Knowledge Discovery in “Orientalism” through Cirrus Tool: A Text Mining Study
Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Literature Review..
Chapter 3: Methods and Methodology.
Chapter 4: Results and Data Analysis.
ABSTRACT
Cirrus shows up interactive visuals alongside their statistical weight, for that reason knowledge discovery theory and aesthetic information visualization interlink to make interactive cirrus which generates multi coloured and multisided word cloud. The word cloud is to observe targets to preview and to brainstorm massive textual content for readers with economy of time. So cirrus tool from Voyant tool is employed to produce interactive statistical word cloud. Then the generated word cloud and statistical data were analysed mixed method analysis is done with Rakesh Agrawal’s Knowledge Discovery Theory which searches modern and interesting information patterns. The thematic word cloud verifies already recognized themes and discovers new inspiring themes. This study reveals that all cited key themes are easily extracted and offered as word clouds for the readers however implied and unwritten themes can't be extracted within the device learning process. Comprehension of implied issues is the mission of human cognition. Precisely this study discovers new sight of dialogue, orientalist (357); European (266); work (257); history (256); east (254); world (252); like (242); Arab (233); new (230); knowledge (227); are discovered with discovered tool.
Keywords: Knowledge discovery, Voyant, themes extraction, orientalism, text mining
Chapter 1: Introduction
Edward Said is an argumentative post-colonial scholar and paradigm shifter in literature. I was exceptionally surprised that this convincing author inside the fields of artistic hypothesis, post-colonial and social issues is so negligible known among the young scholars., Which is necessary before one can start to place Said in proper points of view as the seeker whom many have guaranteed as a centrally essential twentieth century figure. It will investigate Said's contribution to many controls extending from scholarly hypothesis and criticism to social history to postcolonial studies, and in addition the aesthetic roles which he has played as a proper academic intellectual. It will also effort to decode the key moments in Said's reasoning and investigate his change from a scholarly critic to a cultural theorist, political observer, person of good taste, and public intellectual. It will concentrate on the themes and the contextual meaning of the given information in account of new information.
Human text mining term indicates to text analysis or content analysis by people. As application of modernism merged into cycle of life, human text analysis moved to personal computer which helped a lot in content analysis. Digital content mining or information mining takes after text examination or literary investigation. Computerized content mining does mining process consequently with the assistance of programming projects and advanced devices available. Digital content mining has other names also for illustration text data mining and text analytics. Focus on computerized content mining with the help of Voyant tool created by Stefan Sinclair and Geoffrey Rockwell in Canada in 2003. Later it was revised in 2013.
The term "digital resources for humanities" speaks to another interdisciplinary field, one worried about the effect of PCs and innovation on crafted by specialists in the humanities.
Digital content mining study falls in the field of Digital resource for Humanities (DH). Geoffrey Rockwell from the College of Alberta, Canada and one of the design as of Voyant tools characterized DH as " The use of digital tools and methods in humanities study and dissemination” (Gold, 2012, p. 69). It performs academic acts and finds learning designs by combining distinctive teaches computationally. There is a solid connection among content mining, computational linguistics, normal dialect preparing and machine learning in Advanced Humanities (Figure 1). It acquaints new computerized apparatuses with get examples of information from humanities. It gives generous advantages in spaces of learning, the scholarly world, community oriented educating, research and distributing. It displays the thought that dynamic and advanced methods for learning are more powerful than unimportant printed content (Burdick, 2016).
The objectives of the computerized humanities incorporates, making databases of advanced assets important to the humanities. This incorporates catching, organizing, reporting, protecting, and spreading the current information. Developing policies that make it possible to originate new content from this data.
As groundwork of text mining is concerned, Educational Data Mining (EDM) has developed as of late as an interdisciplinary study. Presently it remains without anyone else platform and its foundations lie in computational etymology, artificial intelligence, measurements, machine learning and information discovery. A few mechanisms of text mining were presented for example User Modelling (UM), Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL), Adaptive Intelligent Educational Hypermedia (AIEH) and Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED).
