Laws that every woman should know in India

Financial Laws

While I can provide some general information about financial laws in India, it's important to note that laws can vary and change over time. Additionally, it's advisable to consult with a legal or financial expert for personalized advice. That said, here are some key financial laws in India that are relevant for women:

1.?????? Income Tax Laws: Women in India are subject to the same income tax laws as men. However, there are certain tax benefits available to women, such as lower tax rates for certain income brackets.

2.?????? Property Rights: The Hindu Succession Act of 1956 was amended in 2005 to give daughters equal rights as sons in ancestral property. This means that daughters have a legal right to inherit property from their parents.

3.?????? Maternity Benefits: The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, ensures that women employees are entitled to certain benefits during and after pregnancy, including maternity leave, maternity pay, and protection against dismissal during maternity leave.

4.?????? Domestic Violence Laws: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, provides legal protection to women who are victims of domestic violence. It allows for protection orders, residence orders, and other forms of relief for women facing domestic abuse.

5.?????? Gender Discrimination Laws: The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender in matters related to remuneration for the same work or work of a similar nature. This law ensures that women receive equal pay for equal work.

6.?????? Insurance Laws: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) ensures that insurance companies do not discriminate based on gender. Women can avail of various insurance policies such as health insurance, life insurance, and vehicle insurance on par with men.

7.?????? Divorce and Maintenance Laws: Laws such as the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, provide provisions for divorce, alimony, and maintenance for women who seek legal separation from their spouses.

8.?????? Financial Planning and Investment Laws: Women have the same rights as men when it comes to financial planning and investment. They can open bank accounts, invest in mutual funds, stocks, and other financial instruments independently.

It's crucial for women to be aware of their rights and understand the legal framework that governs financial matters in India. Seeking advice from legal and financial experts can help navigate these laws effectively. Additionally, staying updated with any changes in legislation is important for making informed financial decisions.

Laws for Women in India

India has an extensive history. Throughout the centuries its legal system has transformed to reflect the evolving social and cultural dynamics. However, women have historically faced disadvantages, under law. Unfortunately, some of the existing laws for women in India, continue to be discriminatory and detrimental. There has been a movement aimed at reforming Indian law to ensure fairness and equality for women. This movement has achieved progress in bringing about a lot of changes. Nevertheless, there still remains a lot of work to be done ahead. This article aims to provide an overview of the status of women’s rights in India and the laws for women in India in place, to protect them.

In India there are laws that safeguard the rights of women, in aspects such, as family matters, criminal offenses, employment conditions and property ownership. Our constitution provides rights to ensure the protection and progress of women. In this section of the article we will delve into the laws that protect women in India.

Inheritance Laws: What Women Should Know

Inheritance of movable or immovable property by a female plays a very important role in making women independent and empowered. Most of the women do not know about their rights to inherit property pre or post their marriage and therefore a lot of women do not get sufficient means to lead their life.

In India, the inheritance rights of a woman are governed by the Hindu Succession Act for Hindus, non-codified personal Muslim Laws for Muslims, and the Indian Succession Act for all other religions.?Here, we will take a broad look at the inheritance rights of Hindu women.? Inheritance of movable or immovable property by a female plays a very important role in making women independent and empowered. Most of the women do not know about their rights to inherit a property pre or post their marriage and therefore a lot of women do not get sufficient means to lead their life.

Inheritance of Ancestral Property

The share of a Hindu woman is equal to the share of all her male siblings, if any, in the?property?of her deceased parents. In other words, all the children of the deceased parents will be entitled to equal share in such property.?

Further a female needs to know that she has an equal right like a male wherein she can inherit her share in the ancestral property of her parents and a married woman can inherit her share in the property of her husband.?

In the case of ancestral property, in the case of Hindus, all lineal descendants up to the third generation, from common ancestors including wives, and daughters (married or unmarried), have a right over ancestral property by your birth/adoption in the same family.?

This also includes the children of a pre-deceased son/daughter of the ancestor. You can claim your right by way of mutual partition or filing a suit for partition.?

