Is There Justice in Oman? Corruption in the Oman Justice System (Part One)
Ali Mansouri
Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics and TESOL / Writer, Researcher, Consultant
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"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"—Martin Luther King, Jr
“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right, the right to dignity and a decent life.” —?Nelson Mandela
“I am not interested in picking up crumbs of compassion thrown from the table of someone who considers himself my master. I want the full menu of rights.”
-- Desmond Tutu
?“It is certain, in any case, that ignorance, allied with power, is the most ferocious enemy justice can have.” —?James Baldwin
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Introduction
Justice is a universal human value and one of the fundamental pillars of a fair, civilized society everywhere in the world without exception. Caring Leaders and ordinary people are always concerned about justice and the justice system in their country and how to make sure that all people are equal before the law and all have equal opportunities for a peaceful and prosperous life.
Justice is one of the most important ideals in any civilized society. It is what we strive for to create a fair and equitable world.?It is a denial of justice not to offer your help and support to those who have suffered, or are suffering, from injustices and unfair treatment.
Justice is a very comprehensive term and it covers many aspects not only the legal aspect: social justice, environmental justice, and racial justice, and it penetrates everything in our lives from home to the workplace.
There is a great difference between justice and charity. Justice is a fundamental human right for all the members of society: rich and poor, strong and weak, educated and uneducated. It does not exclude anyone. Charity, on the other hand, is a great human value whereby the rich, the wealthy, and the able offer help and assistance to the poor and the needy. It is an act of human kindness.
Most people think of justice in its legal aspect as something related to the law, the court, the judges, the police, and the government. This is why this legal aspect has been developing a great deal throughout the history of mankind. You find elaborate and very detailed laws about bylaws about every aspect of legal conflicts, problems, and disputes arising between two or more members of the society. Everyone involved in the legal field is required to adhere to the laws and strive to achieve justice. Unfortunately, this does not always happen and corruption creeps into the process to prevent justice.
Unfortunately, Oman is a "primitive" and "chaotic" country in terms of justice and its justice system is full of loopholes, incompetence, and corruption. There are laws, regulations, and specific instructions from the top, but they are only ink on paper like many other countries in the Middle East. Most of the officials at the top or bottom of the government ladder do not respect these laws and regulations and do not care whether you take them to court or the Royal Diwan Court of the Sultan or die in grief in your office or at home. Most of these officials are incompetent, ignorant, stupid, uncivilized, and corrupt down to their nails!
There is no "legal aid" for you if you take any official to court, especially if you are an expatriate employee in the private sector which is mostly controlled by ruthless and corrupt businessmen. They will terminate your work contract without giving you any reason or justification even if you have worked very hard for them and even you have done them great services or even if you have saved from Hell. Most of them are selfish, merciless, unpatriotic, and corrupt. They care only about filling out their pockets with money at the expense of their fellow citizens and hard-working expatriates even though Omani people are among the friendliest people in the world. This is very true, except for the officials most of whom, mistakenly, believe he is too powerful to be taken to court or held accountable for any injustices or wrongdoings. The victim is put into a cage like an animal; the criminal is seated near the judge, looking at the victim and enjoying the scene.
What Does "Justice" Really Mean?
Justice is one of the most important and influential concepts in the history of mankind and political thought. You never find a leader, a thinker, a philosopher, or a government official who does not talk about justice as one of the highest goals of the social system. As Paul Bloomfield, a professor of philosophy at the University of Connecticut, put it a few years ago:
"While justice is important for each of us in our personal lives, it becomes strikingly important when we think of those in positions of power. We need leaders motivated by a love of justice and not merely self-aggrandizement. Leadership without an inner moral compass reliably pointing toward justice inevitably ends in the abuse of power."
"In fact, there are two roles: Justice functions both in our epistemology or how we form and justify our beliefs, as well as in practical morality, informing our private and public behavior. These ought to be entwined in our lives since we ought not only to?think?in a fair and just manner but also?act?accordingly."(1)
The most important figure of justice is the courtroom judge, interpreting the law and ruling on the evidence concerning innocence and guilt. The judges are supposed to be just, unbiased, or unduly swayed, their conclusions are not prejudged, and their verdicts reliably correspond to the facts.
The central epistemic principles of justice require cases to be treated alike, as captured legally by the concepts of?the rule of law?and?precedent. Weak and strong, rich and poor, all are equal before the law. Typically, those who abuse their strength or cheat, and then do not get caught or punished, self-deceptively think they have “beaten the system” and “won.” But fooling others into thinking you have earned a victory is not the same as genuinely being victorious. Cheaters fool themselves when they elide this difference.
"The idea of justice lies at the heart of moral and political philosophy. It is a necessary virtue of individuals in their interactions with others, and the principal virtue of social institutions, although not the only one. Just as an individual can display qualities such as integrity, charity, and loyalty, a society can also be more or less economically prosperous, artistically cultivated, and so on. Traditionally defined by the Latin tag ‘suum cuique tribuere’ – to allocate to each his own – justice has always been closely connected to the ideas of desert and equality. Rewards and punishments are justly distributed if they go to those who deserve them. But in the absence of different desert claims, justice demands equal treatment."(2)
Corrective Justice
There is general agreement that a just punishment should meet the following criteria. First, it should be imposed only on a properly convicted wrongdoer. Second, the amount of suffering should satisfy the principle of ordinal proportionality. This means, as (3) Hirsch (1990) has put it, that "persons convicted of crimes of comparable gravity should receive punishments of comparable severity" except where mitigating or aggravating circumstances alter the culpability of the offender. Third, the amount of suffering should satisfy the principle of cardinal proportionality: there should be a vertical ranking of crimes and penalties by seriousness. This should be determined very clearly by the law.
"Jails and prisons are called correctional facilities because they are meant to help correct the person’s behavior so that person does not commit any more crimes. But as?a criminologist?– someone who studies crime and prisons – I often wonder how people decided that incarceration was a good way to “correct” people." (4)
Conventionalism
Turning to social, or distributive, justice, the attraction of some form of conventionalist approach is clear. Since there are institutions, conventions, and systems of law that determine what is due to whom, resolving issues of justice may be thought merely to require reading off the correct answer from such sources.