Voyant tools have been used in various fields to analyse data in a variety of context including prose, poetry, dialect, teaching methods, business, medicine, and framework architecture. Portraying ways to deal with concentrate the internet utilizing web scratching, Black has noticed that "the Voyant tools venture is a great source to find out about the kinds of data in a raw form that humanists can extract from internet sources because it already supports content extraction from webpages”.
Various worldwide advanced humanities ventures are running Voyant all alone servers.
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) builds integral relationships; hence, Knowledge Discovery Theory will be applied on this study to explore academic patterns (Cristobal & Sebastian, 2013) with visuals from Edward Said works.
1.1 Problem Statement
The global research community produces more than 1.5 million new insightful articles per annum (M. Ware and M. Mabe, "The stm report: An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing," 2009.). As the current Hargreaves report into 'Advanced Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth' (Hargreaves, "Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth," 2011) featured, content mining and investigation of this insightful writing and other digitized content manages a genuine chance to help development and the improvement of new learning. Novels, short stories and other literary works are difficult to evaluate them in time, I needs a lot of time and hard work to bring the work into conclusion. Most of the readers and critics perform the task but required huge time which results lack of motivation and randomly approved data. Meanwhile it gives human error. Moreover, technology addicted people or “digital natives” of Digi Modern Age want to discover knowledge patterns and visuals interestingly through The Digital Visitor and Resident (V&R) model and autonomous methods of Digital Humanities while residing in their homes. New digital humanities methods and tools must be incorporated into learning process because searching a specific solution of a problem from a new material need a lot of time don’t play their vital in construction and transfusion of knowledge. To transform this boring learning material into dynamic interactive visuals and to empower students with “digital wisdom”, beneficial learning patterns of themes, contextual meaning a thematic word, digital text mining of Edward Said works Orientalism and Cultural and Imperialism for unveiling knowledge patterns is required since the prime goal of digital text mining is to discover uniform, structured and visual knowledge from an unstructured or semi-structured text. Beneficiaries of this research would be directly about millions of critiques, researchers and a lot of teachers and publishers.
1.2 Research Objectives
This study undertakes the following objectives:
i. To generate cirrus to search prominent themes.
ii. To point out contextual meaning.
iii. To visualize word tree: a graphical form of the customary "key-words in-context" strategy, and empowers quick querying and exploration of assortments of text.
1.3 Research Questions
Study in hand addresses the following research questions for each unit Orientalism:
i. How does an interactive word cloud reveal major themes?
ii. What types of collocation patterns are found to learn Context meaning?
1.4 Delimitations
In Pakistan, many researchers in literature and linguistics write numerous research proposal in different, institutions, educational systems and boards or examination authorities. Study in hand delimited Writers, Novelist Edward Wadie Said “Orientalism” which are taught and examined in translated versions too in HEC recognized Universities, etc. Secondly, majority of students go through these Novel and examinations before entering their professional studies of culture analyst, BS (Humanities group) etc, or any other career. Voyant open access web presents several tools for text mining. Study in hand delimits two Voyant tools and their generated analysis for instance cirrus (word clouds), and contextual meanings.
1.5 Chapter Breakdown
To start with the section named Introduction which gives all-inclusive and over all perspective of whole research Section two, Literature review, survey all past looks into in a sequential request. Moreover, previous theories and their association with study in hand and Knowledge Discovery Theory has discussed. Section three entitled, Research methodology, reveals insight into complete procedure of data requirement, information age and information examination alongside their reason. Part four, Data analysis, introduces investigation of the produced corpus with Voyant open access tools for content mining of Edward Said works. Part five named Conclusion expresses real discoveries of this research, satisfaction of goals and future suggestions in this field.