Inheritance of Self-Acquired Property

In case of a self-acquired property, if a property is owned by a Hindu male, after his demise in the absence of a Will, his property bestows upon all his Class I Legal Heirs i.e. his mother, wife, and all the children (including daughters) in equal share.??

Further, a lot of people are also not aware that they can perfect their title over such properties only after obtaining a ‘Succession Certificate’ or a Court Decree of declaration of title.?

It is also necessary that women are made aware that husbands do not have any right over the wife’s self-acquired/inherited property during her lifetime or her death. For example, as per Hindu Succession Law, property of an intestate female devolves upon her children alone.?

In India, a special statute has been enacted namely ‘The Married Women’s Property (MWP) Act’ wherein the property inherited by a married woman after her husband’s death cannot be utilized to settle the debts owed by her husband.?

Inheritance laws applicable to Women in India

In India, inheritance laws vary based on the religion and personal laws governing individuals. Here's an overview of inheritance laws applicable to women in India under different circumstances and religions:

1.?????? Hindu Women: The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, was amended in 2005 to grant equal rights to daughters in ancestral property. Before this amendment, only sons had rights to inherit ancestral property. Now, daughters have equal rights as sons in the inheritance of ancestral property, whether the father is alive or not.

2.?????? Muslim Women: Inheritance among Muslims in India is governed by the Muslim Personal Law (Sharia). Under Islamic law, daughters are entitled to a share of their father's property, but it's usually half of what sons receive. However, it's essential to note that Muslim personal law is subject to interpretation and may vary based on customs and practices of different Muslim communities.

3.?????? Christian Women: Inheritance among Christians in India is primarily governed by the Indian Succession Act, 1925, and the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872. Generally, daughters have equal rights as sons in the inheritance of parental property.

4.?????? Parsi Women: Parsi inheritance laws are governed by the Parsi Succession Act, 1865. Under this law, daughters have equal rights as sons in the inheritance of parental property.

5.?????? Sikh Women: Inheritance among Sikhs in India is governed by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. Daughters have equal rights as sons in the inheritance of parental property.

It's important to note that these are broad generalizations, and specific cases may vary based on factors such as family customs, regional variations, and individual circumstances. Additionally, women also have rights to inherit property under other laws such as the Indian Succession Act, 1925, which applies to those not covered under specific personal laws.

In any case, if there are disputes or concerns regarding inheritance rights, it's advisable to seek legal counsel to understand the specific laws and rights applicable to the situation.

Divorce laws applicable to Women in India

Divorce laws applicable to women in India are governed by various statutes, primarily the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, the Indian Divorce Act, 1869, and the Special Marriage Act, 1954. Here's a brief overview:

1.?????? Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Under this act, women have the right to seek divorce on various grounds, including cruelty, desertion, adultery, conversion to another religion, mental disorder, and incurable diseases. The Act also provides for mutual consent divorce, where both spouses agree to divorce.

2.?????? Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937: In Islamic law, women also have the right to seek divorce. They can do so through different methods such as Talaq (divorce initiated by the husband), Khula (divorce initiated by the wife), or by mutual consent. However, the process and grounds for divorce may vary based on the sect of Islam and local customs.

3.?????? Indian Divorce Act, 1869: This Act applies to Christians in India. It allows both men and women to file for divorce on grounds such as adultery, cruelty, desertion, and conversion to another religion.

4.?????? Special Marriage Act, 1954: This Act provides a legal framework for divorce for couples who married under this act. Both men and women can file for divorce on grounds such as adultery, cruelty, desertion, mental illness, and venereal disease.

In addition to these statutes, various judgments by the Supreme Court of India have upheld women's rights in divorce cases and provided guidance on issues such as maintenance, child custody, and property rights post-divorce.

It's essential to consult with a legal expert or lawyer for specific advice and guidance regarding divorce proceedings as laws and procedures can be complex and subject to change. Additionally, cultural and religious customs may also play a significant role in divorce proceedings in India.

