Islamic Research for Reviving Science-Tech Center (IRRSTC), Part: V.
Muhammad Sheikh Ramzan Hossain
Chief Editor at Islamic Science-Tech Review
Baitul Mukarram, also spelled as Baytul Mukarrom (Arabic: ??? ???????, Bengali: ??????? ???????; lit.?'The Holy House'), is the National Mosque of Bangladesh. Located at the center of Dhaka, the national capital, the mosque was completed in 1968.[Sources: i) Md. Shahidul Amin (2012). "Baitul Mukarram Mosque". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 23 February 2024. ii) ?Thariani and Co: Architects and Engineers. Booklet in section under projects completed "mosques".] It has a capacity of more than 42,000 worshippers.[Source: ?Tan, Tai Yong;?Kudaisya, Gyanesh?(2000).?The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge. p.?170.?ISBN?978-0-415-17297-4.?... the Al-Baitul Mukarram, the largest mosque in East Pakistan, which could accommodate 42,000+ devotees for congregational worship.]
History
The mosque complex was designed by architect, Abdulhusein M. Thariani.[Source: Khan, Hasan-Uddin (1990). "The Mosque". Expressions of Islam in Buildings. Proceedings of an international seminar sponsored by the Aga Khan Award for Architecture and the Indonesian Institute of Architects, held in Jakarta and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 15–19 October 1990. Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture. p. 119. ISBN 978-2-88207-006-7. It takes the historical model of the Kaaba in Mecca as its formal reference. Architect: A.H. Thariani]
On 27 April 1959, Abdul Latif Ibrahim Bawani, owner of then Bawani Jute Mills, held a meeting at his house with GA Madani, Haji Abdul Latif Bawani, MH Adamji, S Sattar, Muhammad Sadiq, AZN Rezai Karim and Major General Umrao Khan.[Source: "?????? ????????? ????? ???". Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). 28 January 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2022] In that meeting he proposed to Major General Khan, then military administrator of East Pakistan, that a grand mosque be built in Dhaka. Umrao Khan agreed to help build such a mosque. The same year, a Baitul Mukarram mosque committee was established and 8.30 acres of land between new Dhaka and old Dhaka was chosen for the site. At that time, there was a large pond in the present mosque's location. It was known as 'Paltan pond. The pond was filled up and on 27 January 1960, then president of Pakistan Ayub Khan, commenced the work. Prayers took place for the first time on Friday, 25 January 1963. On 28 March 1975, the Government of Bangladesh entrusted the management of the mosque to the Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.[Source: "?????? ????????? ????? ???". Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). 28 January 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2022.]
The mosque complex includes shops, offices, libraries and parking areas within it. Unusually, the mosque does not have a dome.
In 2008, the mosque was extended, financed by a donation from the Saudi government.[Sources: "Saudi donation for extension work of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque". The Daily Star. 21 October 2008.
?Kollol, Kadir (14 April 2021). "??????? ???????: ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????". BBC Bangla (in Bengali). Retrieved 6 December 2022]
Architecture
The mosque has several modern architectural features whilst at the same time it preserves the traditional principles of Mughal architecture which has for some time been dominant in the Indian sub-continent. Baitul Mukarram's large cube shape was modeled after that of the Kaaba at Mecca,[Source: Khan, Hasan-Uddin (1990). "The Mosque". Expressions of Islam in Buildings. Proceedings of an international seminar sponsored by the Aga Khan Award for Architecture and the Indonesian Institute of Architects, held in Jakarta and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 15–19 October 1990. Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture. p. 119. ISBN 978-2-88207-006-7. It takes the historical model of the Kaaba in Makka as its formal reference. Architect: A.H. Thariani] making it a noticeable structure unlike any other mosque in Bangladesh.
Exterior design
The mosque is on a very high platform. The Baitul Mukarram National Mosque's building is eight storied and 99 feet high from the ground level. According to the original plan, the main entrance of the mosque was to be on the eastern side. The 'shaan' on the east is 29,000 square feet with ablution space on its south and north sides. Ablution or Wu’du Place cached an important part when the Baitul Mukarram was begun. The absence of a dome on the main building is compensated by the two superficial domed entrance porticoes, one on the south, and the other on the north. The height of these porticoes consists of three rabbit's foot shaped arches, the middle of which is bigger than the rest. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque).