1.6 Significance of Study
We were living in the modern world, then we shifted to the post-modern world, post post-modern world and Digi Modern world. Virtually we are members of global village but geographically we are living in third world countries and we are facing challenges of Digi Modernism. Students study books and evaluate novels themes, and contextual meaning in class but spend most of their time with technological tools interestingly. To bridge this gulf, there is dire need to connect a realm of academia and digital age through digital text mining. As newness of this research is concerned, ‘Unveiling Knowledge Patterns of Edward Said works“Orientalism and “Cultural imperialism and globalization” through Voyant Text Mining Tools: Digital Humanities Study’, is the first study of its kind in Pakistan and in the world. In the world, the only corpus had been used for Shakespeare and Jane Austin work analysis. Previously text mining of the web based material or metadata has been done. None has used digital tools for text analysis of Edward Said work in the world (as I have searched extensively). This study is first study of its kind. Academic contributions of this study are manifold. Prime stake holders of this research are directly students and indirectly teachers. Approximately thousands of researchers will prepare themselves for their English research proposal in their degree programs. Moreover, automated, self-paced and dynamic study concepts will be promoted. Finding any word, collocation, a lemma would be just a task of blinking of an eye. Learning visual vocabulary in the form of word cloud and trends will enhance their interest. Finding context of each word would be very easy. Digi teachers would be able to get benefits from this corpus and interactive visuals and they can utilize this digital text in their classrooms. Visuals enhance learning and memorization skill. Following the same trend, use of visuals will be enhanced in research proposals, and digital books with interactive visuals will be extremely popular. Sale of digital books will also be started. Above all, it will set new trends of studying texts with text mining in each discipline and subject. Students and teachers will employ corpora in the classrooms as they are being used in Western countries. Consequently, a new wave of digital learning will be generated by this study.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The distinctive types of Orientalism and Occidentalism talked about most importantly incline out of one course, towards self-serving methods for excluding and defaming others. This sort of reasoning was what Edward Said challenged. It is anything but difficult to overcompensate restriction to orientalism, to avoid any feedback inspired by a doubting fear of being orientalist. (Diana Larry, 2006). Taking this point of view which means that one should understand the real meaning of orientalism and not to replicate it but to create it, by taking the true meaning of Edward Said’s message in his book by discovering knowledge through multiple direction.
"Scope" gave way to the "Structures," through which the dishonesty of Orientalism was systematized and spread "as a type of Specific Learning." Edward Said looks at the philological works of "de Sacy" and "Renan travellers’ reports, perceptions from inhabitants in the Orient and novels. In each instance he showed how Western social judgments of the Orient rise up out of extremely constrained, specific knowledge. (Al-Shamir, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 269-272). Orientalism is still ineffectively comprehended by everybody. One of the principal issues in our understanding of Orientalism is that every researcher manipulated its own particular theme rather than moving on contextual meaning and giving other directions to think. Whatever Edward Said has said in Orientalism, has been happened in the history; and is still happening by the Western countries under the feigned claim of civilizing the uncivilized nations of the third world countries.
Said has very openly and clearly exposed the inner cruel nature of imperialistic society of Europe. He has very strictly rebuked and condemned the supreme authority of the United States. This has absolutely happened in the history and is still happening by the Western countries under the feigned claim of civilizing the uncivilized nations of the third world countries. Many hypotheses regarding Orientalism themes appear to be ill-defined because of the researcher’s own sake of interest. (P.U, 2005). Orientalism has many issues as after the World War America has been assigned a role of setting the things right in all the countries of the third world under the devised term of world’s responsibility. So by analysing the Orientalism section by section using world cloud or contextual meaning if needed can gives another direction of a new thought.
The occurrence of Said sanctions us to review the unmistakable measures that ensured the distribution of our reflections whereby the spaces of the social event are situated and scholarly outskirts are assembled. It is inside this setting our geographical and bibliographical examination of the space of references of Edward Said presents a solid and delegate investigation of logical creation, makers and items depending upon the goals weighing on their interdisciplinary and world-wide spread. (Brahimi and Fordant, 2017). Mentioning positive aspects of Brahimi and Fordant which gives the gateway for further researches that can be done to discover the new knowledge of different sources.
These points of view on the idea of power have more recently has been associated with orientalism and concerns about the political of representation in scholarly writing (Clifford 1988). Said's work deals fundamentally with grant on the Arab world and the Middle East, but much of his argument can be (and has been) connected to different regions of what has been characterized as the "Orient."(Breckenridge and Tune Appadurai, 1993). A major defect in Orientalism as a critique that researcher has given an overall view of Orientalism but not the chapter wise where Edward has written the true picture of different aspects.
