Learning Generative AI: #3 Getting Useful Medical Information
Michael McGrath
Expert in technology transformation Author: Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Strategies, And Disruptions
This is my fourth article in a series explaining generative AI. The first was a primer on generative AI, and the next were articles examining how to use generative AI in different applications. You can click this link to read the previous articles.
We are all responsible for our medical decisions and should assist friends and family with theirs. However, we need more experience and knowledge to make well-informed choices. Utilizing generative AI in healthcare can empower individuals to understand better their health conditions, treatment options, and preventive measures, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes.
Generative AI can collect and analyze extensive medical data from diverse sources, such as research papers, medical records, and clinical trials, and present it in a simplified manner for the average person to comprehend. Generative AI can generate summaries, insights, and recommendations on medical conditions, treatments, and health outcomes by processing this data.
Moreover, generative AI can offer personalized health suggestions based on an individual's medical history, genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and preferences. It aids individuals in making informed health decisions by providing relevant information, risks, benefits, and alternative treatment options. This technology also enhances access to medical information for a wider audience, including those in remote or underserved areas with limited access to healthcare professionals.
This article will explore how generative AI can help you make informed medical decisions and better equip you for discussions with healthcare providers. We will cover various examples, such as understanding medical conditions, interpreting blood test results, diagnosing a pet's medical condition, providing general vitamin recommendations, explaining surgical procedures, including risks and recovery expectations, and more.
However, it is important to note:
The Strawberry Example
How many “Rs” are in the word “strawberry”? Easy—three, right? But let's ask generative AI.
Prompt:?
How many Rs are in the word “Strawberry”?
Chat GPT Response:
There are two "R"s in the word "Strawberry."
Claude (Anthropic) Response:
There is only one "r" in the word "strawberry".
The correct spelling is: S-T-R-A-W-B-E-R-R-Y
To break it down:?
·?????? It starts with "str" , Followed by "aw", Then "b", And ends with "erry"
So there's just a single "r", which appears in the last part of the word. This spelling remains the same whether you use it in singular (strawberry) or plural (strawberries) form.
Gemini Response:
There are?2?R's in the word Strawberry.
So, all three answered this simple question incorrectly! I emphasize this to emphasize the caution that generative AI isn’t always correct. Nevertheless, keeping this caution in mind can be extremely helpful.?
Now, let’s look at some helpful examples. As previously, I will use three generative AI systems: ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini.
Example #1: Understanding The Flu
If you or someone in your family is sick and thinks it might be the flu, you want to know more.
Claude Prompt:?
What is the flu? What are the symptoms? How long does it last? How contagious is it? What OTC medicines can relieve the symptoms? When should I consider seeing a doctor?
Claude Response:
The flu, short for influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. Here's a comprehensive overview addressing your questions:
What is the flu?
The flu is a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system, including your nose, throat, and lungs.
Symptoms:·??????
Fever (usually high)
·?????? Chills and sweats
·?????? Headache
·?????? Muscle aches and pains
·?????? Fatigue and weakness
·?????? Dry, persistent cough
·?????? Sore throat
·?????? Runny or stuffy nose
·?????? Chest discomfort
Duration:
Most people recover from the flu within one to two weeks. However, some symptoms, like fatigue, can persist for several weeks.
Contagiousness:
The flu is highly contagious. People with the flu can spread it to others up to about 6 feet away. It's mainly spread through droplets made when people cough, sneeze, or talk. You're contagious from 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5-7 days after becoming sick.
OTC medicines for symptom relief:
·?????? Pain relievers/fever reducers: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
·?????? Decongestants: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
·?????? Cough suppressants: Dextromethorphan (Robitussin, Delsym)
·?????? Antihistamines: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for sleep aid and to dry up a runny nose
·?????? Combination of cold and flu medicines
When to see a doctor:
Consider seeing a doctor if:
·?????? You're in a high-risk group (elderly, young children, pregnant women, or those with chronic medical conditions)
·?????? Your symptoms are severe or worsening
·?????? You have difficulty breathing
·?????? You have a persistent high fever
·?????? Your symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
·?????? You experience severe vomiting
·?????? You feel confusion or disorientation
Remember, a doctor can prescribe antiviral medications if caught early (within 48 hours of symptom onset) and can help reduce the severity and duration of the flu. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized medical advice.