Maintenance laws applicable to Women in India

Maintenance laws applicable to women in India vary depending on their religion and the specific circumstances of the case. Here's a general overview:

1.?????? Hindu Maintenance Laws: Under the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, Hindu women are entitled to maintenance from their husbands, children, and relatives who are Hindu, Jain, Sikh, or Buddhist. This maintenance can be sought during marriage, separation, or after divorce. Maintenance can be claimed by the wife for herself and her children, and the amount is determined based on factors such as the husband's income, the standard of living, and the needs of the wife and children.

2.?????? The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: The Amendment Act, passed in 2005 known as the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 granted daughter’s rights to property in joint families. This change ensured that both men and women are treated as beneficiaries when it comes to inheriting property.

3.?????? Muslim Maintenance Laws: In Islamic law, maintenance (known as "nafaqah") is a husband's duty towards his wife and children. The wife is entitled to maintenance during marriage and for a certain period after divorce (known as the 'iddat' period). The amount of maintenance is determined based on the husband's financial capacity and the needs of the wife and children.

4.?????? Christian Maintenance Laws: The Indian Divorce Act, 1869, provides for maintenance for Christian women. A wife can seek maintenance from her husband during the marriage, separation, or after divorce. The court may order the husband to provide maintenance based on factors such as the wife's needs and the husband's income.

5.?????? Maintenance under the Special Marriage Act: The Special Marriage Act, 1954, applies to interfaith marriages and provides for maintenance for both spouses. Maintenance can be sought during the marriage, separation, or after divorce. The court may order maintenance based on the financial capacity of the spouses and their respective needs.

6.?????? Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) Section 125: This provision applies to all Indian women, irrespective of their religion. Under Section 125 of the CrPC, a woman who is unable to maintain herself or her children can claim maintenance from her husband or father. This provision is not limited to married women and can be invoked by unmarried women, divorced women, and children.

It's important to note that maintenance laws are subject to interpretation by the courts and may vary based on individual circumstances. Consulting with a legal expert or lawyer is advisable for specific advice regarding maintenance claims.

Harassments laws applicable to Women in India

Harassment laws applicable to women in India encompass various statutes and legal provisions aimed at preventing and addressing different forms of harassment. Here are some key laws:

1.?????? Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013: This law provides protection to women against sexual harassment in the workplace and mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in organizations with 10 or more employees. It defines sexual harassment broadly, including unwelcome physical contact, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography, or any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature.

2.?????? Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 354, 354A, 354B, 354C, and 354D: These sections deal with offenses related to sexual harassment, outraging the modesty of a woman, stalking, and voyeurism. They provide criminal penalties for various forms of harassment and misconduct against women.

3.?????? Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This Act aims to provide protection to women from domestic violence and abuse. It defines domestic violence broadly to include physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and economic abuse. It provides for the issuance of protection orders, residence orders, and maintenance orders to ensure the safety and well-being of women facing domestic violence.

4.?????? Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986: This Act prohibits the indecent representation of women through advertisements, publications, writings, paintings, figures, or in any other manner. It aims to prevent the portrayal of women in a derogatory or demeaning manner.

5.?????? Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: This Act introduced amendments to the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure to strengthen laws related to sexual offenses, including rape, acid attacks, and offenses against women.

6.?????? Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended in 2008): This Act addresses various cybercrimes, including online harassment and stalking. It provides for penalties for offenses such as sending offensive messages through communication services, publishing or transmitting obscene material, and cyber stalking.

These laws collectively provide a legal framework to address different forms of harassment and violence against women in India. It's important for women to be aware of their rights under these laws and to seek legal recourse in case of harassment or abuse. Additionally, creating awareness about these laws and promoting a culture of respect and gender equality is crucial for preventing harassment and ensuring the safety of women in society.

Criminal laws applicable to Women in India

In India, criminal laws apply to all individuals regardless of gender. However, certain laws and provisions specifically address crimes against women or provide protection to women in various situations. Here are some key criminal laws applicable to women in India:

1.?????? Indian Penal Code (IPC):

·???????? Section 354: Deals with assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.