A more complicated statement of conventionalism has been offered by (5) Michael Walzer (1983). He argues that every social good (for example, health care, wealth, income, and political rights) has an appropriate criterion of distribution internally related to how that good is understood by society. For example, in the UK (as elsewhere), health care is understood essentially to concern itself with illness and the restoration of health. This shared understanding of health care seems to entail a distributive criterion: medical need. Anyone, therefore, who claims that health care in the UK (and many other societies) ought to be distributed per, say, status has either failed to grasp the nature of the good of health care or falls outside the community which is united and defined by its shared understandings.
Justice as Mutual Advantage
Utilitarianism is based on the assumption that the good of different individuals can be in some sense lumped together, and the pursuit of aggregate utility is proposed as the objective of everyone. But, in the absence of an external lawgiver, how can an individual be encouraged to adopt the maximization of total utility as a binding demand? If we doubt that any satisfactory answer can be given, we may be tempted by a theory of justice that takes as its starting point the assumption that each person has a conception of their own good and that justice must be shown to contribute to the attainment of that good. Justice is thus the term of a?modus vivendi: it gives everyone the best chance of achieving the good that they can reasonably expect, given that others are simultaneously trying to achieve their (different) good. Versions of ‘justice as mutual advantage’ can be found in Thrasymachus’ ‘might is right’ argument in Book I of Plato’s?Republic?and in the fraudulent social contract identified by Rousseau (1755: Part II) as having been perpetrated by the rich on the poor. If the terms of the agreement are to be to the advantage of each (compared with unrestrained conflict), they must reflect the relative bargaining strengths of the cooperators. The strong and talented have little to gain (or to fear) from the weak or infirm, and the latter may even ‘fall beyond the pale’ of morality if the strong have no reason for taking their interests into account (6) (Gauthier 1986: 268). Justice as a mutual advantage results in rules that are no more than truces and, like truces, they are unlikely to be stable if there are changes in the balance of power between the sides (7) (Barry 1995: 41).
Environmental Justice
People in poverty, who are most vulnerable to the adverse consequences of climate change are the least responsible for its causes and have fewer means to protect themselves from it.?Cyclones and frequent droughts often hit the communities and countries where people in situations of poverty live. Floods due to rising sea levels force them to leave their homes and land. Soil salinization destroys their crops and ocean acidification threatens their livelihoods.
Since COP 21 (the 21st United Nations Conference on Climate Change), ATD Fourth World has focused its advocacy on demanding that the mechanisms and provisions required by the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, take into account populations in situations of extreme poverty so that climate actions are also aimed at eradicating poverty.?ATD has therefore partnered with other international NGOs to urge that the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement explicitly include human rights obligations to protect the most vulnerable populations.?However, the final ‘Rulebook’ adopted at COP24 in Katowice, Poland, contains little rights-based language.
All the same, growing mobilization throughout the world has shown governments that their citizens are ready to take up the challenges of climate change, and will push them to step up their climate commitments.
ATD Fourth World will continue to work for climate justice.?ATD’s advocacy will highlight how measures taken in response to climate change may negatively impact people living in poverty, especially if they are left out of the design and implementation process.?It is imperative that “clean energy” programs prioritize the most vulnerable communities and ensure that they benefit from training and jobs that the “green economy” creates. In the area of climate financing, ATD Fourth World has requested an accountability mechanism that allows affected people to obtain remedies for the damage caused by programs supported by the Green Climate Fund.?
Effective climate initiatives to achieve the “Leave no one behind” overarching principle of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development must:
·???? Involve people living in poverty in designing strategies for prevention, mitigation, or adaptation;
·???? Ensure that people living in poverty have access to better energy and technology options as well as new scientific developments and products that can improve their standard of living;
·???? Include policies that avoid or reduce the adverse impacts of climate projects on people living in extreme poverty and their communities.
More than 5 billion people are caught up in a massive global justice gap, according to research by the World Justice Project (WJP). That includes over 4 billion people who cannot access basic protections the law allows, and 1.5 billion people who cannot solve their legal problems–whether criminal, civil, or administrative–through the justice system. “If left untreated, people’s unresolved legal problems may give way to growing social frustrations and unrest, thereby exacerbating tensions and conflicts within societies,” says the joint statement, which cites WJP’s justice gap research. The statement also warns that rising authoritarianism, corruption, climate change, and COVID have all compounded the global rule of law recession, citing?WJP Rule of Law Index?data that 4.4 billion people live in countries where the rule of law is declining.
The?Joint Statement and Call to Action on the Rule of Law and People-Centered Justice?is signed by 10 countries—Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Kosovo, Netherlands, Senegal, United States, and the United Kingdom—as well as WJP; Pathfinders for Peaceful, Just and Inclusive Societies (Pathfinders); and 13 other national and international organizations.
The joint statement describes people-centered justice as placing “the people and communities affected by the law, whether in civil, criminal, or administrative matters, at the core of the policies, processes, and practices that provide a foundation for justice systems.”
(8) (World Justice Report: Global Leaders Embrace People-Centered Justice to Rebuild Trust, March 30, 2023)
Justice and Compensations
As recently reported by The Guardian, "The family of a man who died after starving in an Indiana jail while being held in solitary confinement for three weeks has secured a $7.25m?settlement, thought to be the state’s largest ever in connection with the death of an incarcerated person.
Joshua McLemore’s estate settled with the government of the county where the jail is. Wrongful death lawsuits against the jail’s physician and its medical services provider, Advanced Correctional Healthcare Inc., are still pending." (9)
Is There Justice in Oman?
Oman is a "primitive" and "chaotic" country in terms of justice and its justice system is full of loopholes, incompetence, and corruption. There are laws, regulations, and specific instructions from the top, but they are only ink on paper like many other countries in the Middle East. Most of the officials at the top or bottom of the government ladder do not respect these laws and regulations and do not care whether you take them to court or to the Royal Diwan Court of the Sultan or die in grief in your office or at home. Most of these officials are incompetent, ignorant, stupid, and corrupt down to their nails!