Example #2: What Is AFib?
You are curious about AFib because one of your relatives mentioned that they went to the hospital, and that was the diagnosis.
Chat GPT Prompt:
What is AFib??
Chat GPT Response
AFib stands for Atrial Fibrillation, which is a common type of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to serious complications like stroke and heart failure. In AFib, the heart's upper chambers beat irregularly and too fast, affecting the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. Symptoms may include palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and chest pain. Treatment options include medications to control heart rate and rhythm, blood thinners to prevent stroke, and sometimes procedures like cardioversion or ablation. Individuals with AFib need to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.
The risks associated with atrial fibrillation (AFib) include:
1.? Stroke: AFib can lead to the formation of blood clots in the heart, which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke.
2.???Heart Failure: The irregular heart rhythm in AFib can weaken the heart over time, leading to heart failure.
3.???Chronic Fatigue:?An irregular heartbeat and reduced heart efficiency can result in fatigue and decreased exercise tolerance.
4.???Blood Clots:?AFib increases the risk of blood clots forming in the heart, which can travel to other parts of the body and cause complications.
5.?? Other Heart Complications: AFib can contribute to other heart-related issues such as cardiomyopathy, heart attack, and other heart rhythm problems.
Individuals with AFib need to work with their healthcare providers to manage the condition effectively and reduce these risks through proper treatment and lifestyle modifications. Atrial fibrillation (AFib) can be treated through various methods, including:
1.?Medications: Antiarrhythmic drugs to help control the heart's rhythm, rate-control medications to manage heart rate, and anticoagulants (blood thinners) to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke.
2.?Cardioversion: A procedure to restore the heart's normal rhythm either through electrical cardioversion (electric shock) or pharmacological cardioversion (medications).
3.?Ablation: A minimally invasive procedure to destroy or isolate areas in the heart that are causing the irregular electrical signals leading to AFib.
4.?Implantable Devices: Devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) may sometimes be used to help regulate the heart's rhythm.
5.?Lifestyle Changes:?Managing risk factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and sleep apnea through lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding alcohol and stimulants.
The treatment approach for AFib is individualized based on the patient's symptoms, underlying health conditions, and overall health status. Individuals with AFib need to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan. Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are used to prevent blood clots in individuals with atrial fibrillation (AFib) to reduce the risk of stroke. The most common anticoagulants used for AFib are:
1. Warfarin (Coumadin):?A traditional anticoagulant that requires regular monitoring of blood levels (INR) and dose adjustments.
2.?Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs): These include medications such as apixaban (Eliquis), dabigatran (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), and edoxaban (Savaysa). They are newer anticoagulants that do not require frequent blood tests for monitoring.
These anticoagulants are highly effective in reducing the risk of stroke in individuals with AFib. They work by interfering with the blood clotting process, thereby preventing the formation of blood clots in the heart that can travel to the brain and cause a stroke. The healthcare provider determines the choice of anticoagulant and dosage based on individual factors such as age, kidney function, risk of bleeding, and other medications being taken. Individuals on anticoagulants need to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully and attend regular monitoring appointments to ensure the medication's effectiveness and safety.
Example #3: Follow-Up Question
What are the differences between AFib at a high heart rate and AFib at a normal heart rate?
Response:
AFib with High vs. Normal Heart Rate
Atrial fibrillation (AFib)?is a condition where the heart's upper chambers (atria) beat irregularly and rapidly. The rate at which the heart beats can vary significantly, affecting the symptoms and potential complications.