·???????? Section 375: Defines rape and provides for punishment for the offense.

·???????? Section 376: Deals with punishment for rape, including various circumstances aggravating the offense.

·???????? Section 498A: Addresses cruelty by husband or relatives of the husband towards a married woman.

·???????? Section 304B: Pertains to dowry death, providing punishment for dowry-related deaths.

·???????? Section 306: Deals with abetment of suicide, including abetment of suicide of a woman.

2.?????? Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: While not a criminal law per se, this Act provides civil remedies to protect women from domestic violence. However, it has provisions for criminal proceedings in case of violation of protection orders issued under the Act.

3.?????? Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013: While primarily aimed at prevention and Redressal of sexual harassment in the workplace, it also has provisions for penalizing non-compliance with the provisions of the Act.

4.?????? Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: This Act prohibits the giving or taking of dowry and provides penalties for offenses related to dowry.

5.?????? Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956: This Act addresses the issue of trafficking of women and girls for commercial sexual exploitation.

6.?????? Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: While not specific to women, this Act provides for the protection of children, including girls, from various offenses, including sexual abuse and exploitation.

7.?????? Child Marriage Prohibition Act, 2006: The Laws for women in India include the Child Marriage Prohibition Act. It has been difficult to eradicate child marriage since it has been ingrained in Indian culture and tradition for generations. In 2007, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act came into force. This law for women in India defines child marriage as a marriage in which either the groom or the bride is underage; that is, the bride is under the age of 18, or the boy is under the age of 21. This law for women in India makes it illegal for parents to marry young daughters. Because the legislation makes these weddings unlawful, it serves as a significant deterrent.

8.?????? Special Marriage Act, 1954: The goal of this law for women in India is to establish a special form of marriage in some instances, register certain marriages, and allow for divorce. When persons from various faiths and castes choose to marry in a country like India, with its many religions and castes, they do so under the Special Marriage Act. This law for women in India does not apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, but it does apply to prospective spouses who are Indian nationals residing overseas.?

9.?????? The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961: The taking or giving of dowry to the bride or bridegroom and their families during the marriage is prohibited under this law for women in India. In India, the dowry system, or the giving and taking of dowry, is the standard. The groom and his family frequently request dowry from the bride and her family. Because women go in with their spouses and in-laws after marriage, the system has taken root. Bride burning has also stemmed from women’s lack of economic freedom and the stigma against divorce over the centuries. When the girl’s relatives fail to meet dowry expectations even after marriage, many women are tormented, assaulted, and even burned. It is one of the most pressing issues confronting our civilization. Women openly speaking about it has aided in spreading the message and encouraging other women to speak up for this law for women in India.?

10.?? The Indian Divorce Act of 1969: The laws for women in India also include the Indian Divorce Act. It provides for marriage dissolution, mutual agreement, nullity of marriage,?judicial separation, and recovery of conjugal rights. You have to consult a?divorce lawyer?and file a petition for divorce. Your divorce lawyer will brief you about all the formalities that need to be done. Family Courts are set up to file, hear, and decide such matters.

11.?? Maternity Benefit Act, 1861: This statute governs women’s work and the maternity benefits stipulated by law for women in India. It stipulates that a woman employee who has worked in an organization for at least 80 days in the 12 months preceding her projected delivery date is entitled to maternity benefits such as maternity leave, nursing breaks, medical allowance, and so on.

12.?? Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971: The Laws for women in India include the medical termination of pregnancy Act of 1971. The Act became effective in 1972 and was revised in 1975 and 2002. The Act’s goal is to minimize the number of unlawful abortions and the associated maternal mortality and morbidity. This law for women in India describes the criteria under which a pregnancy can be terminated or aborted, as well as the people who are competent to do so.

13.?? The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013: This law for women in India intends to protect women from sexual harassment at work in order to ensure their safety at work. Sexual harassment at work also involves the use of sexually charged words, invasion of private space by a male coworker who is too near for comfort, and subtle touches and innuendos. Women can take?legal consultation?from a professional lawyer regarding any such issues.