To draw them together into a common endeavour which, it has appeared, can illuminate the bigger enterprise of which critique of Orientalism is a section. One gathering of people who are the special case that matters, or for one interrupting, conquering Truth, a truth allied to Western (or for that matter Eastern) reason, objectivity, science. (Edward W. Said 1985). The characteristics of Orientalism are not surely known by the readers because we have just seen the bright side of west and the dark side of East due to holding a background knowledge of east who replicated the culture of West despite knowing the true message of Orientalism.
This paper meant to make a methodological commitment to the study of monologues by making precise word checks of self-talk and its rates in plays, and I have deliberately followed its improvement over Shakespeare's vocation. (Sean Murphy, 2007). Past work has just centred on corpus complex way to deal with Shakespearean speeches in the acting more plays, books, dramatizations can be broke down by utilizing content mining device.
This paper proclaimed a portion of the work being attempted with regards to the Reference book of Shakespeare's Dialect Undertaking. This undertaking brings the corpus approach into the core of Shakespearean investigations and all the more by and large Early Present day English. It offered hard moments of knowledge into Shakespeare's utilization of dialect at numerous levels – words, phrases, semantic topics, personality shapes and that's only the tip of the iceberg. (Jonathan Culpeper and Amelia Joulain-Jay, 2006). More work can be explained as far as secured creators on risky territories and to give measurements for future concerns.
A lot of accessible surveys influenced the reading process boring and deadly. Existing word cloud perceptions endeavour to give an outline. Anyway, their randomized designs don't uncover content connections to clients. The consequences of this paper demonstrated that the proposed procedure of making word cloud enhances student implementation and experience of understanding an extensive number of studies. (Ji Wanga et al, 2016). One of the main issues in our knowledge of word cloud is not clear because many researchers are still unaware of this tool. It provided researchers and readers with more understanding about the semantics and setting of the substance and boring work would be less.
Visualisation may help in information connection, by giving visual portrayals that enable readers to see similitudes and contrasts clearly. There are different representation frames. For example, a client may experience Web indexed lists to decide how they contrast from each other. Genuine content bodies, exhibiting how the word clouds are helpful in saving the data substance of reports in order to permit more precise visual correlation of records. (Tuan M. V. Le and Hady W. Lauw, 2016). The cutting edge approach, Word clouds [Castella and Sutton, 2014], utilizes a synchronized age of the word clouds of all reports inside a corpus. Regardless of this best, nobody to the best of our insight is to research the utilization of word clouds in particular application situations, for example, report recovery, novels, dramatization, plays or record deprived.
Chapter 3: Methods and Methodology
The research is qualitative. Text mining method has been used to analyze the text. In this study, the researcher has discussed the themes and contextual meaning of Edward Said’s major Works (Orientalism) with the help of Voyant tool.
Digital tools were set up on start of a few theories. Computerized devices were indications of hypotheses of Digital Humanities. Stefan Sinclair and Geoffrey Rockwell were originators of Voyant tools and researchers of a few advanced apparatus of digital Humanities. Information bases Speculation were conventionally called data mining and it relies upon data bases, statistics and machine learning (Fayyad, Shapiro, Smyth, and Uthurusamy, 1996).
Learning revelation process has six phases. It is demonstrated in the following. Information was chosen; at that point, it was kept fit as a fiddle, thirdly, information was changed, fourthly Information mining is done, fifthly, comprehension and assessment is finished. These strategies incite learning revelation through examples.
Firstly, a book name Orientalism by Edward would be taken and uploaded in Voyant tools. Method of reasoning behind this digitized text is that it has compatibility and transmission capacity to show its spontaneous visual information, numeric esteems and visual patterns. Secondly every unit record would be transferred on Voyant tools which is an open access free sites for individualized text mining. Voyant indicated Cirrus (word cloud) of successive vocabulary. Number of high recurrence words could be expanded from 25 to 500 words as indicated by needs. Thirdly, data would be visible on five skins/panels of Voyant tools. Analysed data of each step is exported to a separate word file. Fourthly, Knowledge Discovery Theory has been applied on generated data and data analysis which interpreted in the account of keeping the light of research questions. Knowledge and reality are interlinked strongly.