AFib with a High Heart Rate
Symptoms:
o?? Palpitations (feeling your heart race or flutter)
o?? Shortness of breath
o?? Fatigue
o?? Dizziness or lightheadedness
o?? Chest pain or discomfort
Complications:
o?? Increased risk of stroke
o?? Heart failure
o?? Blood clots
Treatment:
o?? Medications to slow the heart rate
o?? Medications to prevent blood clots
o?? Cardioversion (electrical shock) to restore normal rhythm
o?? Catheter ablation (a procedure to destroy abnormal heart tissue)
AFib with Normal Heart Rate
Symptoms:
o?? May be fewer or less severe than with a high heart rate
o?? Can be asymptomatic in some cases
Complications:
o?? Still at risk of stroke and heart failure, though it may be lower than with a high heart rate
Treatment:
o?? May involve medications to prevent blood clots, even if the heart rate is normal.
o?? Cardioversion or catheter ablation may be considered in certain cases.
It's important to note that even if your heart rate is normal while in AFib, you may still have other symptoms or be at risk of complications.?Regular monitoring and treatment are essential to manage this condition effectively.
Example #4: Interpreting Blood Test Results
This is a fascinating use of generative AI. We all have blood tests and want to know the results. The doctor's interpretation is most important, but generative AI can be helpful. In this example, I asked for an interpretation of a blood test and attached a PDF of a sample blood test.
Claude Promt:
Interpret the attached blood test.
Claude Response:
Interpretation: The most significant findings are the elevated Alkaline Phosphatase, AST, and ALT levels. These enzymes are typically elevated when there is liver damage or disease. The marked elevation of AST and ALT (both about five times the upper limit of normal) suggests acute liver injury.
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However, other liver function indicators, such as total protein, albumin, and bilirubin, are within normal ranges, which is a positive sign.
These results indicate that some form of liver inflammation or damage is likely occurring, but the liver is still maintaining its essential functions. The cause could be various factors such as viral hepatitis, alcohol consumption, certain medications, or other liver diseases.
It's important to note that these results should be interpreted in the context of your medical history, symptoms, and further diagnostic tests. Your healthcare provider will use this information, along with other clinical data, to determine the underlying cause and appropriate next steps or treatment.
Given these abnormal results, it's crucial to promptly follow up with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and potentially additional testing to determine the cause of the elevated liver enzymes.
Example #5: Understanding A Pet’s Medical Condition
To understand her medical condition, a friend tried a similar inquiry to ChatGPT of a dog's blood test results. She had blood test results, but the vet wasn’t available for a few days to give her the interpretation, so she turned to ChaptGPT for help. She attached the blood test and asked for an interpretation and treatment.?
ChatGPT Response
Interpretation of blood test and treatment plan
Kidney Function:
The elevated BUN, creatinine, and SDMA levels suggest kidney dysfunction, potentially indicating chronic kidney disease (CKD). The presence of dilute urine (low specific gravity) further supports this diagnosis.
Treatment:
·???Dietary Management: Prescription renal diets that are low in protein and phosphorus can help manage CKD.
·????Fluid Therapy: Depending on hydration status, subcutaneous or intravenous fluids may be recommended.
·???Medication: Potential use of medications like ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers to manage blood pressure and proteinuria.
Pancreatic Health:
The elevated lipase level may suggest pancreatitis.
Treatment:
·????Dietary Changes: Low-fat diet to reduce pancreatic stress.
·??? Medications: Pain management and anti-nausea medications if needed.
Tick-borne Disease:
The positive Anaplasma spp. the result indicates a tick-borne infection, which requires treatment.
Treatment:
Antibiotics: Doxycycline is commonly used to treat anaplasmosis.
Prognosis:
The prognosis will depend on the severity and progression of CKD, response to treatment for anaplasmosis, and management of any potential pancreatitis. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan will be essential.
Follow-Up:
Regular blood and urine tests to monitor kidney function and other parameters.
Monitoring and management of clinical signs related to CKD and tick-borne disease.
It is essential to consult with the attending veterinarian for a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to Belle's specific condition and needs.
As a follow-up question, she asked:?
What stage of renal failure does the test demonstrate?
