The Invisible Hand of Caste: How it shapes urban, middle and upper middle class India

India's bustling cities are often seen as melting pots, where tradition loosens its grip and social mobility reigns. Yet,beneath the veneer of modern life, the ancient caste system continues to exert an influence on urban middle and upper-middle-class communities. This article explores the subtle ways caste shapes social interactions,networks, and opportunities in these seemingly progressive spaces.

The Myth of Meritocracy: The narrative of upward mobility through education and hard work is central to the middle and upper-middle-class identity. However, caste often disrupts this ideal. A 2017 study by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) revealed that even among graduates from elite Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), 41% reported facing caste-based discrimination during job placements. This highlights how even in supposedly meritocratic spaces, caste bias can persist.

Segregated Social Circles: Social life in urban India often revolves around gated communities and social clubs. While not explicitly stated, caste can play a role in who gets invited. A 2020 report by the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) found that 42% of residents in upscale housing societies in major Indian cities admitted to a preference for neighbors from the same caste. This unconscious bias creates segregated social circles that limit opportunities for inter-caste connections.

The Marriage Market, Redefined: Love marriages are on the rise in urban India, but caste preferences haven't entirely vanished. A survey by Pew Research in 2019 found that 67% of Indians believe caste is an important factor in choosing a spouse, even among younger generations. Additionally, a study by the Mumbai-based NGO Pratham in 2018 revealed that 78% of profiles on popular matrimonial websites included caste filters. These statistics demonstrate the persistence of caste as a factor in modern Indian marriages.

The Power of Perception: Even seemingly innocuous conversations can be laced with caste undercurrents. Jokes,stereotypes, and unconscious biases can create a sense of "otherness" for those from lower castes. A 2021 report by the National Dalit Movement for Social Justice (NDMSJ) found that 82% of Dalit students in urban colleges reported experiencing caste-based slurs or microaggressions from their peers. This highlights the psychological impact of caste bias, even in subtle forms.

Breaking the Silence: Addressing the invisible hand of caste requires open dialogue. Educational institutions can promote awareness programs and celebrate diversity. Social groups can strive for inclusivity and challenge assumptions.Individuals can reflect on their own biases and create spaces where open conversations about caste are encouraged.

The invisibility of caste in urban India doesn't make it any less real. Recognising its subtle influence is the first step towards creating a more equitable and inclusive society. By dismantling these hidden barriers, urban India can truly become a space where opportunity thrives for all, regardless of caste.