Interior design
Two patios (roofless inner courtyard) ensure that enough light and air enter the prayer hall of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque. The prayer niché of the hall is rectangular instead of semi-circular. Excessive ornamentation is avoided throughout the mosque, since minimizing ornamentation is typical of modern architecture. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque).
Garden
The garden is laid out in a style borrowed heavily from Mughal gardens, however unlike the traditional Mughal gardens which represent the Islamic Heaven.(Source: (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque).
1001 Inventions is an award-winning, British based organization that creates international educational campaigns and engaging transmedia productions aiming to raise awareness of the contributions to science, technology and culture from the Golden Age of Muslim Civilisation.
1001 Inventions has engaged with over 350 million people across the globe working with a network of international partners, including?UNESCO, National Geographic and?leading academics?to produce?interactive exhibits,?short films, live shows,?books?and classroom?learning materials?that are being used by hundreds of thousands of educators around the world.
An engaging live drama show took children on a?wondrous journey to the past,?introducing extraordinary?contributions of pioneers of healthcare and medicine from early Muslim Civilisation including Al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Razi and Ibn Sina.
Hundreds of children celebrate the British Science Week with 1001 Inventions in London
London, March 14 2018: In celebration of the British Science Week, 1001 Inventions organised today an exciting educational day for London schools at the Royal Society.
Hundreds of children enjoyed ‘1001 Inventions and Cures from the East’ day of activities. The event was themed on the fascinating legacy of healthcare and medicine from the creative golden age of science in early Muslim Civilization that stretched from Spain to China including North and Eastern African, Arabian, Persian, Central Asian, Indian and Turkic Cultures.
Ahmed Salim, Co-Founder and Director of 1001 Inventions said:
We are delighted to launch this new educational initiative at this year’s edition of the British Science Week. ‘Cures from the East’ follows other 1001 Inventions productions focused on specific themes including ‘1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham’ on light, optics and vision and ‘Al-Jahiz and the Book of Animals’ promoting caring for all living things. These educational initiatives support our overarching aim to spark young people’s interest in science and passion for learning while promoting diversity and inclusion.
The initiative launched at the Royal Society to celebrate the British Science Week 2018 is available for schools and relevant events in the UK.
Celebrate diversity and bring ‘1001 Inventions and Cures from the East’ programme to your school and enjoy a wondrous journey full of fun and learning through a range of engaging science and cultural experiences.
The educational event also included a range of interactive activities, led by a team of local science explainers, simplifying concepts related to health and medicine while exciting children about science.
Hanan Dowidar, 1001 Inventions Head of Strategic Partnerships said:?
It was so wonderful to find massive interest as we launch ‘1001 Inventions and Cures from the East’ in London. We are delighted with the positive feedback from pupils, teachers and home-schooling parents and look forward to bringing this exciting science and cultural learning experience to other children in the UK and around the world.
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: Founder of Computer Science.
?Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: ???? ?? ???? ???????, Arabic: ???? ?? ???? ?????????; c.?780 –.?850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,[note 2] was a Persian (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)??
“In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/??lɡ?r?e?m/ ( listen) AL-g?-ri-dh?m) is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processingdata processing and automated reasoning tasks. (Source: Ditto)
The Great Role in Mathematics, the “Fuel of Science”of Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi:
“Algorithm based Microchip by Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi, helps to change the world picture”.
?(Addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kuala lampore : (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, K.S.A.)
?“Al-Khwarizmi’s second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126”. (Ditto)
?“On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".
The First computer programmer Ada Lovelace's diagram from "note G", the first published computer algorithm
In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the University of Turin about his Analytical Engine. Luigi Menabrea, a young Italian engineer and the future Prime Minister of Italy, transcribed Babbage's lecture into French, and this transcript was subsequently published in the Bibliothèque universelle de Genève in October 1842. Babbage's friend Charles Wheatstone commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea's paper into English. She then augmented the paper with notes, which were added to the translation. Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this, assisted with input from Babbage. These notes, which are more extensive than Menabrea's paper, were then published in the September 1843 edition of Taylor's Scientific Memoirs under the initialism AAL.
Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers. It is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason. The engine was never completed so her program was never tested.
In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished as an appendix to B.V. Bowden's Faster than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines. The engine has now been recognized as an early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software.
“What is Digital?
The current era is called “Digital Era”.
The word of “Digital” comes from the word of “Digit” means any one figure 1 (one) to 9 (nine) of Arabic Numerals with 0 (zero).
(Of signals or data) expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.
“Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers Are digital machines because at their most basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on. There is no simple way to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes (0) and ones (1).” (Source: Web.)
“The opposite of digital is analog. A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move continuously around the face. Such a clock is capable of indicating every possible time of day. In contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times (every tenth of a second”. (-Ditto-)
“In general, humans experience the world analogically. Vision, for example, is an analog experience because we perceive infinitely smooth gradations of shapes and colors. Most analog events, however, can be simulated digitally. Photographs in newspapers, for instance, consist of an array of dots that is either black or white. From afar, the viewer does not see the dots (the digital form), but only lines and shading, which appear to be continuous. Although digital representations are approximations of analog events, they are useful because they are relatively easy to store and manipulate electronically. The trick is in converting from an along to digital, and back again”. (-Ditto-)
Internally, computers are digital because they consist of discrete units called bits that are either on or off. But by combining many bits in complex ways, computers simulate analog events. In one sense, this is what computer science is all about. (-Ditto-)
What is Binary Code?
The word of “Binary” comes from the root word “Bi” means bilateral i.e. two(0 & 1) based number. ‘Digital world’ are based on “Binary encode”.
“A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lower case a, if represented by the bit string 01100001 (as it is in the standard ASCII code), can also be represented as the decimal number 97”. (Aforesaid)
“The modern binary number system, the basis for binary code, was invented by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679 and appears in his article Explication del' Arithmétique Binaire. The full title is translated into English as the "Explanation of the binary arithmetic", which uses only the characters 1 and 0, with some remarks on its usefulness, and on the light it throws on the ancient Chinese figures of Fu Xi (1703). Leibniz's system uses 0 and 1, like the modern binary numeral system. Leibniz encountered the I Ching through French Jesuit Joachim Bouvet and noted with fascination how its hexagramscorrespond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111 and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired. Leibniz saw the hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own religious belief”.
?(Source: https//wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code)
What is Algorithm?
“Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stemfrom Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name. His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo[9] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit”. (Source: Web.)
Search Algorithm
Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)
Search Algorithm: For Post Translate, was being used to “Phrase based Translation System” and the said translating system, perform with word by word translate; not sentence-wise translation then counting feasibility and expressing meaning with Search Algorithm. The proposed translate is to be done with artificial intellectual directed Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)”.
?Al-Khwarizmi’s second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126”. (Ditto)
The Great Role in Mathematics, called “Fuel of Science”of Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi:
“Algorithm based Microchip by Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi, helps to change the world picture”.
?(Addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kuala lampore : (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, K.S.A.)
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: Founder of Computer Science.
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: ???? ?? ???? ???????, Arabic: ???? ?? ???? ?????????; c.?780 –.?850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,[note 2] was a Persian[3][4] (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)??
?"In computing and telecommunications sector, binary codes are used for various methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings. Those methods may use fixed-width or variable-width strings. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a binary number, is usually displayed in code tables in octal, decimal or hexadecimal notation. There are many character sets and many character encodings for them. A binary code represents text, computer processor instructions, or other data using any two-symbol system, but often the binary number system's 0 and 1. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits (bits) to each character, instruction, etc. For example, a binary string of eight bits can represent any of 256 possible values and can therefore.
?Represent a variety of different items
?Modern computers use binary encoding for instructions and data. Telephone calls are carried digitally on long distance and mobile phone networks using pulse-code modulation and on voice over IP networks” (Source: Web/Wikipedia).
Noted that "A (a)" the first consonant of English alphabet is represented in Binary Code: "1100001" as a bit string (which is 97 in decimal).