Fifthly, this research had triangulation method of analysis since it shows qualitative, quantitative and visual data. Moreover, three types of data and their analysis was validated one another’s results. Qualitative data were in form of description of data mining, display of context, knowledge discovery from unstructured or semi-structured data and interpretation of data. Usually descriptive and predictive approaches were applied on text mining but study in hand were primarily applied Descriptive Approach and Data Driven Approach to describe and interpret knowledge patterns found in the intermediate English textbooks through digital text mining. Quantitative data showed numeric data of word count, corpus, frequency, etc. Visual data was in form of word clouds, graph of trends, etc.
The collected data was analysed under the theory of KDD (Knowledge Discovery Theory).
In Pakistan, many researchers in literature and linguistics write numerous research proposal in different, institutions, educational systems and boards or examination authorities. Study in hand delimited Writers, Novelist Edward Wadie Said “Orientalism” and “Culture and Imperialism” which were taught and examined in translated versions too in HEC recognized Universities etc. Secondly, majority of students go through these Novel and examinations before entering their professional studies of culture analyst etc. or other careers. Voyant opened access web presents several tools for text mining. Study in hand was delimited two Voyant tools and their generated analysis for instance cirrus (word clouds), and contextual meaning.
We were living in the modern world, then we shifted to the post-modern world, post post-modern world and Digi Modern world. Virtually we were members of global village but geographically we are living in third world countries and we are facing challenges of Digi Modernism. Students study books and evaluate novels themes, and contextual meaning in class but spend most of their time with technological tools interestingly. To bridge this gulf, there is dire need to connect the realm of academia and digital age through digital text mining. As newness of this research is concerned, Discovery in Said’s “Orientalism” through Cirrus (Voyant) tool.
Chapter 4: Results and Data Analysis
orient (1238); rientalism (545); oriental (532); islam (417); orientalist (357); european (266); work (257); history (256); east (254); world (252); like (242); arab (233); new (230); knowledge (227); century (226); west (202); study (188); political (182); europe (181); western (174); renan (172); way (170); modern (168); culture (165); egypt (154); human (154); cultural (152); great (151); french (146); arabs (143); islamic (135); power (133); time (132); studies(129); ideas (128); sense (128); pp (127); life (126); society (126); nineteenth (124); british (122); mind (121); general (118); des (117); language (117); say (116); man (115); middle (115); place (112); said (109); alism (108); la (104); science (104); historical (103); idea (101); called (100); subject (100); gibb (99); ed (97)
Main theme: The most occurring arithmetical theme of the “Orientalism” is “orient (1238). Some other relevant themes were ‘orientalism (545), oriental (532), islam (417), and orientalist (357). Edward said, he had his own particular belief system. Said analysed the trustworthy, social, and political viewpoints of the East that were held by the West and inspects how they made or created and where they started from. He in a general sense took after alternate points of view and observations back to the provincial time of English and European control in the Centre East. This early analysis contained translating works from the Oriental languages into European languages. The Orientalist specialists did not perceive among the countries of the district. The expression "Oriental" was utilized to depict the Centre East and Close East and Far East.
First Person Narrative style: The orientalism was written in first person narrative as word cloud and statistical data expressed for instance “I” (805) which means Said “is a narrator dominated all characters.”
Knowledge is Power: Theme of ‘knowledge’ (227), study (188),) studies (129), ideas (128), mind (121), science (104). Said describes the desire for knowledge about the orient as being brought forth from the desire to localize effectively not to disentangle the complex nature of a general public which is intrinsically unique, thus bound to do things a little differently. Said claims that there is no such "Authentic" as the Orient, he discusses that power can still practice over it. Said clarifies that, brilliantly, Orientalists have "made" the Orient with their Orientalist talk. "Works," he contends, "can make learning as well as the very reality they seem to depict. In time such learning and reality make a convention. So while the "Orient" does not exist as a place, it exists as a desultory arrangement, one which is liable to the impulses and likes of those outside to it.