ChatGPT Response:
Based on the lab results, Belle shows elevated levels of BUN (50 mg/dL), creatinine (2.8 mg/dL), and SDMA (27 μg/dL), which are indicative of renal dysfunction. The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs uses serum creatinine levels to help determine the stage of kidney disease. The stages are as follows:
·??? Stage 1: Non-azotemic (creatinine less than 1.4 mg/dL) with other renal abnormalities.
·????Stage 2: Mild renal azotemia (creatinine 1.4 - 2.0 mg/dL).
·????Stage 3: Moderate renal azotemia (creatinine 2.1 - 5.0 mg/dL).
·????Stage 4: Severe renal azotemia (creatinine greater than 5.0 mg/dL).
With a creatinine level of 2.8 mg/dL, Belle's condition would likely be classified as Stage 3 CKD. This stage indicates moderate renal azotemia and suggests that kidney function is significantly impaired but not yet in the most severe stage. The elevated SDMA further supports this classification, as SDMA is a sensitive marker of kidney function that can indicate early kidney disease before significant increases in creatinine are observed.
Recommendations for Stage 3 CKD:
·????Dietary Management: Specialized renal diets low in phosphorus and protein.
·????Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood pressure, electrolytes, and kidney function.
·????Hydration: Ensuring adequate hydration, possibly through subcutaneous fluids.
·????Medications: Potential use of medications to manage blood pressure, proteinuria, and other symptoms associated with CKD.
When the veterinarian interpreted the results, he gave the same interpretation and treatment plan as ChatGPT.
Example #6: Better Understanding Of A Particular Cancer
You found out that a friend of yours has pancreatic cancer, and you want to find out more about it.
ChatGPT Prompt
Explain pancreatic cancer, potential treatments, and life expectancy
ChatGPT Response
Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It is often difficult to detect in its early stages and spreads rapidly to other body parts. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, family history, and certain genetic conditions.
Treatment options for pancreatic cancer depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these. Surgery to remove the tumor may offer the best chance for a cure, but it's often not an option for advanced stages of the disease. Palliative care can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is often poor, especially if the cancer is diagnosed at a late stage. The overall 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer is low, around 10% for all stages combined. However, survival rates can vary based on the diagnosis stage, treatment effectiveness, the individual's overall health, and other factors. It's important for individuals with pancreatic cancer to work closely with their healthcare team to explore treatment options and supportive care to improve their quality of life and prognosis.
Example #7: Advice On Vitamin Supplements
A generic question could be one asking for advice on vitamin supplements.
ChatGPT Prompt:
What supplementary vitamins should an older adult take, and what is the purpose of each one?
ChatGPT Response:
For older adults, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements, as individual needs can vary based on diet, health conditions, and medications. However, some common supplements that older adults may consider under the guidance of a healthcare provider include:
1.????Vitamin D:?Helps maintain bone health, supports immune function, and may reduce the risk of falls and fractures.
2.????Calcium:?Essential for bone health and can help prevent osteoporosis.
3.????Vitamin B12: Important for nerve function, red blood cell production, and cognitive health, especially for older adults who may have difficulty absorbing B12 from food.
4.????Omega-3 fatty acids:?Supports heart health, brain function, and may have anti-inflammatory effects.
5.????Magnesium:?Supports muscle and nerve function, bone health, and may help regulate blood sugar levels.
6.??? Probiotics:?Supports gut health and digestion, which can be beneficial for older adults who may experience digestive issues.
Remember, it's essential to get nutrients from a balanced diet whenever possible and to use supplements only as recommended by a healthcare provider to address specific deficiencies or health concerns.
Example #8: Better Understanding A Medical Procedure
You want to understand a surgical procedure better, the risks, and the expected recovery process. In this example, a stent is placed into the arteries in the neck.
ChatGPT Prompt:?
What does putting a stent into the neck involve?
ChatGPT Response: :
A stent in the neck is typically placed to treat “carotid artery stenosis” a condition where the carotid arteries (the major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain) become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis). This procedure is known as “carotid artery stenting (CAS)”.
The procedure involves the following steps:
1.????Preparation: The patient is usually given local anesthesia, and sometimes light sedation.