14.?? The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act of 1986: This law for women in India makes it illegal to depict women indecently in advertisements, publications, writings, paintings, figures, or in any other way.

15.?? Equal Remuneration Act, 1976: This law for women in India prohibits remuneration discrimination. It advocates equal remuneration for men and women workers. It is critical to understand these and other regulations in place to defend the rights of women. By taking legal consultation from professional lawyers and being aware of your rights, you can combat any injustice meted out to you at home, at work, or in society.

16.?? Establishing a National Commission for Women: The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory organization formed by the Government of India in January 1992. This law for women in India advocates for women’s rights and gives a voice to their issues and concerns. The National Commission for Women Act aims to increase women’s status and economic empowerment.

Conclusion: These are some of the key criminal laws applicable to women in India, aimed at protecting women from various forms of violence, abuse, and exploitation. It's important to note that these laws are subject to amendments and changes, and legal advice should be sought for specific cases or circumstances. Social and cultural standards are anticipated to evolve as the times change. However, it is disheartening that, even in this contemporary period, when larger things are happening and bigger issues exist around the globe, our culture still considers women’s freedom and right to equality to be one of the greatest dangers.

Rights that women enjoys

The issue is one of attitude, and women will continue to face sexism until the male chauvinist mentality is shaken to its core. As a result, it is critical that women be educated and made aware of their rights and laws for women in India under the Indian constitution so that they do not succumb to such cultural pressures and prejudice.

Legal rights women should be aware of: The world has become a place where a woman has a sense of fear in every nook and corner. Empowering women through awareness of their legal rights is crucial for fostering gender equality and justice. Various laws have been enacted to safeguard women's rights, ensuring their well-being in diverse aspects of life. Here are 10 legal rights every Indian woman should be aware of to be confident and feel secure.

1.?????? Right to equal pay: According to the Equal Remuneration Act, women have the right to receive equal pay for equal work. Discrimination based on gender in terms of salary, pay, or wages is prohibited. This empowers working women to demand and receive fair compensation compared to their male counterparts.

2.?????? Dignity and decency in legal processes: In situations involving a female accused, any medical examination must be conducted by or in the presence of another woman, ensuring her right to dignity and decency is upheld. This provision safeguards women's privacy and ensures respectful treatment in legal processes.

3.?????? Right against workplace harassment: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act grants women the right to file complaints against any form of sexual harassment at their workplace. This act establishes Internal Complaints Committees to address grievances, providing a legal framework for a safe working environment. Each and every woman is entitled to a work environment that’s safe and conducive, to their well-being. It is crucial that they are free from any form of discrimination or harassment. The Constitution along with legislations such as the Equal Remuneration Act of 1975 the Maternity Benefit Act of 1961 and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013 guarantees these rights to women.

4.?????? Right against domestic violence: Section 498 of the Indian Constitution protects women from domestic violence, including verbal, economic, emotional, and sexual abuse. Offenders can face non-bailable imprisonment, offering legal recourse for women facing violence within their households.

5.?????? Right to anonymity for sexual assault victims: To protect the privacy of sexual assault victims, women have the right to record their statements alone before the district magistrate or in the presence of a female police officer. This ensures anonymity during legal proceedings.

6.?????? Right to free legal aid: Female rape victims are entitled to free legal aid under the Legal Services Authorities Act. This provision ensures that women have access to legal support and representation during challenging times.

7.?????? Right not to be arrested at night: Unless under exceptional circumstances with the order of a first-class magistrate, women cannot be arrested after sunset and before sunrise. The law also mandates that police interrogation must occur in the presence of a woman constable and family members or friends.

8.?????? Right to register virtual complaints: Women can file virtual complaints through email or written submissions sent to a police station from a registered postal address. This facilitates reporting for those unable to physically visit a police station.

9.?????? Right against indecent representation: Depicting a woman's figure indecently is a punishable offense under this right. It safeguards women from derogatory representations that may harm public morality.