“Computer” does not know/understand any alphabet of English, Arabic, Urdu, Farsi, Hindi, Bengali etc., except Binary Code 0 & 1 i.e., English/Arabic/Urdu/Bengali/Hindi/Farsi etc., all sorts of languages are being expressed in Binary Code 0 & 1, just like the following examples:
?i) 001010101010011010110
ii) 01101011001010
iii) 10110101110110110
?i) 001010101010011010110
ii) 01101011001010
iii) 10110101110110110
(Source: Computer & Information Technology, Bangladesh)
A Short History for Contributing on Inventing Arabic Numerals by the Muslim Mathematician:
Contributions
“Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy, and cartography established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra, a word derived from the title of his 830 book on the subject, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".
Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.
Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of Ptolemy but with improved values for the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.
He also wrote on mechanical devices like the astrolabe and sundial.
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He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.
When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe.[citation needed]
Binary numerals were central to Leibniz's theology. Gottfried Leibnizbelieved that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing”
(Source: (i) https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki)input.??
(ii) https:ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm#cite_note-5.
Muhammad Musa Al Khawrithm, a world reputed Muslim Mathematician
Bagdad, Iraq is called him in Europe Algorithm. The word of “Logarithm” comes from Algorithm, an important portion of a computer, made by John Napier which is an important Circuit of Microchip and Device’s name of computer that is used for critical accounting.
?“Circuit of Microchip is helped to change the world picture”, addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kualalampore: (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, KSA.)
?*Arabic numeral: Commonly we know that the numerals respectively ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??are “Arabic Numerals” and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are “English Numerals”.? But in modern Mathematical Science, practically the Arabic numerals is called 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 (may be seen all international dictionaries, namely Oxford, Quick Dictionary etc.). It is verily questionable matter that why not calls 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 as ‘English Numeral’ but ‘Arabic numerals’?
Experiment: Arabic Numeral:? 1=?, 2=?, 3=?, 6=?, 9=?. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of motion of Arabic numerals ?, ?, ?, ?, ? respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khawarithm are only 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8.??
*Roman Numeral: The analog numerals of the mathematic is I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital)Arabic Numeral.
For example,’ I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman Numeral. For example: I means =1, II means =2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X means =10(Ten) , “L” means =50(Fifty), “C” means=100 (Hundred), “D”=500 (Five Hundred) , “M”=1000 (One thousand) .
However, we do think that there is basic/root figure in the Arithmetic side is only “1” (One) and its assistant is “0” (Zero) for extending large figure. For the following example is:
1+1=2+1=3+1=4+1=5+1=6+1=7+1=8+1=9 i.e.
1+1=2
1+1+1=3
1+1+1+1=4
1+1+1+1+1=5
1+1+1+1+1+1=6
1+1+1+1+1+1+1=7
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=8
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=9 i.e. 2(Two) to 9(Nine) all mathematical symbols are the Collective of 1(one) only.
As a matter of fact of above “Arabic Numerals” naming is due to religious racing name of inventor in lieu of “English Numeral” was an Arabian, named Musa Al Khwarizmi, western name a great Muslim mathematician of the world.
Several Numerals of the World:
There are following several kinds of world Numerals:
1.? Arabic Numerals:
?There are two kinds of Arabic Numerals:
i. Eastern Arabic numerals:? ?- ? - ? - ? -?- ? - ? - ? - ? - ?
?(Called Eastern Arabic numerals, used in the Middle East)
ii. International Arabic Numerals: (We know as English Numerals): 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 with 0 (zero). (sources: Oxford, Quick etc., Dictionaries)??
?(ii) Roman Numerals: I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII-VIII-IX-X
The system of “Binary Code”, invented by Musa Al Khwarizmi with Arabic “1” (One) and activeness the Hindu Numeral “0” (zero), called the ‘Assistant Figure’ of mathematics had been inactivated in era of Roman numeral i.e., I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X.
How to invent the Arabic Numerals by Musa Al Khwarizmi?
It is noticeable that the following several figures of “Called Arabic numerals” (1 to 9) are just duplicated of “Original Arabic Numerals” (? to ?):
Experiment: Arabic numerals: 1=?, 2=?, 3=?, 6=?, And 9=?. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of motion of Arabic numerals ?, ?, ?, ?, ? respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khwarizmi are 4, 5, 7 & 8.??