There is no "legal aid" for you if you take any official to court, especially if you are an expatriate employee in the private sector which is mostly controlled by ruthless and corrupt businessmen. They will terminate your work contract without giving you any reason or justification even if you have worked very hard for them and even you have done them great services or even if you have saved from Hell. Most of them are selfish, merciless, unpatriotic, and corrupt. They care only about filling out their pockets with money at the expense of their fellow citizens and hard-working expatriates even though Omani people are among the friendliest peoples of the world. This is very true, except for the officials each of whom, mistakenly, believes he is too powerful to be taken to court or held accountable for any injustices or wrongdoings.
Corruption persists in Oman because corrupt people are “protected” by the public prosecutors who fear them and never dare to investigate their corruption, fraud, and thievery. Corrupt officials and senior executives can do whatever they like and can steal money in different ways from the public sector or the private sector companies and institutions without being held accountable to anyone. They control almost everything in their companies and organization as they control the two most important functions: administration and finance; though these two functions differ from one institution to another in terms of size and scope. They also control, to a surprising degree, the public prosecutors everywhere in the country. These prosecutors would turn against anyone who submits any corruption documents or tries to file complaints against corrupt figures in the public or private sector. When I reported the corruption of Abood Al-Sawafi (former VC of A’Sharqiyah University) to Saif Al-Saltti, the Deputy Public Prosecutor in Ibra, Oman, he shamelessly said to me, “I am not concerned about the corruption of Abood Al-Sawafi; I am concerned about whether Abood Al-Sawafi has been insulted or not.” Imagine that! Can we fight injustices and corruption with such a corrupt public prosecutor?!
Even if these prosecutors are given the authority and the power to investigate corruption of any sort, they are timid and afraid to investigate. A phone call from a corrupt and powerful Sheikh like Abdullah Al-Harthi with or without a bribe is quite enough to stop the corruption investigation or divert its direction from the corrupt official like Abood Al-Sawafi to the person who submits the documents like the former Director of the Language Center and Foundation Program at A’Sharqiyah University in Oman. Corrupt officials and businessmen always act like thugs and bullies. They do not care about any laws, bylaws, charters, or regulations in any public or private institution. ?They always put themselves?“above the law”?because they?have a bizarre immunity from prosecution. They are not held to account by anyone for anything illegal or harmful they have done to the company institution or even the country. Where is justice then?
Teachers' salaries at all levels of education in Oman are very low compared with those in the other GCC bloc. This is one of the reasons for demoralization in education in Oman.?The inflation rate in Oman is between 15-20 % but the annual increase in salaries is 3% or nothing at all.??Salaries are to be generously raised and their allowances are to be upgraded to a level that allows them to live a decent human life without the need to "leak exam questions" or inflate and forge grades for money to survive as is the case now in many colleges, and universities in Oman.
The renewals and non-renewals of work contracts have become a nasty weapon for corruption in the Ministry of Higher Education and in many private higher education institutions. Many corrupt and wicked senior managers like?Said Al Rubaii, Abood Al-Sawafi, and Hamed Al-Hajri?abuse their power and authorization. They use the work contracts as a vicious and merciless tool to suppress anyone who stands in their way of forgery, fraud, thievery, and deception. It is a cynical tool used by cynical corrupt senior managers encouraged by the Ministry of Higher Education in Oman. You may find more details in my article:
("Renewals of Work Contracts: A Weapon for Corruption "?published on LinkedIn on September 14, 2019).
Corruption does not exist in a vacuum. It is usually committed by top officials and senior managers who cheat the systems of control and supervision and do not respect any laws or regulations. They are usually entrusted with a range of executive powers but they always betray this trust and go beyond these powers for selfish and wicked purposes.
Judges are human beings and most have families. They are mostly appointed by the governments as civil servants. They depend upon their work as judges for a living. So they are under enormous pressure from many sides to pass judgments in favor of the government or the Sheikh with daggers or the Sheikh with swords! Many of these judges are timid and many are scared to death to lose their jobs and be sacked by the government. Some are even afraid of being assassinated or murdered by powerful corrupt politicians and Sheikhs.
If two ordinary citizens or expatriates have a legal dispute before these judges, they may then pass judgment as they see fit and fair in the light of the evidence and the documents available to them in the court. There is no problem here to be fair and just. But when one of the parties involved in the dispute or case, especially if it is a corruption case, is a Sheikh a powerful businessman, or an influential politician, then the judgment will certainly be in favor of the powerful Sheikh or businessman. It is enough for a top official in the government or a Sheikh with a dagger to call the public prosecutor or judge to “command” him to pass the judgment he wants. To talk about the independence of the judiciary in most of the countries of the Middle East is utter nonsense! I have first-hand experience of this sad reality with the Courts in Ibra, Oman and I will talk about it in detail in one of the following sections.
Oman is a very corrupt country in the world. It scored 44 points out of 100 on the 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reported by Transparency International and published?in?January 2023. Oman has moved from a score of 52 in 2021 down to 44 in 2023. It is far below the global average of 50 out of 100.
Oman is the most corrupt Gulf country after Kuwait?as per the Corruption Perception Index.?There is some hope in the fight against corruption in Kuwait as Kuwait is the most liberal and democratic country in the GCC bloc with some independent anticorruption agencies and organizations. There is a high degree of freedom of the press and freedom of expression. In Oman, everything and every agency and organization is controlled by the Government and Public Prosecutors. There are no democratic institutions and no independent anti-corruption agencies. The fight against corruption is extremely difficult in Oman. This is why corruption has reached a very frightening level in all sectors, especially in higher education. This has also resulted in an increase in poverty in Oman. Even students in colleges and universities cannot afford to have one meal during their study hours at the college or university. You do not need to go too far to find the evidence that tells, without doubt, the truth of what we are saying here. Just go to my X Account (formerly Twitter Account) to find a video for Sheikh Kahlan Al Kharousi, the Deputy of the Grand Mufti of Oman. In this video, Sheikh Kahlan says that a large number of students at colleges and universities are too poor to afford even a simple meal during their day of study at the college or university. Where is the Government of Oman which always boasts of having achieved a large surplus of revenue for the National Budget? Where does the surplus go and your students go hungry in your colleges and universities? Where are the Ministry of Higher Education officials in Oman who spend most of the budget of the Ministry in trivial conferences and meetings and bonuses to the corrupt officials of the Ministry and some powerful and corrupt figures in private universities in Oman? Many officials in higher education like Abood Al-Sawafi go on expensive, luxurious, and useless trips around the world at the expense of their institutions wasting the shareholders’ money as well as the public money. They take some members of the Board of Directors and Board of Trustees on these trips as a way of “bribing” them to keep them silent and to be complacent about their corruption. This has been happening in most colleges and universities in Oman.