Socio-cultural theme: The theme of Socio-cultural theme occurs in ‘orientalism’, modern (168), culture (165), cultural (152), life (126), society (126), postcolonial researchers evaluate the possibility that the expressions "present day" and "Western" are synonymous with each other, testing social hypotheses that comprehend advancement and modernization as inward to and exclusively of the West. Like basic race researchers, postcolonial scholars battle that oppression and prejudice are replicated by social structures and social implications that are greater than any one individual and survive any one reported period. To see how these structures and implications are delivered in regular day to day existence, and how they frequently shape intense nations' perspectives of their previous frontier subjects, as well as of themselves. Said to find an irritating and fantastical topography of West versus East, one in which the West's delineation of itself as "enlightened" and "progressed" relied upon the corruption of Asian and Centre Eastern societies as "rude" and "backward.”
Theme of Egypt: The theme of Egypt was discovered 154 times and the majority of the scans take Egypt as an east and west debates yet in genuine it is the extremist restricting of Bedouin (in Arabic badoo) and Muslim practices exaggerates the parts of religion and culture in inspiring the change, seeing and disrespects the group of Egyptians which they demand to be set free, like the synonymization of Islam and psychological warfare, our distraction with Iran and the Muslim World bids to the orientalist need to clarify the Egyptian battle for self-determinism through religiously or socially stereotyped elements. In submitting to this oversimplified and incautious structure, we were badly failed to recognize the desire of the Egyptian individuals to recover their nation and the appropriate challenges towards which they show.
Theme of Arab: The theme of “Arab (233), Arabs (143), was very prominent in ‘orientalism’ actually the author of the book wants to give the message "... [T]he European representation of the Muslim, Ottoman, or Arab was always a way of controlling the redoubtable Orient, and to a certain extent the same is true of the methods of contemporary learned Orientalists, whose subject is not so much the East itself as the East made known, and therefore less fearsome, to the Western reading public."
To comprehend this topic, we should refer to the title of the book that 'What is orientalism? It is a method for considering imagines, highlights, exaggerates and misshapes varieties of Bedouin people groups and societies in contrast with that of Europe and the U.S. It frequently includes seeing Bedouin way of life as individual, in reverse, immoral, and at examples unsafe life style. Edward W. expressed that Orientalism, characterized it as the acknowledgment inside the West of "the key distinction among East and West on the grounds that the place to start for worrying hypotheses, stories, books, social depictions, and political cash allocated concerning the Orient, its people, traditions, 'mind,' future and so on."
The English historian Robert Irwin was a researcher who, in times past, might have been glad to name himself an Orientalist... somebody who understood the philosophy of difficult languages, similar to Arabic and Persian, after which put in years twisted around original copies, in polite actions or events of understandable and clarification. In risky learning, Irwin relates that the nineteenth-century English Arabist Edward William Path, compiler of the considerable Arabic-English Vocabulary [1840], "used to grumble that he had end up being so used to the cursive calligraphy of his Arabic original copies that he found Western print an incredible weight on his eyes. “The best Orientalist: Edward William Path, the interpreter and word specialist who combined the Arabic– English Vocabulary (1863– 93). States investigated manages the western, focuses as a special technique of essential decolonisation. Numerous Middle Easterner critics encountered this postcolonial talk as a gadget of rejection.
The idea of being a Middle Easterner by utilizing inclination, at the same time, experienced a couple of opposition. While said clarifies the way of his non-open arrangement and his solidarity with the Palestinians as an individual choice as different to a return to a genuine cause, this model appears to be not as much as appropriate for Middle Easterner educated people, in the viewpoint of the simple conditions in their ordinary work.