*Roman numeral: The analog numeral of the mathematic I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital) Arabic numeral.
‘I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman numeral. For example: I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000.
We know that the previous “International Numeral” was Roman numeral i.e.I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X. It may be noted that an especial feature of an influential Magazine, issued in U.K, on the occasion of “London Islam Festival-1980”, observing of New Hijra century-1400, remarked that the European revive would be go-ahead before 100 years if the Arabic numeral 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 invented 100 years ago.
?Topic: The Assistant Figure of Arithmetic “0’ (Zero)
??“Al-Khwarizmi’s work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, from Dot to Zero based named Egyptian-Hindu numeral system developed in the Western world applied . The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī. Both "algorithm" and "algorism" are derived from the Latinized forms of al-Khwārizmī's name, Algoritmiand Algorismi, respectively.
The symbol of zero is graphically rounded. The earth, sun, moon, and sky even our head is round too i.e. zero i.e. destroyable.
There is no value of “0” (Zero) except 1 (One). Noted that there is no mathematical or statistical value of “Zero” (o) without 1 to 9 any figure; even no value if the ‘0’ (zero) is used “Before” (Left side of hand) 1(one). For the following example is:
“00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001”means only “1”(One). On the other hand, if it (Zero) is used “After” (Right side of hand) “1” (one); Zero (0) would be best significant and helpful in the mathematics side/sector for counting the following a largest figure i.e., million, billion, and trillion etc. figures:
1,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Indeed, Zero, called Hindu numeral is too useful for the Arabic Numerals but not Roman Numerals. There is no easiness to use Zero in Roman numeral. For example, I0, II0, III0, but IV0 is not decentness. Noted that if the “One” (1) is expressed with in Roman numerals by 9th of letter (consonant) “I”-of English Alphabet, it is not easiness to express a big figure with using the Roman numeral “I” figure.
Without Allah-who is only One, all creation i.e. universe, that standard is zero is valueless. At first Allah then all creations are keen significant full, just like at firstly use 1 (one) and then use 0 zero-that standard is unit, tow zero.
Conclusion: Since the Muslim mathematicians are basically founder of computer that’s because a Muslim should wellbeing Computer for the human. Especially Muslim scientist should come quick too positive using of computer as per as possible. Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.
Angela Armstrong write on Al-Khwarizmi that :
Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the Babylonian tablets, but also from Diophantus' Arithmetica. It no longer concerns a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems. If the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all is treated as "algebraic objects". It gave mathematics a whole new development pat the above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems which the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For example, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation). The quotable contribution of Al-Khwārizmī is “Binary Code”.
Leibniz was trying to find a system that converts logic’s verbal statements into a pure mathematical one. After this, he came across a classic Chinese text called I Ching or ‘Book of Changes’, which used a type of binary code. The book had confirmed his theory that life could be simplified or reduced down to a series of straightforward propositions. He created a system consisting of rows of zeros and ones (Source: Web/Wikipedia)
A brief Moral Analysis/experiment on Binary Code
“A binary system in general is any system that allows only two choices such as a switch in an electronic system or a simple true ?or false test.”? (Wikipedia).
?Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts
Hospitals
The hospital was one of the great achievements of medieval Islamic society. The medieval Islamic hospital was a more elaborate institution with a wider range of functions.
In Islam there was generally a moral imperative to treat all the ill regardless of their financial status. The hospitals were largely general institutions, many of them open to all, male and female, civilian and military, adult and child, rich and poor, Muslims and non-Muslims. They tended to be large, urban structures.
Before the Muslims, the Greeks had temples of healing. In these, health care was based more on the idea of a miraculous cure rather than on scienti?c analysis and practice. A Greek Byzantine charitable institution, the xenodocheion (literally travellers’ hostel or inn), came closest to being a hospital where care was given to the lepers, invalids, and the poor. Although we have insufficient information on early hospitals in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Persia, and India, it will not be surprising if we discover that patients in these cultures received some form of formal treatment in dedicated parts of buildings.(Source: https://www.1001inventions.com/hospital-development-in-muslim-civilisation/).