Corruption always leads to the demoralization of organizations, whether military or civil. The soldiers were not prepared to fight and die for their corrupt commanders; the employees were not prepared to work hard and offer sacrifices for their corrupt managers. This is exactly what has happened to higher education in Oman after the corruption of top managers like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri has led to the complete demoralization of colleges and universities at all levels aggravated by the stunning dereliction of duty by the Board of Directors, the Board of Trustees, and the Ministry of Higher Education in Oman.
Oman: Fear and Repression
There is a widespread culture of fear and repression in Oman because of the huge numbers of "government spies", "intelligence officers", "police officers", and "informants" in all walks of life and sectors of the economy. You find them everywhere: in companies, in offices, in higher education institutions, in supermarkets, working as line managers, top managers, executives, teachers, directors, taxi drivers, porters, and beggars on the streets exactly as was the situation in Iraq before 2003. There are cameras in every inch of Oman, even in bathrooms! Omanis and expatriates are being watched with or without the approval of the government. These "government spies", "intelligence officers", "police officers", and "informants" are mostly above the law, especially those in the top positions of companies and higher education institutions. The moment you open your mouth to offer a suggestion, useful or useless, criticize the government, or say something they do not like, you lose your job and maybe your head! ?
There is very little or no freedom of expression in any real sense in Oman. Most of those who write and interact on social media inside the country praise the government for its fictional “great achievements” or are simply mercenaries or hired agents and spies. Those who dare criticize the government or any top official are immediately arrested by the Public Prosecutors who are among the most stupid, incompetent, and ruthless prosecutors in the world. Those who write and criticize the government from outside the country are labeled “traitors” “foreign agents” or even “terrorists” just to discredit them and frighten those who are inside the country from joining them.?There are also many repressive items and articles in the Oman Penal Code?like Article 16. This article is greatly exploited by corrupt people like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri, and badly abused by the judges and public prosecutors. The article talks about “privacy” and personal information and photos, but the prosecutors and judges usually interpret it as referring to anyone writing about corruption or offering suggestions even to improve the health care system in Oman.
A'Sharqiyah University: A Disturbing Injustice Story
(This is the story of a former university professor at A'Sharqiyah University in Oman. He is telling the story by himself.)
One day I received a phone call from the Deputy Public Prosecutor in Ibra, Oman. He told me, in a harsh and threatening voice, that his name was Saif Al-Saltti and he wanted to see me at his office. I was really surprised because I did not remember committing any crime in Oman or elsewhere in the world. I have always spent my life as a law-abiding citizen and expatriate, and a very hard-working academic and employee everywhere.
I arrived at Saif Al-Saltti’s office in the Public Prosecution in Ibra and found a thin man smoking heavily inside the office. This was the first sign that made me conclude the man is “reckless and does not care about the law”! The man was breaking the law as smoking in offices and public buildings and places is strictly forbidden in Oman.
He told me that there was a memo against me from Abood Al-Sawafi, the Vice Chancellor, of A’Sharqiyah University because of articles I had written on Facebook and LinkedIn. The articles were in English. When I looked into the file, I found a very detailed, hand-written memo in Arabic. It was written and signed by Hamed Al-Hajri, the Assistant VC of A’Sharqiyah University on behalf of Abood Al-Sawafi and the University. When I read it, I did not believe myself at the level of wickedness, hatred, and fabrication with which the memo was written. But I was able to understand the reason behind it. I had caught Hamed Al-Hajri red-handed many times before and reported him to the former VC and the present VC, so he wanted to have his revenge on me and had orchestrated a very wicked conspiracy to have my contract terminated as he always does with anyone who stands on his way.?He is a big thief and one of the most wicked and corrupt senior managers in Oman and the Middle East. I will expose his corruption to the full with documents.
The file contained five of my LinkedIn articles written in English with “translated”, or rather mistranslated, texts from a commercial translation bureau. The translated texts were very inaccurate and very weak; they did not reflect an honest attempt to render the original literal and metaphorical meanings and connotations of the English texts. There was something else which was very serious and the Judge himself, later on, pointed this to Abood Al-Sawafi. The names of Abood Al-Sawafi and A’Sharqiyah University were printed with a stamp on the translated texts (in Arabic) though they are not found in the original texts! This was done to mislead the readers into believing that the articles are about Abood Al-Sawafi and A’Sharqiyah University. Those who understand English can very clearly see that the articles talk in general about various issues related to higher education institutions. But Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri wanted to deceive the Police, the Public Prosecutor, and the court as they hardly knew any English. I explained this to Saif Al-Saltti, the Deputy Public Prosecutor, and expected him to take this into account or mention it somewhere on the case file, but he ignored it!
Saif Al-Saltti read half of the first “mistranslated” article in Arabic sentence by sentence and I pointed to him the mistakes and inaccurate points in the translation but, again, he ignored my corrections. After reading half a page of a mistranslated text, he left the office and never returned. He asked his clerk to continue reading the other half of the Arabic text. After finishing reading, the clerk asked me to sign a paper about writing the articles. I explained to him that I wrote the articles in English not in Arabic and I did not write the mistranslated texts. He told me they would mention this point to the court, but they did not!
Is this how a legal investigation in a Public Prosecution office in Oman should be done? Is this fair? How do you expect me or the others to believe there is justice in Oman and all of us are equal before the law?
The articles are all in English and are available on many websites and can easily be consulted copies of which were submitted with the mistranslated Arabic texts. One expects the Public Prosecutor to go through the texts one by one and discuss them with the accused, the writer, but he did not!
What are the five articles mentioned in the memo submitted by Hamed Al-Hajri? They are the following:
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1.?????Higher Education is not a game of gambling, Mr. VC!!?(Published on September 29, 2015).