10.?? Right against stalking: Section 354D of the IPC enables legal action against individuals who stalk women through repeated personal interactions or electronic monitoring. This provision addresses the crime of stalking and ensures the safety of women.

11.?? Right to Maintenance: Every married woman has the right to receive support, or in legal terms, maintenance from her husband even if they are not living together. This right is protected by laws for women in India such as, the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA) and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (DVA). As, per Section 24 of the HMA either the wife or husband can seek monetary assistance. To be eligible, for this support the petitioner must show that they do not have a source of income to support themselves.

12.?? Right against Dowry: Lots of women are not able to get married because of unnecessary dowry demands from the other side. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 prohibits the dowry system, i.e. both, the giving and taking of dowry. Every woman in this country has the right to be free from dowry demands, harassment and abuse.

13.?? Right to Self-Defence: Under Section 100 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), every person, including a woman has the right to protect her body from any violence, attack or assault which can lead to apprehension of death, grievous hurt, kidnapping etc.

14.?? Women Have A Right To Zero FIR: A woman can file an FIR at any police station irrespective of the location of the incident or specific jurisdiction it falls under. This is considered as Zero FIR which can later be transferred to the respective police station.?

15.?? Women Have The Right To Abortion: All Indian women have the right to abortion for 24 weeks irrespective of their marital status.?

16.?? The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Protection of Women from DVA, 2005 is one of the key Acts and laws for women in India meant for protecting women who are oppressed by domestic violence. The law provides for strict legal actions against husbands that harass, abuse and maltreat women in their own houses. The law strives to provide protection orders, residence orders, as well as monetary relief, which is meant to secure their safety and general wellbeing.

17.?? The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: The main intention of the Act was to stop the menace of dowry in India. It completely prohibited the giving and taking of dowry. It also aims to protect woman who want to get married but aren’t able to because of frivolous dowry demands from the prospective groom’s side. However, still there are a lot of cases surrounding dowry and it has been very difficult to enforce this law because of the huge population of the country and cases not being filed due to fear.

18.?? The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971: In India, termination of pregnancy is regulated under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 (MTP Act). Under this act a woman is allowed to end her pregnancy within 20 weeks if it’s essential, for preserving her life poses a risk to her physical or mental wellbeing or if the pregnancy resulted from rape.

19.?? The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961: It is difficult for working mothers to work during childbirth and in pre-child birth stage. Hence, the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 was established. The Act mandates for a minimum of 12 weeks of maternity leave to mothers. In the 2017 Amendment, this was increased to a maximum of 26 weeks.

20.?? The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976: The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 (ERA) provides for a gender non-discriminatory and equality based legislation that mandates that men and women both should be paid equal remuneration for the same or equal work that they do, thus providing them with equal benefits and economic opportunities at work.

21.?? The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: This act also seeks to prevent forced marriages that involve minors, so as to safeguard their rights. It aims to guarantee that girls are allowed to mature, educate themselves and be able to make wise choice concerning their lives and marriages which in turn secures their health and wellbeing. However, it has been quite difficult to enforce this law in many parts of the country due to customs and traditions.

22.?? The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986: The act mandates that there can be no indecent representation of women in any form- whether print, media, advertisements. It strives to protect the dignity and decency of women and promotes respect towards women.

23.?? The National Commission for Women Act, 1990 (NCW): The (NCW) was formed in 1990 through the enactment of the NCW Act. Its primary objective is to safeguard and advance women’s rights in India. The NCW actively tackles matters concerning gender-based discrimination, violence, against women and various violations of women’s rights.

Conclusion

India has a range of provisions and laws for women in India that safeguard their rights across various aspects of life such, as criminal offenses, family issues etc. These laws have played a role in shielding women from discrimination and violence while fostering gender equality. However certain obstacles persist in implementing these laws. These challenges encompass a lack of awareness, societal and cultural norms as weak enforcement mechanisms. It remains imperative to continue our efforts in addressing these issues and ensuring that every right and law for women in India can be exercised by them without fear of violence.