The 'Japa' Syndrome: Understanding the Factors Behind the Reluctance of Northern Nigerians to flee the shores of Nigeria

For decades, Nigeria has grappled with substantial emigration, primarily driven by high youth unemployment and underemployment. Many young Nigerians struggle to secure stable, well-paying jobs within their home country. The attraction of better job prospects, higher incomes, and improved living conditions overseas acts as a powerful motivator for migration. Nigeria has also contended with periods of political instability, corruption, and governance challenges, eroding confidence in the nation's future. This has prompted some young Nigerians to seek security and stability elsewhere. Insecurity remains a significant concern within Nigeria, with issues such as terrorism, banditry, and communal conflicts impacting various regions. Concerns about personal safety and that of their families have driven many young Nigerians to seek refuge in more stable countries.

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Various parts of Nigeria face challenges in providing basic services, such as healthcare, electricity, and clean water, prompting numerous young Nigerians to search for improved living conditions and access to essential services abroad. Periodic protests and strikes related to issues like rising fuel prices, minimum wage disputes, and bad governance have further fuelled frustration and disillusionment among young Nigerians with the Nigerian government. These events have amplified the desire for change and the belief that greater opportunities for progress can be found abroad. Distrust in local institutions, such as the justice system and healthcare, has pushed young Nigerians towards seeking better services and opportunities in countries where institutions are perceived as more reliable and transparent.

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The term "Japa" syndrome characterizes a phenomenon in Nigeria where individuals, particularly young Nigerians, choose to migrate abroad in search of better opportunities, often with no intention of returning to their homeland. This migration trend is driven by the desire to escape economic challenges, political instability, insecurity, and limited prospects in Nigeria. The term "Japa" is Nigerian slang derived from a Yoruba word meaning "to escape" or "to run away" and is commonly used to describe leaving Nigeria for other countries in pursuit of a better life, education, or employment opportunities.

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Migration is a complex phenomenon influenced by a myriad of factors, including economic opportunities, cultural ties, and personal aspirations. Despite the prevalence of the Japa phenomenon, there is minimal migration from young Nigerians in northern Nigeria. The inclination toward Japa is almost non-existent and unpopular in Northern Nigeria, a region that accounts for 60% of Nigeria's population. People from Northern Nigeria exhibit unique migration patterns shaped by socio-economic, cultural, and political factors. This article delves into the factors influencing the preference for local roots over international migration among Nigerian Northerners.

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Migration patterns vary significantly among different regions and cultures within Nigeria. While it's important to avoid broad generalizations, it's observed that Nigerian Northerners tend to have a lower inclination to migrate abroad compared to other regions. This inclination can be attributed to various factors, primarily the cultural and socio-economic dynamics prevalent in the northern region. Aderoju, a Development Practitioner from Osun, highlights, "Nigerian Northerners prioritize their cultural norms and values when making decisions, including migration. They are known for their strong adherence to their traditions and way of life." These cultural ties make it difficult for individuals to consider leaving their homeland. Moreover, economic opportunities differ across regions in Nigeria, with the northern region historically offering more agricultural job prospects and commodities trading opportunities. Differing socio-political dynamics also play a role, with factors like insecurity, political instability, and religious tensions influencing the cautious approach towards international migration.

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Economic factors play a significant role in the decision-making process of Nigerian Northerners. The northern region boasts a robust agricultural sector and abundant natural resources, including solid minerals. Opportunities in farming, mining, and trading contribute to local economic stability and growth. The cost of living is exceedingly low, there are lots of scholarship and job opportunities in the North and then the spirit of solidarity is very high.” Dr. Ishola, a university lecturer from Kwara said, “The availability of Agricultural lands has remained an important factor reducing the interest of northern youth from traveling abroad”.

The well-established textile industry in northern Nigeria has cultural and economic significance and has the potential to create jobs and support economic development. This leads some Nigerian Northerners to invest in local businesses and contribute to their communities' growth. Zhokwo, a Certified Accountant from Nasarawa, said, “Many northerners prefer to study abroad and come back to Nigeria to continue their progression in their chosen field. There are a lot of economic opportunities in the north for the educated especially those who study abroad.” On the contrary, Dr. Sani Saidu Ibrahim from Kano said, “In practical terms, there are no employment opportunities that may prevent Northerners from going abroad; I rather see ignorance and lack of information and awareness as reason young people in the North find it difficult to travel abroad.” An anonymous interviewee from Kogi said “The north is a fertile virgin land; whatever you grow there, will thrive as far as it is not forbidden or what we call "Haram".