Said effort to notice the chains of patriot unity thoughts along the edge of the separating fascinations of pioneer extremist identifications, since it, has experienced a huge barrier inside the Middle East. In these conditions, Said's investigate threats losing contact to the ones different sorts of articulation made inside the Middle Easterner outskirts of the worldwide social endeavour.
Characters: Major Characters of ‘orientalism’ were European countries, French and British empires (from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the end of World War II) and The United States (after World War II) because the word European occurs 266 times, French 146 times, Nineteenth 124 times and British 122 times. Which surely means that they want to civilize the natives, Progress and “true” religion which is Christianity, Financial and economic benefits because it was the time of industrialisation and political domination and cultural control.
Idea in orientalism: The word idea occurred (101) times. A focal thought of Orientalism is that Western information about the East isn't produced from insights or truth, anyway from biased models that anticipate all social orders as essentially simply like each other, and fundamentally various to "Western" social orders.
It may not be right to presume that the Orient basically turn into a thought or a creation without a comparing actuality. Whenever Disraeli (was an English statesman, filled in as Head administrator of the United Kingdom twice) in his novel ‘Tancred’ that the East transformed into a calling, he implied that to be nosey about the East transformed into something brilliant youthful Westerners may situate to be an all eating enthusiasm; he should never again be translated as saying that the East was just a profession for Westerners.
Orientalism took its shape, design and objective from the possibility of the journey there. In this idea as in therefore the majority of the various kinds of Orientalist writing.
Science theme of rising the era of industrialization: The science (104) witnesses the sum of science has risen in the West the age of industrialization that it seems that the Oriental studies have languished and decline, soon after first composing a dictionary of these three Oriental languages, the history, theology, geography, science, and art, in both their fabulous and their truthful varieties. In that era the westerners has taken away all the material related to science and art, manuscripts and translated in their own language and revised it in a translated version of their own thought, which created the binarism.
Theme of the Memory: Theme of ‘memory’ were found 10 times respectively in the corpus. Edward Said “in orientalism that to figure the Orient, to give it shape, character, definition with full acknowledgment of its place in memory, its significance to majestic methodology, and its “natural" part as a member to Europe; to exalt all the information gathered amid pilgrim occupation with the title "commitment to present day realizing" when the locals had."
Theme and testing of theory: Theme of ‘theory’ was found 36 times in the corpus of Orientalism. The researcher hypothesized different theories to test different theories. "…..made group of hypotheses and practice in which, for some ages, there has been an impressive material invest-ment". Moreover in orientalism the setting of the hypothesis happens. “to trust that governmental issues as colonialism bears upon the creation of writing, grant, social hypothesis, and hiMory composing is in no way, shape or form proportional to stating that culture is in this way a belittled Or maligned thing."
Chapter 5: Discussion
We were living in the modern world, then we are shifting to the post-modern world, post post-modern world and Digi Modern world. Virtually we are members of global village but geographically we are living in third world countries and we are facing challenges of Digi Modernism. Students study books and evaluate novels themes, and contextual meaning in class but spend most of their time with technological tools interestingly. Improving the capacity to find the correct data at the right time is very important for every school and each student.
The constant development in unstructured data makes data mining applications progressively vital in achieving this goal. In looking forward to see how text mining will solve a problem of our greatest challenges in extracting an appropriate information from huge and loud volumes of unstructured information. To solve thus critical issue, there is a need to connect the field of academia and digital age through digital text mining. As newness of this research is concerned, ‘Unveiling Knowledge Patterns of Edward Said works “Orientalism” through Voyant Text Mining Tools: Digital Humanities Study’, is the first study of its kind in Pakistan and in the world. In this world, the only corpus had been used for Shakespeare and Jane Austen work analysis. Previously text mining of the web based material or metadata has been done. None has used digital tools for text analysis of Edward Said work in the world (as I have searched extensively). This study is first study of its kind. Researcher’s contributions of this study are different. The main collaborators of this study are students and teachers. About thousands of researchers organise English research proposals in their degree programmes. In addition, self-guided and dynamic study ideas will be advanced in academia. Finding any word, word frequency or any appropriate need would be only a task of squinting of an eye. Learning visual vocabulary as word cloud and knowledge discovered patterns will improve their interest. Discovering any setting of each word would be simple. Digi teachers and students would be able to get benefits from this corpus and interactive visuals and they can use this computerized message in their classrooms.
