Here is a list of some commonly used Linux commands:
- ls - list the files and directories in the current directory
- cd - change the current directory
- pwd - print the current working directory
- mkdir - make a new directory
- rmdir - remove an empty directory
- cp - copy a file or directory
- mv - move or rename a file or directory
- rm - remove a file
- touch - create a new empty file
- chmod - change the permissions of a file or directory
- sudo - execute a command as the superuser
- man - display the manual for a command
- cat - concatenate and display the contents of a file
- grep - search for a pattern in a file or stream of data
- find - search for files and directories
- head - display the beginning of a file
- tail - display the end of a file
- sort - sort the lines of a file
- uniq - remove duplicate lines from a file
- wc - count the number of lines, words, and bytes in a file
- tar - create and extract archive files
- gzip - compress or decompress files
- gunzip - decompress files that have been compressed with gzip
- bzip2 - compress or decompress files
- bunzip2 - decompress files that have been compressed with bzip2
- zip - compress or decompress files
- unzip - decompress files that have been compressed with zip
- ssh - connect to a remote machine over a secure shell
- scp - copy files between two computers over a secure shell
- rsync - synchronize files between two computers
- ping - send a test message to a remote computer to see if it is reachable
- traceroute - trace the path that a packet takes to a remote computer
- netstat - display information about network connections
- dig - perform DNS lookups
- host - perform DNS lookups
- nslookup - perform DNS lookups
- whois - look up information about a domain name
- top - display information about processes running on the system
- ps - display information about processes
- kill - terminate a process
- df - display information about available disk space
- du - display information about the space used by directories
- free - display information about free and used memory
- uptime - display the system uptime and load averages
- uname - display information about the system
- lsb_release - display information about the Linux distribution
- dmesg - display the kernel message log
- journalctl - display the system journal
- last - display information about recent system logins
- who - display information about users currently logged in to the system
- w - display information about users currently logged in to the system and their processes
- reboot - reboot the system
- shutdown - shut down the system
- init - control the system initialization process
- systemctl - control the system and services
- mount - mount a file system
- umount - unmount a file system
- fdisk - partition a disk
- parted - partition a disk
- gparted - partition a disk (graphical user interface)
- chown - change the owner of a file or directory
- chgrp - change the group ownership of a file or directory
- passwd - change the password for a user
- su - switch to a different user
- adduser - add a new user to the system
- userdel - delete a user from the system
- groupadd - add a new group to the system
- groupdel - delete a group from the system
- visudo - edit the sudoers file (configuration for who can use the sudo command)
- apt-get - package manager for Debian-based systems (e.g., Ubuntu)
- yum - package manager for Red Hat-based systems (e.g., CentOS)
- dnf - package manager for Fedora
- pacman - package manager for Arch Linux
- emerge - package manager for Gentoo Linux
- zypper - package manager for openSUSE
- rpm - install, query, verify, and delete software packages
- make - build software from source code
- gcc - GNU C compiler
- g++ - GNU C++ compiler
- gdb - GNU debugger
this is just a small selection of the many commands available in Linux. You can learn more about these and other commands by consulting the manual pages (using the man command) or by doing online research.