2.?????Are Indians Cheap Labor? Who is to blame? Expatriate Indian Teachers in?Higher Education (Published on October 1, 2015)
3.?????Understanding and Implementing Oman Labor Law in Colleges and Universities?(Published on October 8, 2015)
4.?????Oman Health at Risk: Oman Labor Law and Medical Insurance Companies?(Published on October 12, 2015)
5.?????When Senior Management is Shortsighted: Knowledge Management for Startup?Organizations in Higher Education (Published on October 20, 2015)
I have written these articles in English, not in Arabic, and I will never deny that.?Whether the articles are about Abood Al-Sawafi and A’Sharqiyah University or not is for the reader to know or conclude but there is a simple fact: the names of Abood Al-Sawafi and A’Sharqiyah University are not mentioned in the articles, so there is no legal justification whatsoever for any court case against them. In fact, in the first court hearing, the presiding Judge asked Abood Al-Sawafi about his name in the articles and where it was mentioned. Abood Al-Sawafi replied that the pronoun “he” in the articles refers to him! The Judge smiled and asked me if this was correct. I answered that this was not correct as the pronoun “he” refers to the name mentioned somewhere before it. Since the name Abood Al-Sawafi is not mentioned in the text at all, then the pronoun “he” does not refer to him. Imagine a VC of a university who does not know how the pronoun “he” is used in English!
What surprised me more than anything else was the bunch of lies and fabrications in the memo and the translated texts. Some of the phrases did not occur even in the translations but they were inserted in the memo by Hamed Al-Hajri. Other phrases were inserted into the Arabic texts by the translator under pressure from Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri. The phrases and sentences, as we will show, are not found in the original English texts. They are blatant lies for anyone who can read the original texts in English. I will mention here only a few examples and will give the titles of the articles in question for easy reference. I will use the historical present tense for vivid descriptions.
1. Higher Education is not a game of gambling, Mr. VC!!?(Published on September 29, 2015).
In his memo, Hamed Al-Hajri claims that this article is an attack on higher education! This is a grave misunderstanding of the article because Hamed Al-Hajri does not understand English. The article discusses the higher education system and attempts to shed light on the essential requirements for the success of any higher education institution. Investors should pay due attention to these requirements instead of looking at their private higher education institution as a “cash cow” -- an investment for making money in a fast way. The article discusses the topic in general and does not mention Abood Al-Sawafi or A’Sharqiyah University as any reader who knows English can see very easily from the article.
The article starts with this sentence:?“Investing some money on a very simple building that looks like a Bedouin camp without a set of academic principles or values is not an investment in higher education.”
The sentence is very general in meaning and does not refer to any group of Bedouins anywhere in the world. A Bedouin camp in English refers to a scattered camp and does not involve any disrespect or any reference to “Oman Bedouin Society” as Hamed Al-Hajri and his translator claim. Where is the phrase “Oman Bedouin Society” in the article for Hamed Al-Hajri to repeat it in the memo and the court?!
2.?Are Indians Cheap Labor? Who is to blame? Expatriate Indian Teachers in?Higher Education?(Published on October 1, 2015)
The claims about this article and the translations, or rather mistranslations, as submitted by Hamed Al-Hajri are unbelievable. They are just a bunch of cheap lies and fabrications in a very wicked way. The article depicts reality as it is and as I have experienced it in Oman. Many Indian colleagues have agreed with me about the points mentioned in the article. So the article is an attempt to correct a widespread misconception and malpractice whereby Indian teachers, like all expatriate Indian employees in Oman and elsewhere, are being paid salaries lower than their colleagues with the same qualifications and experience working in the same higher education institution. I have worked in Oman for fifteen years and I have come to this conclusion, especially after I have worked as a Head of Department, Director of a Language Center, and Director of a Foundation Program. In all these positions, part of my job was to recruit teachers for the higher education institutions I have worked with. I used to get instructions from the senior managers, Omanis, and non-Omanis, to give Indian teachers lower salaries than the teachers from other nationalities because they claim “there are too many Indians in Oman and because of the low standards of living in India!” For me, these instructions are disgusting and very unfair! I have never followed them and will never follow them. I used to treat the Indian teachers like any other nationality. I said this very clearly in the article:?“Indians are like any other nationality and they deserve salaries and wages like the others when they have the same qualifications and experiences and perform the same job. So when I was asked to recruit teachers for the Foundation Program five years ago, I insisted on giving the Indian teachers the same salaries and benefits as the Westerners or Western-educated teachers with the same credentials.”
So where is this attack on the Indian teachers which Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri claim in their vicious memo?! Then comes the surprising claim by Hamed Al-Hajri that the articles “incite the Indian teachers in A’Sharqiyah University to make a revolution”!! Where in the article is this mentioned?! The article does not even mention A’Sharqiyah University at all! The word “revolution” does not occur in the article. The article is very general and has been supported by many teachers inside and outside Oman and has nothing to do with Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri.
The Indian teachers at A’Sharqiyah University and Oman are very peaceful and obedient people, though a few of them love to make conspiracies against their colleagues and against those who want to do them justice! Many of them at A’Sharqiyah University are afraid even to read my articles, let alone make a revolution! The claim by Hamed Al-Hajri that they will be incited to make a revolution in Oman is utter nonsense. Why do they need to make a revolution in Oman after all? Why don’t they make a revolution in India itself?!?
I also said the following sentence very clearly in the article:?“The Oman Labor Law strongly prohibits this exploitation.” So where is the attack on the Oman Labor Law as per the treatment of Indian teachers, as Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri claim in their fabricated memo to the Public Prosecution?
3.?Understanding and Implementing Oman Labor Law in Colleges and Universities?(Published on October 8, 2015)
Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri claim in their memo that “this article is against the Oman Labor Law”! But any reader who knows English will see that this is completely false. There is praise for the Oman Labor Law. The article states this very clearly: “Oman Labour Law is generally regarded as one of the strong points in Oman job market. It was issued to regulate the labor relationships between employers and employees in the private sector. It is written in a very good language avoiding the “legal jargon” and is available online in English and Arabic. So it cannot be misunderstood by anyone who knows the language in which it is written.”
This statement has also occurred in the Arabic-translated text, so what is wrong with the article? If Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri do not understand the article in English, why do they not understand the Arabic translation?