Visuals improve learning and memorization skills. Following the same trend, use of visuals will be improved in research proposals, and in digital books with interactive visuals will be extremely popular. Students will start buying digital books just to cover a huge volume of a date in a short span of time. Most importantly, it will set new trends of studying texts mining in each discipline and subject. Teachers and students will utilize corpora in the classrooms as they are being used as a part of Western nations. Thus, another wave of digital learning is being generated by this study. Despite this interest, no one to the best of our insight is to research the utilization of word clouds in particular application situations, for example, archive recovery, Novel, show, plays or record summarisation. The characteristics of Orientalism are not surely known by the readers because we have just seen the bright side of west and the dark side of East due to holding a background knowledge of east which replicated the culture of West despite knowing the true message of Orientalism. One of the main issues in our knowledge of word cloud is not clear because many researchers are still unaware of this tool. Genuine content corpora, displaying how the word clouds are valuable in saving the data substance of records in order to permit more exact visual correlation of archives. Word clouds were pushed by tag-clouds, which were conversant with condense and peruse a client determined information. The cutting edge approach, Word Storms [Castella and Sutton, 2014], utilizes a co-ordinated age of the word billows of all reports inside a corpus. Major defect in Orientalism as a critique that researchers has given an overall view of Orientalism but not the chapter wise where
Edward has written the true picture of different aspects. Many hypotheses regarding Orientalism themes appear to be ill-defined because of the researcher’s own sake of interest. The results of this paper showed that the proposed technique of creating word cloud enhances student performance and experience of understanding an extensive amount of evaluations. An independent word cloud would be made for comparing and contrasting documents. The preview problem of themes of ‘orientalism’ massive data was a frequent because everyone was of the opinion differently by describing the relations between orients and occident’s. Orientalism (1978) which set the standard for what was the cutting edge of literary and social discourse on a very controversial issue. The book is visualized from Cirrus; Voyant tools and analysed said and unsaid themes on the basis of statistical data, so following cloud showed topic modelling.
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Major findings of this study were that all major themes of ‘orientalism’ were extracted aesthetically in the form of word clouds. Cirrus tool was successful in extracting delineated themes for instance orientalist (357); european (266); work (257); history (256); east (254); world (252); like (242); arab (233); new (230); knowledge (227); century (226); west (202); study (188); political (182); europe (181); western (174); renan (172); way (170); modern (168); culture (165); egypt (154); human (154); cultural (152); great (151); french (146); arabs (143); islamic (135); power (133); time (132); studies(129); ideas (128); sense (128); pp (127); life (126); society (126); nineteenth (124); british (122); mind (121), but the hidden thread of the implied themes could be extracted as Critics which includes Patrick Bran linger, Reina Lewis, and Alicia Carroll have investigated how Orientalism in writing inspired and, in a few occasions, constituted an evaluate of English patriotism through portrayal, want of the subject, and cure of both Oriental and local settings. Each and every other road of protest in regards to Orientalism that has pulled in consideration is the managing of gender orientation in Orientalist works. Alan Richardson, Meyda Ye?eno?lu, and Joseph W. Lew, among others, have made the part out of young ladies, particularly inside the works of Ruler Byron, in which the hidden and secured the Muslim young lady, which symbolizes the staying "extraordinary" who can charge as well as answer and go up against Western man centric society on solid argumentation premise. The abundance of material concerning the Orient that was created in nineteenth century Europe lets in far a one of a kind data of the change of East and West members of the family, and guarantees persevered lively scholarly interest in Orientalism. These kinds of themes couldn’t be extracted by machine learning tools because it was only the domain of the human cognitive framework which could understand untold themes for example gender discrimination in Orientalism.
As academic implications are concerned, word clouds can be used for previewing text analysis comparison prediction, vocabulary building, websites education, exam revision, speech analysis, summary output, inclination of an author and bias analysis.
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