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Religious and cultural factors are paramount to Nigerian Northerners, with a large Muslim population that takes pride in religious customs and traditions. The proximity to important religious sites and the ability to practice their faith within their communities are critical considerations. Dr. Ishola, a university lecturer from Kwara said, “Northerners are polygamous in nature, and they support large family members. Hardly will any Western country issue a visa to a man with up to four wives and about twenty children.” He further said “Northerners are usually unwilling to make changes or adapt to foreign culture and religion. Given these factors, they prefer to dwell among fellow conservatives in Niger Republic, Cameroon, and neighbouring nomadic countries instead of venturing abroad.” The northern region's cultural diversity, with various ethnic groups and languages, fosters strong attachments to cultural heritage and traditions, motivating individuals to stay locally and preserve their cultural identity. Dr. Peter Ajanson, a Medical Doctor from Bauchi, said “The religious view that God determines everyone’s destiny plays a huge role that influencing the decision of Nigerian Northerners regarding migration. In addition, Amidu, a Pharmacist from Kogi, said, “Family ties play an important role in preventing Nigerian Northerners from migrating abroad because of the polygamous nature of most Northern families and the Islamic (Quranic) educational institutions keep Nigerian Northerners rooted to their homeland”.

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Social factors, including family and community ties, have a profound impact on the decision to stay rooted locally. Northern Nigerian culture places a high value on family bonds, with extensive family networks. Staying local allows them to maintain these relationships and participate in community activities. Close-knit communities provide social support and a sense of belonging, acting as a safety net during times of need or uncertainty. Zhokwo, a Certified Accountant from Nasarawa, said, “The northerners detest the western culture and some of the Muslims would fear that if their children who study aboard stay over – there is a tendency that the western culture will influence them in marriage, and by implication may make them change their religion.” Zhokwo further said “I am an example of this. I did my master’s degree at the University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom, but because of my family, I never thought of staying behind in the UK”.

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Security concerns, especially linked to the presence of terrorist groups in northern Nigeria, have cultivated a climate of apprehension and doubt about traveling abroad. Northern Nigeria has grappled with the presence of several terrorist groups over the years, posing significant security challenges in the region. These groups have caused widespread fear, violence, and instability, both within Nigeria and neighbouring countries. It's important to note that not all Northern Nigerians are associated with these groups. The majority of the population condemns their actions and strives for peace and security in the region. The presence of these terrorist groups in Northern Nigeria is a complex issue, and addressing it involves a combination of security measures, socio-economic development, and community engagement to counter the influence of these groups and promote peace and stability in the region. For many Nigerian Northerners, there exists a genuine fear of being collectively stigmatized as potential terrorists by the international community. Dr Sani Saidu Ibrahim from Kano, said, “Indeed, the security situation in Northern Nigeria is always affecting the decisions of the young people to travel abroad. This means that people are being tagged the so-called “Jihadists” or sometimes some young Muslims in the region are denied visas.”?

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The migration decisions among Nigerian Northerners are multifaceted, shaped by an intricate interplay of economic, cultural, social, and security factors. While some may choose to explore global opportunities, many are motivated to invest in their local communities, contribute to local development, and preserve their cultural and religious heritage. The decision to opt for local roots is a deeply personal one, influenced by a range of unique circumstances and aspirations. Understanding these factors helps shed light on the diverse migration patterns within Nigeria's northern region. Aderoju, a Development Practitioner from Osun, suggests, "Nigerians should not relocate abroad; instead, they should stay and use their expertise to develop the country for a better future."

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The “Japa” syndrome, which represents the phenomenon of young Nigerians seeking better opportunities abroad, offers a complex narrative influenced by an intricate interplay of economic, cultural, social, and security factors. Understanding these factors provides valuable insights into the diverse migration patterns within Nigeria's northern region. It underscores the importance of acknowledging and respecting the choices made by Nigerian Northerners, who, in their own ways, contribute to the growth and enrichment of their communities. As we navigate the intricate tapestry of migration in Nigeria, it is crucial to recognize and celebrate the diverse paths individuals choose on their journey toward a better future, whether that journey takes them to distant shores or allows them to flourish in the warmth of their homeland. Ultimately, the "Japa" syndrome serves as a testament to the complexity and diversity of human aspirations in the face of global opportunities.