Referring to the problem of being a slave to the employer in everything, I have said in the article:?“It is a real dilemma: either you keep silent?even if your rights are taken away from you or your head will be cut off!!??The translator did not understand the sentence in the contexts of work contract and work environment and mistranslated “your head will be cut off” into?“execution” because there is no freedom!?Even though this mistranslation is absolute nonsense, Hamed Al-Hajri and his lawyer were repeating it happily in their memos, just to mislead the Public Prosecution and the court!
4.?Oman Health at Risk: Oman Labour Law and Medical Insurance Companies?(Published on October 12, 2015)
Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri also claim here that this article is an attack on the Oman Health system! Again, they reveal themselves as stupid and ignorant people. They do not understand anything in English nor do they care about the health of their people. As the reader can see, this article praises the Government Healthcare system; it says?“Omani nationals, as is the case in many countries in the world, receive their health care in government hospitals and other medical facilities that are, in general, very well equipped and well-staffed.”?Any expatriate working in Oman would tell you about the different health care the Omani nationals get from that of the expatriates. This is one of the bitter realities facing expatriates in Oman and it is a very serious problem that needs to be addressed by the health authorities in Oman to keep the country healthy. I have said this very clearly:?“illnesses and diseases do not differentiate between Omanis and non-Omanis, between those who work for the government and those who work for the private sector. We are on the same ship and if it sinks, God forbid, we will all sink with it.”
The article is a very serious attempt to tackle a serious issue anywhere in the world, that is, the health care system and how it can be made more effective for everybody for the safety and well-being of the whole country. The writer should have been rewarded, as many lawyers in the court told me, not put on trial. The other important point is the fact that the article does not mention Abood Al-Sawafi Hamed Al-Hajri or A’Sharqiyah University by name so what has the article got to do with them? Are they representatives of the Ministry of Health in Oman? The Ministry of Health knows about the article and has read it and I have sent them a copy. They are educated people and they understand English, later on, they sent me more than one survey about the health care provided by the private sector in Oman. So where is the problem for Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri to take the article to court and claim “it is s cybercrime”?! Is this a sign of intelligence and education or a sign of utter stupidity, ignorance, wickedness, and lack of leadership?
5. When Senior Management is Shortsighted: Knowledge Management for Startup?Organizations in Higher Education (Published on October 20, 2015)
This article deals with the role of knowledge management in startup institutions or organizations in higher education. Like the other articles, it does not mention Abood Al-Sawafi Hamed Al-Hajri A’Sharqiyah University, or even Oman by name. So, once more, the article deals with a general topic does not mention any names, and cannot be taken as “defaming” any specific person or entity. This is obvious from the conclusion of the article:?“Higher education institutions are places for knowledge and learning not for money-making. This basic principle can never be ignored without grave consequences. Senior Managers with a “fishmonger mentality” should not be given any role in higher education anywhere in the world. They are fit to run a farm for cattle or camels. They are not fit to run a university for human beings!”
The presiding Judge in the Labor Case rejected Abood Al-Sawafi’s and Hamed Al-Hajri’s fabricated claims. He mentioned that in the court hearings and in the final verdict saying that all these claims?“have nothing to do with the work contract and with the Labor Case”.?So I was granted my end-of-service gratuity in full. It ran into thousands of dollars. So I broke the noses of both Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri and got my money which they wanted to steal as they always do with their employees.
Before the end of the final hearing of the Labor Case, Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri and their lawyer realized that they were losing the case. So they collected their fabrications and went with their lawyer to the Police and to Saif Al-Saltti, the Deputy Public Prosecutor in Ibra, Oman to submit their very wicked and spiteful memo claiming this time that “the articles are a cybercrime!”?What?! A cybercrime?! But they have nothing to do with any cybercrime. There is not a single definition of cybercrime that applies to these articles. Cybercrime is usually defined as “a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes).” (Wikipedia).?Techopedia?explains that “Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities, but these can generally be broken into two categories:
The definition and the explanation do not apply to the articles in question. No one in their senses would tell you or believe that Cybercrime?includes writing general articles on LinkedIn or other websites on general or specific topics. But this is what Abood Al-Sawafi, the VC of A’Sharqiyah University, and Hamad Al-Hajri, his Assistant VC, have wickedly twisted the meaning of the term. Saif Al-Saltti told me that the articles were being treated as cybercrime as per Article 16 of the Oman Penal Code. I went to the Oman Penal Code (available online) and found out that this law is intended to protect privacy. It has nothing to do with cybercrimes in the normal sense. It is similar to what we usually call “Libel” laws. It never mentions writing articles on the Internet. The articles, as we have explained, do not qualify for the legal definition of a cybercrime or a libel case in any way whatsoever as they are void of any explicit mention of names of individuals, families, or entities, which is an essential legal requirement for any article to be included in a “cybercrime” or a “libel” case, even by Oman Penal Code.
In fact, after one or two court hearings and after realizing his mistake in the “legal description” of the articles as a cybercrime, Saif Al-Saltti, Deputy Public Prosecutor in Ibra, requested the Judge to change the legal description of the case. The Judge also realized that there was no case against the articles and was unable to find any legal description for them, so he adjourned the hearing.
The whole episode was not more than a “circus show”! The Police in Ibra do not understand English, Saif Al-Saltti himself, and by his admission, does not understand English, the lawyer does not understand English, the Judges themselves in both cases do not understand English, Abood Al-Sawafi hardly understand English, and Hamed Al-Hajri does not understand any word in English! All of them were talking about articles they did not read and did not understand the language in which these articles were written. If they do not understand the articles or the language they are written, why do they not understand the law itself? This is a real tragedy for justice in Oman.
We conclude that since the articles are very general and do not mention Abood Al-Sawafi Hamed Al-Hajri or A’Sharqiyah University by name. they do not then make up a “court case” of any sort. There is another important question: Why did Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri ignore the articles at the very time when they were published and I was working with them at the same University (A’Sharqiyah University) as a Consultant for Program Development? I was working as a Program Consultant to Abood Al-Sawafi himself. Imagine that! They did not talk to me nor did they mention anything to me. They waited for months and then took the articles to the Public Prosecutor after I left the University. Wickedness and evil beyond belief.