The Islamic hospital served several purposes: a center of medical treatment, a convalescent home for those recovering from illness or accidents, an insane asylum, and a retirement home giving basic maintenance needs for the aged and infirm who lacked a family to care for them.
An Islamic hospital was called a bimaristan, often contracted to maristan, from the Persian word bimar, ill person', and stan, place.' Some accounts associate the name of the early Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, who ruled from 705 to 715 (86-96 H), with the founding of a hospice, possibly a leprosarium, in Damascus.
The earliest documented hospital established by an Islamic ruler was built in the 9th century in Baghdad probably by the vizier to the caliph Harun al-Rashid. The prominence of the Bakhtishu` family as court physicians would suggest that they also played an important role in the function of the first hospital in Baghdad.
An exciting theatre performance sets the scene and takes children on a fascinating journey to the past to appreciate how pioneers from the East contributed to modern-day healthcare and medicine. Following the show, the actors and musicians, together with an exciting team of science explainers expand on issues introduced on stage through hands-on activities including how vision works through the lens of Ibn al-Haytham’s camera obscura, practising ancient surgical techniques through cross stitching and creating structural models of viral diseases and much more.
First Hospital
Possibly the earliest hospital in Islam was a mobile dispensary following the Islamic armies, dating from the time of the Prophet, a tradition that lasted throughout the centuries of Islamic glory.[Source: A. Djebbar, Une Histoire, op. cit., 319.]?But the ?rst organised hospital was built in Cairo between 872 and 874. The Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital treated and gave medicine to all patients free of charge. With two bathhouses, one for men and one for women, a rich library, and a psychiatric wing, it was quite an advanced institution.[Source: S. K. Hamarneh, Health Sciences in Early Islam, 2 Vols., M. A. Anees, ed., Vol. I (Noor Health Foundation and Zahra Publications, 1983), 101-02.]?
Patients deposited their street clothes and their valuables with the hospital authorities for safekeeping before donning special ward clothes and being assigned to their beds.[Source: [Al-Maqrizi, Khitat, Vol. 2, 405.]
In little more than a hundred years, 5 additional bimaristans had been built in Baghdad. According to some accounts, directions were given by a vizier in the early 10th century to provide medical care to prisons on a daily basis and visits by doctors with a traveling dispensary to villages in lower Iraq. The most important of the Baghdad hospitals was that established in 982 (372 H) by the ruler `Adud al-Dawlah. When it was founded it had 25 doctors, including oculists, surgeons, and bonesetters. In 1184 (580 H) a traveller described it as being like an enormous palace in size.
In Egypt, the first hospital was built in the southwestern quarter of present-day Cairo in 872 (259 H) by Ahmad ibn Tulun, the `Abbasid governor of Egypt. It is the earliest for which there is clear evidence that care for the insane was provided. By the end of the century, two hospitals were also said to have been built in Old Cairo (Fustat), though the evidence on this point is questionable. In the 12th century, Saladin founded the Nasiri hospital in Cairo, but it was surpassed in size and importance by the Mansuri, completed in 1284 (638 H) after eleven months of construction. The Mansuri hospital remained the primary medical center in Cairo through the 15th century. The Nuri hospital in Damascus was a major one from the time of its foundation in the middle of the 12th century well into the 15th century, by which time the city contained 5 additional hospitals.
Iran had several, and the one at Rayy was headed by al-Razi prior to his moving to Baghdad.
Ottoman hospitals flourished in Turkey in the 13th century, and there were hospitals in the Indian provinces. Hospitals were comparatively late in being established in Islamic Spain, the earliest possibly being built in 1397 (800 H) in Granada.
Of the great Syro-Egyptian hospitals of the 12th and 13th centuries, we possess a considerable amount of information.
They were built on a cruciform plan with four central iwans or vaulted halls, with many adjacent rooms including kitchens, storage areas, a pharmacy, some living quarters for the staff, and sometimes a library. Each iwan was usually provided with fountains to provide a supply of clean water and baths.
There was a separate hall for women patients and areas reserved for the treatment of conditions prevalent in the area -- eye ailments, gastrointestinal complaints (especially dysentery and diarrhoea), and fevers.
