions and speeding up approvals (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e). Madison, Wisconsin, offers an example of success, where time-limited review processes ensure decisions on qualifying projects are made within 90 days, expediting over 300 developments since implementation (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e). Leveraging digital tools such as online portals and automated tracking systems has further improved transparency and reduced administrative burdens (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024e).

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Foster Public-Private Partnerships

Public-private partnerships (P3s) are innovative solutions to housing challenges. They leverage public resources and private-sector expertise to address gaps in workforce and affordable housing. These partnerships often succeed by aligning municipal goals with employer needs and developer capabilities (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2024f).

Local employers contributed over $8 million to develop the Founders’ Pointe subdivision in Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, creating 54 workforce housing units. The municipality supported the project with infrastructure funding through Tax Increment Financing (TIF), demonstrating the effectiveness of combining public incentives with private investment (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024f). Similarly, the “Live it Up, Wausau” initiative offered down payment assistance to employees, fostering workforce retention and local economic stability (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024g).

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Address NIMBYism through Engagement

Addressing Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) opposition is essential for advancing housing initiatives. Resistance often stems from misconceptions about the impacts of new developments, such as fears of declining property values or increased traffic (League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association, 2025).

Effective engagement strategies prioritize transparency, education, and inclusivity. Municipalities can use visual tools like photorealistic renderings to demonstrate how developments will integrate into neighborhoods, helping to alleviate concerns and build trust (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025). Framing zoning reforms as solutions to pressing community issues, such as workforce retention and economic growth, further shifts the narrative toward collaboration (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

Another critical strategy is building coalitions among business leaders, housing advocates, and residents. Green Bay, Wisconsin, successfully formed a coalition to support a workforce housing project, leveraging collective advocacy to expedite approvals and secure funding (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2024g). Digital engagement tools, such as social media and virtual town halls, have expanded outreach and strengthened support among younger demographics more inclined to favor density and affordability measures (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

By fostering open dialogue, demonstrating benefits, and addressing concerns, municipalities can build a consensus to overcome opposition and achieve sustainable housing goals (League of Wisconsin Municipalities et al., 2025).

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Conclusion

The housing crisis in Wisconsin and across the United States underscores an urgent need for municipalities to implement innovative, collaborative, and evidence-based solutions. This review has shown that addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach: zoning reforms to increase housing diversity, streamlined permitting processes to reduce development barriers, public-private partnerships to pool resources and expertise, and community engagement strategies to build support and mitigate opposition. Together, these strategies offer a robust framework for expanding housing supply, improving affordability, and promoting equitable economic growth.

However, successful implementation depends on thoughtful planning and a deep commitment to equity and sustainability. Municipal leaders must recognize their communities' unique needs and foster collaboration among stakeholders, including residents, developers, and employers. By prioritizing long-term resilience, municipalities can ensure that housing solutions align with broader goals of inclusivity, environmental stewardship, and economic vitality.

The path forward demands not just action but also adaptability and innovation. Municipalities must embrace bold yet practical reforms to meet the evolving demands of their populations. Through these efforts, local governments and economic developers have the opportunity to transform the housing landscape, creating stronger, more inclusive, and economically vibrant communities for future generations.

Actionable Recommendations for Local Governments and Economic Development Professionals

Implement Zoning Reforms:

• Reduce minimum lot sizes to enable higher-density housing.
• Permit accessory dwelling units (ADUs) in single-family zones.
• Enable missing middle housing, such as duplexes and triplexes, in areas traditionally restricted to single-family homes.

Streamline Permitting Processes:

• Establish one-stop permitting systems to consolidate reviews across departments.
• Utilize pre-approved building plans to reduce redundancies and expedite approvals.
• Set statutory deadlines for decision-making on qualifying projects.
• Adopt digital tools such as online application portals and automated tracking systems.

Leverage Public-Private Partnerships (P3s):

• Partner with employers and developers to fund workforce housing projects.
• Use Tax Increment Financing (TIF) to support infrastructure and housing developments.
• Collaborate with local businesses to provide housing incentives such as down payment assistance.

Address NIMBYism and Build Public Support:

• Use visual tools to illustrate how housing developments will integrate into existing neighborhoods.
• Frame housing reforms as solutions to workforce retention, economic growth, and community equity.
• Build coalitions of stakeholders, including business leaders, housing advocates, and residents.
• Engage underrepresented groups through social media and virtual town halls to broaden public dialogue.

Utilize Public Land Strategically:

• Repurpose underutilized public land for mixed-income and workforce housing.
• Incorporate community amenities into housing developments, such as parks and sustainable design features.
• Partner with private entities to maximize the impact of public land redevelopment.

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References

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, March). Municipal housing solutions: Housing ready checklist for municipalities. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, April). Municipal housing solutions: First steps to housing solutions. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, May). Municipal housing solutions: Laying the foundation for informed local housing policy decisions. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, June). Municipal housing solutions: Reduce minimum lot and dwelling unit size restrictions. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, July). Municipal housing solutions: Supporting infill housing through missing middle and accessory dwelling units. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, August). Municipal housing solutions: Streamline development approval processes and create expedited review for workforce housing. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, September). Municipal housing solutions: Understanding the costs of developing a buildable lot. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, October). Municipal housing solutions: Public-private housing solutions. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, November). Municipal housing solutions: Using TID affordable housing extensions for municipal housing initiatives. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2024, December). Municipal housing solutions: Using publicly owned land for workforce housing. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Wisconsin REALTORS? Association, & Wisconsin Builders Association. (2025, January). Municipal housing solutions: Neutralizing NIMBYism and building public support for workforce housing. Whitepaper Series. Retrieved from https://www.lwm-info.org/1706/More-Housing-Wisconsin

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