Do these articles deserve the efforts and the money spent on them? For Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri, this question is irrelevant. They do not care as long as the money belongs to the University, and they have nothing to do with any efforts because they have hired lawyers to do all their dirty work for them and they have paid them from the University’s budget! Where are the Board of Directors and the Board of Trustees? I do not know. What is the result? The reputation of A’Sharqiyah University has been going down the drain and the students, their parents, and the community at large have come to know a great deal about what has happened and what sort of damage being inflicted by Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri on the reputation of A’Sharqiyah University. It makes you feel very sad that the students are paying a very heavy price for Abood Al-Sawafi’s and Hamed Al-Hajri’s incompetence and bad management. Even the Police Force and the Military now do not recognize the certificates and degrees from A’Sharqiyah University! Everything is being destroyed because of the uncivilized and unbelievably rotten mentality of some awkward senior managers who are extremely nasty examples of morally bankrupt employers practicing modern-day slavery in a very ugly way.?
(For more information and insights, I would like to refer to my article, “CNN Freedom Project: Are These LinkedIn Articles a Cyber Crime?!”?published on LinkedIn on 14 March 2018)
Because they are unqualified, incompetent, and illegally protected by public prosecutors, you find intelligence officers like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri very impolite, vulgar, and uncivilized. They cannot stand any disagreement or argument. They treat you like a “slave” or a “puppet”. They, mistakenly, think that they “own” you as long as they pay you a salary. You feel humiliated and insulted when you talk to them or deal with them. They pretend to forget that teachers and other employees give them their lives in return for trivial pieces of paper, called “money”, that loses its value outside of the border of their countries. And because they are academically and morally bankrupt, they spread a very disgusting?culture of fear and hypocrisy?in higher education institutions. Being tyrants and dictators, they do not offer you any human dignity or respect. All they offer you is?“take it or leave it”?policies that cannot be tolerated by any respectable academic. This explains the failure of many higher education institutions in recruiting academics and professors and in achieving their educational, national, and strategic goals and explains also the very high rate of turnover in most colleges and universities in Oman and the very weak outputs of higher education.
It is very difficult to give here all the information and documents about the corruption in higher education in Oman, but one can check with the Ministry of Higher and the Primary and Appeals Courts in Ibra, and the Supreme Court in Muscat for very important information about the corruption of people like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri at A'Sharqiyah University in Oman.
Culture of Fear and Repression
There is a very widespread culture of fear in most if not all, the countries of the Middle East. Oman is no exception. There are experts and specialists whose jobs are to advise the government and its agencies on how to control the citizens and the expatriates. Most citizens are concerned about their daily lives and struggle very hard to provide for their families. They are brought up to fear all “sources of authority”, especially the police, the security people, and their bosses a large number of whom work for the intelligence service, the security service, and other agencies and organizations that work diligently to control the population and suppress any form of criticism or dissent. So you can hardly find anyone criticizing, in public, the government or any official for any bad or failed project or corruption, but many people curse their government and all its officials without mercy in private. They are too frightened to criticize or find fault with anyone or anything and they give you false excuses for their fear such as politeness and civility and for the sake of safety for themselves and their families. This is for the nationals. As for the expatriates, you do not need to do much to control them. They are self-controlled: they are too timid and too afraid to say anything or comment on anything. They are too scared even to utter in public the name of the king or the name of their boss at work for fear of giving a bad impression and then losing their job. Their slogan is “Just keep silent and shut up to keep your job”! They are too frightened to even read my articles or utter my name on campus at A’Sharqiyah University! How do we expect the countries of the Middle East to achieve progress and prosperity when they treat their citizens and expatriates as sheep to be easily slaughtered when they make a noise? How does anyone expect corruption to stop and violence to end in such an unbelievable atmosphere of fear?! We need an overhaul “repair” of everything before we can succeed in fighting corruption. We need a real cultural revolution to encourage everyone to speak their minds and say what they think or suggest to improve how things are to be done without fear of intimidation or harassment.
There is hardly any freedom of expression, academic or non-academic, of any sort at work The moment you disagree with your boss or give a different opinion, you should expect your work contract to be terminated or not renewed even if you are right and your opinions are in line with the official standards and guidelines and even if your skills and services are badly needed by your company or institution.
It is a very sad fact of life in many countries in the Middle East that people are brought up or even “instructed” not to think for themselves. Many governments, local officials, and senior managers of all sorts and ranks would tell you,?“We do not want you to think. We will think for you!”?How disgusting! It is more disgusting when people with this rotten mentality creep up into very influential positions in the educational system and colleges and universities. You meet a corrupt dean of a college or a corrupt Vice-Chancellor like Abood Al-Sawafi or a corrupt Assistant Vice-Chancellor like Hamed Al-Hajri who would, in a vulgar and uncivilized language, tell you this to your face in official meetings! There is no choice for you: Either you do things exactly as you are dictated to or you lose your job! There is no other option. The problem gets worse when you know, and they know, that what they are telling you is completely wrong, futile, and even against the official policies and regulations of the higher education system.?They should be ashamed of themselves for their vulgarity and uncivilized behavior.
There is very little or no freedom of expression in any real sense in Oman. Most of those who write and interact on social media inside the country praise the government for its fictional “great achievements” or are simply mercenaries or hired agents and spies. Those who dare criticize the government or any top official are immediately arrested by the Public Prosecutors who are among the most stupid, incompetent, and ruthless prosecutors in the world. Those who write and criticize the government from outside the country are labeled “traitors” “foreign agents” or even “terrorists” just to discredit them and frighten those who are inside the country from joining them.?There are also many repressive items and articles in the Oman Penal Code?like Article 16. This article is greatly exploited by corrupt people like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri, and badly abused by the judges and public prosecutors. The article talks about “privacy” and personal information and photos, but the prosecutors and judges usually interpret it as referring to anyone writing about corruption or offering suggestions even to improve the health care system in Oman.
