INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL ?NEED FOR LEARNING HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND NURSING PROFESSIONALS Dr.T. V.Rao MD

APPLICATION OF HUMAN ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY, IN UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Formulated by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical , Nursing and health care professionals

Division – 1 Anatomy

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL ANATOMY and Physiology

?NEED FOR LEARNING HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND NURSING PROFESSIONALS

Reasons to Study Anatomy & Physiology

For those considering being learning and getting qualified in Human infectious diseases, Anatomy and Physiology are the two most important subjects one should have basic foundations.

Anatomy & Physiology is the fundamental building block of medical practice. Without a deep understanding of the internal body, the dynamic process of physiology health professionals cannot truly evaluate, diagnose and treat illnesses, In relation to infectious diseases it is utmost important to know the disease process, pathophysiology and makes us to diagnose and to treat the clinical condition, Medicine is a vast subject and the body has countless different systems that make it up. The specialization opportunities for Anatomy & Physiology students are extensive

Introduction to the Human Body

If we were to “understand” the human body is the most complex structure at the microscopic level, then the cell would constitute the most basic unit of life.

The average adult has somewhere between 30 – 40 trillion cells, and an estimated 242 billion new cells are produced every day. When a select group of cells with similar functions come together, it forms a tissue. Many microbes have a varied relation to the structure of the human body however we must consider the infectious diseases with the following divisions

1 Human Anatomy

2 Human Physiology

And we will be classifying most of the Infectious diseases involving independent systems as per the divisions of system-defined with Anatomy and physiological terms

Circulatory System

Digestive System

Reproductive System

Respiratory System

Nervous System

. Organization of the body Key Points in understanding Anatomy

The cell is the basic living unit of the human body—indeed, of all organisms. The human body consists of trillions of cells, each capable of growth, these can be grouped into four basic classes.

These four basic cell types, together with their extracellular materials, form the fundamental tissues of the human body: (1) Epithelial tissues, which cover the body’s surface and line the internal organs, body cavities, and passageways; 2) Muscle tissues, which are capable of contraction and form the body’s musculature; ( 3) nerve tissues, which conduct electrical impulses and make up the nervous system; and (4) Connective tissues, which are composed of widely spaced cells and large amounts of intercellular matrix and which bind together various body structures. (Bone and blood are considered specialized connective tissues, in which the intercellular matrix Is damaged and permits the Microbes to enter many-body spaces

Basic methods in Learning Medical Anatomy and influence of Infectious diseases In the past, demonstrative dissections were carried out in public spaces. When they were held by famous personalities of the time university courses, which are public were heard by both students from the medical school, and by students from other faculties with other profiles, or even by different people regardless of their level of education. The number of anatomy concepts remains relatively constant, but the modes of presentation have proliferated in recent decades, and the technology of the future will likely bring new changes in the teaching process. We can add the recognition of anatomical formation on paraclinical investigation images: X-rays, CT with or without contrast dye, nuclear magnetic resonance. Other evidence implies the highlight of certain anatomical structures through their dissection by the student, namely the so-called anatomical findings, while others have mentioned the use of human living models. We believe that currently, three-dimensional images obtained by dissection or by video acquisitions during surgery should be introduced. Theoretical examinations involve the written or oral presentation of anatomical concepts systematized by the student. They tried to use multiple-choice tests.

Normal Anatomy – and the relation of Microbes in Health and Disease

The human body is remarkably well designed. Most of its organs have a great deal of extra capacity or reserve: They can still function adequately even when damaged. For example, more than two-thirds of the liver must be destroyed before serious consequences occur, and a person can usually live with only one lung or one kidney. Other organs can tolerate little damage before they malfunction, and symptoms occur. For example, if an artery in the brain becomes blocked or ruptures (stroke) and even a small amount of tissue are a vital part of the brain is destroyed, a person may be unable to speak, move a limb, or maintain balance. If a heart attack destroys a small amount of tissue in the part of the heart that creates or carries the signals to beat, the heart rate may become dangerously slow and the person may even die.

Classification of infectious diseases in relation to Human Anatomical structures

All infectious diseases can be divided into certain groups: in relation to functional Anatomy Intestinal diseases: salmonella, cholera, dysentery, paratyphoid A and B, foodborne diseases, typhoid fever;

Respiratory tract infections: chickenpox, SARS, measles, influenza, mycoplasma respiratory infection; transmissive or blood infections: malaria, plague, typhus, and relapsing, HIV infection;

Infectious diseases of integument: tetanus, anthrax; Infection with multiple pathways: infectious mononucleosis, enterovirus infections.

Application of Anatomy in Infectious disease, - How it helps in problem-based learning

Most of its organs have a great deal of extra capacity or reserve: They can still function adequately even when damaged. For example, more than two-thirds of the liver must be destroyed before serious consequences occur, and a person can usually live with only one lung or one kidney. Other organs can tolerate little damage before they malfunction, and symptoms occur. For example, if an artery in the brain becomes blocked or ruptures (stroke) and even a small amount of tissue is a vital part of the brain is destroyed, a person may be unable to speak, move a limb, or maintain balance. If a heart the attack destroys a small amount of tissue in the part of the heart that creates or carries the signals to beat, the heart rate may become dangerously slow and the person may even die.

RELATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CANCER WITH ANATOMY Disease often affects anatomy and changes in anatomy can cause disease. If the blood supply to the tissue is blocked or cut off, the tissue dies (called infarction), as in a heart attack (myocardial infarction) or stroke (cerebral infarction). An abnormal heart valve can cause heart malfunction. Trauma to the skin may damage its ability to act as a barrier, which may lead to infection. Abnormal growths, such as cancer, can directly destroy normal tissue or produce pressure that ultimately destroys it. Because of the relationship between disease and anatomy, methods of seeing into the body have become a mainstay in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The first breakthrough came with x-rays, which enabled doctors to see into the body and examine internal structures without surgery. Another major advance was computed tomography (CT), which combines x-rays and computers. A CT scan produces detailed cross-sectional (two-dimensional) images of the body's interior. Other methods of producing images of internal structures include ultrasonography, which uses sound waves; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which uses the movement of atoms in a magnetic field; and radionuclide imaging, which uses radioactive chemicals injected into the body. These are non-invasive ways to see into the body, in contrast to surgery, which is an invasive procedure.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD