John R. Boyd… fighter pilot, military strategist, original thinker
Gil Vanden Broeck
Senior Managing Consultant @ Square Management Belgium | Practice Lead Regulatory & Compliance
Over the last couple of years, as I was attending security studies in Lyon University and later at the Military Academy in Brussels, I came across some interesting articles on strategy or command and control principles written by the Colonel John Boyd. I then discovered an out-of-the-box thinker and a conceptual corpus that not only apply to the military domain but could contribute to most of our management and consulting practices and theories.
Boyd graduated in economics and industrial engineering in the year 50’s and after his commission as a reserve officer, did a tour of duty as a fighter pilot during the Korean war. He then was a trainee and then an instructor at the Fighter Weapons School at Nellis base; before to be appointed as Head of Academic section of the USAF weapons school. He also worked as a technical analyst at the Pentagon, where he heavily criticized the F-15 aircraft program and advocated what will become later the Lightweight fighter F-16 .
He retired in the mid 70’s after a tour of duty as commanding officer during the Vietnam warbut he continued to work as consultant for the Pentagon; where he had the opportunity to advocate his theories on air combat and aircraft design, as part of the expert group that supported the Lightweight Fighter program, a project that led to the design of the F-16, an amazing aircraft that has been the battle horse of the USAF and of tens of other air forces for the last 30 years .
John Boyd’s works are probably less well known in Europe, outside of military circles and readers of aerial warfare books. Let's remember he is one of the fathers of the Energy Maneuverability theory, a formula that relates thrust, weight, wing area, and the drag of an aircraft into a simple quantitative model.
That formula allows to compare current related performances of existing aircrafts but also the performances of prototypes and even theoretical concepts; a method that changed radically the conception, development cycle and design methods for the next generation of Air Force fighters.
He is the author of the Aerial Attack Study that became the USAF official tactics manual for fighter combat; he collaborated with other officers to Warfighting, a manual that became the USMC model of maneuver warfare; and is also considered as a key contributor to the strategic plan of Operation Desert Storm in the first Gulf War.
The seminal work of Boyd lets some compare his influence on air combat and military strategy to that of Basil Liddel Hart on mechanised warfare. If we go from the particular to the general, one should consider first Boyd’s contribution to military domain.
Through his tactics manual "Aerial Attack Study", his position as instructor in the USAF air combat training program and his key role in the Lightweight Fighter project, Boyd led the profound reform of air-to-air combat and challenged the confidence of the Air Force in missiles, long range engagement, and in heavy expensive fighters; he moved it back to the basics of flight and the key importance of dogfight, velocity and short range combat with range combat, with resulted in a new generation of light/medium fighters.
Unfortunately, the USAF has moved away from this approach in the last twenty years and is back to the old paradigm that "high technology and expensive tools will solve all our problems” with all the risks and drawbacks that it implies.
Another Boyd’s contribution to the strategy is a theory of war, simple but brilliant in its simplicity, that distinguish three elements: morale warfare: the destruction of the enemy's will to fight, and disruption of alliances; mental warfare: the distortion of the of reality through disinformation and the severing of communication networks; and physical warfare: by destruction of weapons, of people, and of infrastructures.
While it was written fifty years ago,it should ring a bell for any reader of one of the hundred of cyber warfare manuals we find on the shelves; it summarized in a few paragraphs most of the concepts of a war against information networks, mind & perception, and physical assets.
If we look to the more general theories and concepts, we found the concept of the OODA loop; OODA stands for Observe Orient Decide Act. It is a form of decision cycle centered on a continuous feedback loop, broken down into four main steps: starting from the elements at the forefront that collect data (Observe); data that are then transmitted, assessed and computed (Orient) to become an information; the next step is a review (Decision) of available options and a course of action, and it ends by a phase of action (Action) to apply decision, that will in turn generate new reactions and observations.
True to say, this concept of the continuous decision cycle with interaction and adaptation steps was not new in the military or intelligence analysis domains; one could find similar approach in strategic and tactical manuals as far as the year twenties and thirties, mainly from German and British officers, that were analyzing the bloody lessons and return of experience of the First World War.
But the OODA is probably one of the most concise and clear; and a brilliant concept tool thatcan be translated and applied in many fields of the human activity. This flow of feedback and analysis/orientation steps are aimed to ensure both reactivity and accuracy of assessment and decision vis-à-vis counterparts' actions and the evolution of the environment; and at the end the survival of the army, the organization, the project.
We are here on the fringes of the theory of information, entropy and order relationship, the game theory and management of uncertainty. Boyd told us with a simple loop and an acronym, that the key to survival in war and any form of competition is the ability to adapt. To adapt is to detect opportunities and threats, decide and act on a set direction. Ask the people of Kodak or Nokia about it.
The key to dominance is not only to adapt ourselves, but to create the conditions where we will misguide the opponent, force him to fight on our terms and in our tempo, or even better to modify the environment. Have a look at Apple or Amazon strategies with the decision cycle in mind.
And cherry on the cake, Boyd conceptual approach favors decentralized chain of control, command and communication compare to hierarchical; and the objective-driven orders rather than methodology and by the book driven ones.
An even more important factor in the Information Age that offers us automated tools and such mass of data and patterns, when we need to balance autonomy of decision, high flow of communication and the needs for control, laws, and ethics .
If you would like to know more about John Boyd’s theories , you will discover he has not written any key book on military strategy, but a range of papers and reports that form a coherent and engaged discourse. I recommend you go from the concrete to the abstract, from the particular cases towards the general concepts, starting by “Patterns of Conflict” with a more historical and military tone , then reading “Organic Design” and “The Strategic Game” and ending by “Destruction and and Creation” and “Revelation” that are more conceptual; you will them easily on the web a search on the author’s name.
And for the passionate you should have a look to the USAF and USMC manuals he has contributed to or written, and in the briefing notes that form the baseline of the air campaign in support of Operation Desert Storm during the First Gulf War.
There are nice biographies and analysis of Boyd’s theories, and among them I recommend the book of Robert Coram : “Boyd: the fighter pilot who changed the art of war” and the one from Frans Osinga : “Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd”. Have a fruitful reading.