2.??? Access: A small incision is made, often in the groin, to access the femoral artery. A catheter is then threaded through the arteries up to the carotid artery in the neck.
3. Balloon Angioplasty: A small balloon is inflated at the site of the blockage to open the artery.
4.????Stent Placement:?A mesh-like stent is placed in the carotid artery. The stent acts as a scaffold to keep the artery open and maintain adequate blood flow to the brain.
5.????Completion: The catheter is removed, and the small incision is closed. The stent remains in place permanently to prevent the artery from narrowing again.
What the Stent Does:
The stent helps:
·???Restore blood flow to the brain by keeping the artery open and preventing future blockages.
·???Reduce the risk of stroke caused by reduced blood flow or plaque breaking loose and traveling to the brain.
Risks of Carotid Artery Stenting:
While carotid stenting is a generally safe procedure, like any medical intervention, it carries some risks, including:
1.???Stroke: The most serious risk, as the procedure involves manipulating the carotid artery near the brain. Small pieces of plaque can break off and travel to the brain, causing a stroke.
2.?? Bleeding: At the site of the incision or within the artery.
3.???Restenosis: The artery may narrow again even after the stent is placed.
4.?? Infection: Though rare, any surgical procedure carries a risk of infection.
5.???Allergic reaction: Possible reactions to contrast dye or medications used during the procedure.
6.???Heart attack: Though less common, a heart attack may occur during the procedure due to stress on the cardiovascular system.
Expected Recovery Process:
·?? Hospital Stay: Most patients are monitored for 1-2 days after the procedure to ensure no complications, such as stroke or bleeding, develop.
·?? Initial Recovery: The patient may experience some bruising or tenderness at the incision site, but most can resume normal activities within a few days.
·?? Medications: Blood-thinning medications (like aspirin or clopidogrel) are often prescribed to prevent blood clots from forming around the stent.
·???Long-Term Follow-Up: Regular check-ups are necessary to monitor the stent and ensure the carotid artery remains open. Ultrasounds may be used to track blood flow through the artery.
·?? Lifestyle Changes:?Patients are typically advised to adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and managing risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking.
Overall, recovery is usually straightforward, and many people return to their normal lives shortly after the procedure. The stent can significantly reduce the risk of stroke in patients with carotid artery disease, but ongoing medical care and lifestyle adjustments are essential to prevent future issues.
Example #9: Learning About Different Types of Skin Cancer
Sometimes, you may want a quick overview of a particular medical problem. In this example, I use skin cancer. I used Cluade because it had the most concise response.?
Claude Prompt
What are the different types of skin cancer, the different risks, and treatment options?
Claude Response
There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. Let me summarize the key points for each type:
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC):
·???Most common and least dangerous form of skin cancer
·???Risks: Chronic sun exposure, fair skin, older age, history of sunburns
·????Treatment options: Surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, topical medications, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC):
·???More aggressive than BCC but still treatable when caught early
·???Risks: Prolonged sun exposure, fair skin, chronic skin inflammation, immunosuppression
·???Treatment options: Surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, immunotherapy
Melanoma:
·???Most dangerous type due to its potential to spread to other parts of the body
·???Risks: Intense intermittent sun exposure, fair skin, many moles, family history, immunosuppression
·???Treatment options: Surgical excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, clinical trials
Each type of skin cancer has different characteristics in terms of appearance, risk factors, and treatment options. The document emphasizes the importance of early detection and prevention measures such as avoiding excessive sun exposure, using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and regular skin checks.
Summary
You can subscribe to this series's subsequent articles if you are not a free subscriber. Many more articles on different applications of generative AI will follow.
Generative AI can be extremely helpful in providing essential medical information, allowing you to be more informed. This can lead to better discussions with your healthcare providers, a greater understanding of your treatment options, and more confident decision-making. However, it’s important to remember that it should never be used as a substitute for professional medical advice.
The examples illustrate how you can effectively use generative AI to enhance your understanding of medical issues.?
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