?Zero Mechanisms
There are no independent agencies or non-governmental organizations to which you can report injustices or corruption without fear of retaliation from powerful or corrupt people. All the existing agencies and organizations are formed and supervised by the government. They are there not to sincerely fight injustices or corruption but just to report those who may criticize the government or the top officials. The public does not have trust in the anti-corruption commissions or agencies widely publicized by the government and local newspapers because they know these commissions and agencies are traps to catch anyone who challenges the status quo or they are there just a formality to persuade the public and international investors that the government is really serious in its fight against corruption. You can hardly find any international organization or commission within or outside the UN that works against injustices and corruption freely and independently in Oman. Omani officials always claim that the work of such organizations is “interference into their internal affairs”. This is utter nonsense. These organizations greatly help in eliminating, or at least reducing injustices and corruption when they happen. So why are the officials and businessmen afraid and do not want independent anti-corruption commissions and agencies if they are clean and do not have anything to hide?
The non-existence of independent agencies and organizations and the absence of the free press and freedom of expression mean that almost all injustices and corruption cases go unreported or overlooked.
Conclusions
Justice is a universal human value and one of the fundamental pillars of a fair, civilized society everywhere in the world with no exception. Caring Leaders and ordinary people are always concerned about justice and the justice system in their country and how to make sure that all people are equal before the law and all have equal opportunities for a peaceful and prosperous life.
Justice is one of the most important ideals in any civilized society. It is what we strive for to create a fair and equitable world.?It is a denial of justice not to offer your help and support to those who have suffered, or are suffering, from injustices and unfair treatment.
Justice is a very comprehensive term and it covers many aspects not only the legal aspect: social justice, environmental justice, racial justice, and it penetrates everything in our lives from home to the workplace.
There is a great difference between justice and charity. Justice is a fundamental human right for all the members of the society: rich and poor, strong and weak, educated and uneducated. It does not exclude anyone. Charity, on the other hand, is a great human value whereby the rich, the wealthy, and the able offer help and assistance to the poor and the needy. It is an act of human kindness.
There are many top executives and managers in high academic and administrative positions, like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri, who do not belong to the academic world and do not know how a higher education institution is to be managed. They have fake degrees and are not interested in academic matters. They do not have any experience in running a higher education institution. They are corrupt?"secret service officers" or intelligence officers?appointed just to suppress the teachers and the students and do the dirty job of the intelligence service in higher education. We will come back to this point in another article.
Corruption always leads to the demoralization of organizations, whether military or civil. The soldiers were not prepared to fight and die for their corrupt commanders; the employees were not prepared to work hard and offer sacrifices for their corrupt managers. This is exactly what has happened to higher education in Oman after the corruption of top managers like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri has led to the complete demoralization of colleges and universities at all levels aggravated by the stunning dereliction of duty by the Board of Directors, the Board of Trustees, and the Ministry of Higher Education in Oman.
When teachers and employees are unfairly treated or their rights are taken away,?they would do a great deal of harm to the company or institution. They can damage the reputation and spoil the image of the organization in different ways; sometimes beyond repairs.?The best approach for managing people in businesses and organizations is, therefore, to be fair, objective, and consistent following the codes of work ethics, moral values, and international standards of management practice.?Only bad, stupid, incompetent, reckless executives and senior managers like Abood Al-Sawafi, Hamed Al-Hajri, and Abdullah Al-Harthi who behave like mules do not understand this fact.
Higher education is a lucrative business all over the globe. But, as with any business, there are rogue senior managers, Boards of Directors, and Boards of Trustees who have no moral values or work ethics. All they are after is making huge profits at the expense of our students and their families. This is why we need to stand up and expose these wicked, dishonest, and selfish managers.
There are many top executives and managers in high academic and administrative positions, like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri, who do not belong to the academic world and do not know how a higher education institution is to be managed. They have fake degrees and are not interested in academic matters. They do not have any experience in running a higher education institution. They are corrupt?"secret service officers" or intelligence officers?appointed just to suppress the teachers and the students and do the dirty job of the intelligence service in higher education. We will come back to this point in another article.
It is an observable sad fact of life in higher education in Oman that many top executives and managers abuse their powers at all levels and indulge in the ugliest forms of corruption and fraud that may not be seen anywhere in the world. They trade grades for money, favors, sex, and all sorts of fraud resulting in a very damaging sort of corruption that undermines the effectiveness of the higher education sector. It is another sad fact of life that many higher education institutions in Oman are being managed by corrupt "officials" who, mistakenly, feel they are powerful enough to commit the crimes of forging students' grades and fraud without being held accountable for their actions. This is very detrimental to the success of the whole process of education and the delivery of quality education to our students.
Because of their greed and avarice, and their?fish mentality,?corrupt top managers like Abood Al-Sawafi and Hamed Al-Hajri believe only in money, money, and more money. This is why they replaced all the professors with PhDs with teachers with an M.A. or even B.A. to save money. They reduced the salaries of all teachers and administrative staff. They reduced the number of books in the Foundation Program from seven to one; they reduced the study load of students from 20 hours per week to 14 hours per week and increased the teaching load of the Foundation Program teachers to 25 instead of 20 to reduce the number of teachers and save money. All these measures have led to the destruction and demoralization of higher education at all levels and in all units and departments: Language Center, Foundation Program, English for college students, and academic programs. Teachers, even now, are too tired to care about quality education. They just want to do their teaching in any way they can, not the best way they can, to get by and survive. Because of their mismanagement, incompetence, and corruption, a large number of students have dropped out of higher education.
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References
(1)?? Paul Bloomfield (2018), "What ‘Justice’ Really Means", The New York Times, Oct. 10, 2018
(2)?? Barry, Brian and Matravers, Matt (2011), "Justice", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
(3)?? Hirsch, A. von (1990)?‘Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment: From "Why Punish?" to "How Much?"’,?Criminal Law Forum?1 (Winter): 259–90
(4)?? Joshua Long (2023), "Why are there prisons? An expert explains the history of using ‘correctional’ facilities to punish?people", The Conversation: January 30, 2023
(5)?? Michael Walzer (1983), Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality, New York: Basic Books; London and Oxford: Blackwell
(6)?? ?Gauthier, D. (1986)?Morals by Agreement, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(7)?? ?Barry, B. (1995), Justice as Impartiality, vol. 2,?A Treatise on Social Justice, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(8)?? ?World Justice Report: Global Leaders Embrace People-Centered Justice to Rebuild Trust, March 30, 2023
(9)?? The Guardian, " Family of man who starved to death in Indiana jail awarded $7.25m settlement", Michael Sainato, 12 Dec 2023
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