There was also an area for surgical cases and a special ward for the mentally ill. Some had an area for rheumatics and cold sufferers (mabrudun). There frequently were out-patient clinics with a free dispensary of medicaments.
The staff included pharmacists and a roster of physicians who were required at appointed times to be in attendance and make the rounds of patients, prescribing medications. These were assisted by stewards and orderlies, as well as a considerable number of male and female attendants who tended the basic needs of the patients.
All the hospitals in Islamic lands were financed from the revenues of pious bequests called waqfs. Wealthy men, and especially rulers, donated property as endowments, whose revenue went toward building and maintaining the institution.
Little detailed information is available regarding the hospitals as teaching institutions. We have accounts of teaching at certain hospitals, such as the `Adudi hospital in Baghdad. Clinical training at bedside in a hospital, whether as an apprentice or through formal instruction, was, however, a part of medical learning for a substantial number of formally trained physicians. In the medical writings, such as the encyclopedia by al-Majusi, there was frequent encouragement of students to acquire clinical training.
Besides those in Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo, hospitals were built throughout Islamic lands. In al-Qayrawan, the Arab capital of Tunisia, a hospital was built in the 9th century, and early ones were established at Makka Muazzima and Madina Munwara. (Source: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_12.htm)
Translations of Medical Texts:?As Islam expanded out of the Arabian Peninsula in seventh century AD, towards Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, North African and Iraq, Arab scholars come across scientific works from many older, established civilizations. These scholars translated works from Greek, Syriac, Pahlavi and Sanskrit into Arabic; thus, preserving scientific knowledge while additionally supplementing it with their own discoveries. While amalgamating and spreading this knowledge, they made important changes to the system of scientific recording such as adding illustrations and diagrams, replacing Roman numerals with the more efficient Arabic numeral system, and organizing text to make it more methodical and easier to understand and search. One famous scholar, Ibn-Sina, compiled the encyclopedia “The Canon of Medicine” which was used as the standard reference book for medicine up to the 18th century.
Hospitals and Medical Education:?While hospitals were not an Islamic invention, Medieval Islam was responsible for their popularity and influencing these institutions greatly; in how they were run, how physicians were educated and changing the entire medical profession in general. Prior to the Islamic Era, most medical treatment was administered by priests inside religious buildings. While Islamic hospitals, known as Bimaristans, were not completely secular, they were progressive, inclusive and advanced institutions which mirrored modern day hospitals. They prioritized cleanliness, new technology, medical education and advanced procedures, and also aimed to treat people of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Halls were designated for each type of disease; most importantly contagious and non-contagious diseases were separated. Personal and institutional hygiene was emphasized, including use of alcohol as an antiseptic. There were groups of physicians specializing in each disease, led by a chief physician. Exams were held for entering into the medical profession, which elevated and regulated the profession greatly.
?Pharmacies / Drugs:?The field of pharmacology and the existence of pharmacies, called saydalas, were established during the Medieval Islamic period. Although treatment using compounds derived from natural materials was observed throughout the world, Islamic scientists applied the science of chemistry to medicine. Important figures such as Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Al-Razi developed chemical apparatuses still used in pharmaceutical laboratories today such as, mortars and pestles, flasks, and vials. He also carefully recorded drug preparation processes such as distillation, evaporation and crystallisation. Islam pharmacology emphasized modern organic chemistry practices such purity and empiricism.
?Surgery:?Islamic surgeons were known for performing and documenting previously unseen surgical procedures. They also documented the intricate tools they invented and used. Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-‘Abbās al-Zahrāwī, known as the “father of surgery”, wrote Kitab al-Tasrif, an illustrated and detailed guide that taught generations of subsequent surgical students. He improved on methods of surgeries that decreased mortality rates, such as kidney stone removal. The invention of surgical tools that are still used today such as syringes, forceps, bone saws and plaster casts are attributed to al-Zahrāwī. He was also the first physician known to mark incisions on patients’ skin, which is standard procedure to this day. He also pioneered cauterization and suturing methods. (Source: https://ihrcanada.com/important-islamic-contributions-to-medicine/)
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