The Intersecting Crises of Gender-Based Violence and HIV in South Africa: A Call for Comprehensive Intervention

South Africa has one of the highest rates of gender-based violence (GBV) in the world, including intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence. Nearly one in three South African women experiences physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, often at the hands of a partner. This issue is compounded by alarmingly high rates of femicide, with the murder rate among women significantly exceeding the global average.

?The persistent gender inequalities and patriarchal social norms, combined with deep economic disparities and high unemployment rates, contribute to stress and domestic violence. Additionally, alcohol and drug abuse often exacerbate incidents of gender-based violence. Survivors of GBV frequently face physical injuries, psychological problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, as well as an increased risk of HIV infection.

?Over and above the GBV pandemic, South Africa has the highest number of people living with HIV in the world, marking it as a critical public health challenge. Current trends indicate that approximately 7.5 million people were living with HIV in South Africa as of 2022. While prevention efforts have led to a decline in new infections—approximately 200,000 new cases in 2022 compared to 380,000 in 2010—concerns remain. Women and girls aged 15 to 24 are disproportionately affected by new infections due to biological vulnerability, gender-based violence, and socioeconomic challenges. Additionally, men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, and drug users are at higher risk.

?Therefore, South Africa faces intersecting crises of GBV and HIV, with women and marginalized groups bearing the brunt. As we observe the Sixteen Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence, it is crucial to acknowledge the intersectionality of these two crises. The relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV infection is well-documented, with studies indicating that women who experience IPV are at a significantly higher risk of contracting HIV (Jewkes et al., 2011; Li et al., 2014; Dunkle & Decker, 2012). This is particularly alarming in South Africa, where the rates of both HIV and GBV are among the highest globally.

?Research has shown that gender inequity and GBV exacerbate the vulnerability of women to HIV infection. For instance, women in relationships characterized by power imbalances and violence are less likely to negotiate safe sex practices, leading to increased rates of HIV transmission (Jewkes et al., 2011; Gari et al., 2013; Watts & Seeley, 2014). Furthermore, the stigma associated with both HIV and GBV often prevents women from seeking help or disclosing their HIV status, which can further perpetuate the cycle of infection and violence (Kennedy et al., 2015; Wielding & Scott, 2016). The need for a comprehensive approach that addresses both HIV prevention and the reduction of GBV is thus imperative.

?A pastoral response can play a significant role in curbing the unending number of HIV infections and GBV cases. Religious institutions have historically been influential in shaping community attitudes and behaviours. By integrating HIV education and GBV awareness into church programs, religious leaders can help dismantle the stigma surrounding both issues (Bryant-Davis et al., 2016; Madlala, 2023). For example, initiatives that educate pastors about HIV/AIDS and GBV can empower them to lead their congregations in discussions that promote gender equity and healthy relationships (Bryant-Davis et al., 2016; Madlala, 2023). Such interventions can also provide a safe space for individuals to seek support, thereby fostering a community of care and understanding.

?Moreover, community mobilization interventions, have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing IPV and HIV-related risk behaviours by challenging gender norms and promoting equitable relationships (Kyegombe et al., 2014). These programs emphasize the importance of engaging both men and women in discussions about gender roles and violence, which is crucial for creating sustainable change (Watts & Seeley, 2014; Remme et al., 2014). By fostering a culture of respect and equality, these initiatives can significantly impact the rates of both HIV and GBV.

?In conclusion, the intersection of HIV/AIDS and GBV in South Africa necessitates a multifaceted approach that includes pastoral care, community engagement, and education. By addressing the root causes of gender inequality and promoting healthy relationships, we can make strides in reducing the prevalence of both HIV infections and GBV. The Sixteen Days of Activism serves as a vital reminder of the work that remains in these areas, and the potential for positive change through collaborative efforts.