The Internet of Things (IoT)
What is the Internet of Things?
Before grasping the most popular technology-driven Internet of Things (better known as IoT), it is worthwhile to know the genesis of its development. Initially, it had come to enhance the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) denote to a wireless system embracing two components: labels and readers. The labels are a device that may have one or more antennas that emanate radio waves and receive signals back from the RFID labels which use radio waves to communicate their identity and other information to close readers, passively and actively. Passive RFs are ID labels that are driven by the reader without a battery and active RFID labels have a power-driven battery.
RFID labels are capable of accumulating a wide range of serial numbers to several pages of data. Readers can be mobile, They could be mounted on a post or overhead. Reader systems can also be built into the architecture of a cabinet, room, or building. RFID systems use radio waves at many diverse frequencies to transfer data. In health care and hospital settings, RFID technologies include the following applications:
Although it was not found adverse features after inspection and discrete analysis, still have concerns about the latent danger of electromagnetic interference (EMI) to electronic medical devices from radio frequency transmitters like RFID. EMI is a degradation of the performance of equipment or systems (such as medical devices) caused by an electromagnetic disturbance. It was mandatory to report any suspected medical device malfunctions to MedWatch, FDA’s voluntary adverse event reporting
Initially, to provide impetus to reap the full potential of ?RFID technology the term?Internet of Things was invented in 1999. during the initial, The fame of the?IoT took a long time till in early 2014 to catch the attention of the masses. ?It is defined as a sensor and actuator implanted in physical objects are linked through wired and wireless networks” ?Known as IoT which is emerged as the best concept discarding several other concepts, IoT is?arisen as the best widespread term?to describe such vision. M2M or the Industrial internet are used as a sub-segment and adopted the concepts?to the Internet of Things.
Kevin Ashton, the father of the Internet of Things
The term Internet of Things is just 16 years old The concept and term, first appeared in a speech by Peter T. Lewis, in 1985 ?to the Congressional Blain Caucus Foundation 15th Annual Legislative:?He explained "The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation, and evaluation of trends of such devices."
. Though the authentic idea of connected devices had been around longer, it was called ?“embedded internet” or “pervasive computing”. But the real term “Internet of Things” was coined by Kevin Ashton?in 1999 while?working at Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Centre in supply chain optimization, aspire to impress his senior executives with?a new exciting technology called RFID. Because of trending the internet in 1999 and to create some?insight, he called his presentation “Internet of Things”. "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects' were connected to the Internet than people",?Cisco Systems?estimated that the IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing, performing actions (e.g., turn?HVAC?on or off) and learn through the maximizing accumulated recompenses in the long run.
The concept of IoT started gaining ground in ?2010. It was said that Google’s StreetView service had not only made 360-degree pictures but had also stored gigantic data of users networks. It stirred the world as this might be able to not only index the internet but also index the physical world. Coincidentally, in this period the Chinese government after comprehending the tremendous benefit and enhanced core technology declared it would make IoT a strategic priority in their?Five-Year-Plan.
Market research, company, Gartner, in 201 ?invented the famous “hype-cycle for emerging technologies” included a new emerging miracle on their list: “The Internet of Things”. The next year, it was a theme of Europe’s biggest Internet conference LeWeb. At the same time, popular tech-focused magazines like Forbes, Fast Company, and Wired started using IoT as their vocabulary to describe the wonder. In October of 2013, IDC published a report stating that the Internet of Things would be an $8.9 trillion market in 2020. The term Internet of Things reached mass-market awareness when in January 2014 Google announced to buy Nest for $3.2bn. At the same time, the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas was held under the theme of IoT. The above example depicts how?impressively the term “Internet of Things” has outgrown all other related concepts in popularity.
Since the first quarter of 2020, the global humanity and economy have been waging a war against?the exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic (as declared by a newly coined word by WHO)?has not only?crippled the global economy, lives, and livelihoods but also made it to a grinding halt, and its impact on the health of human lives to such an appalling and grisly state,?has dumbed for some time, ?the Governments, health service providers, and the sufferers’ could not have?any vital clue of how to ameliorate and make the human life and economy on track. Quarantine(to leave alone) and full lockdown ( like home arrest)?have become an order of the day.
Amidst such a glooming scenario in the COVID-19 pandemic proved a catalyst in transforming the Internet of things (IoT) by accelerating in the core and in the midst of major disruption negatively affecting human lives, economy, and business globally. In this context, a lot of deliberation, debate, and discussion on the benefits and effectiveness of the Internet of Things (or IoT)?to moderate the impact of the corona pandemic as the best way to communicate and collaborate as if it was just waiting for the above disruption to show its powerful effect to improve and offer multiple solutions to its user. Its position is at the forefront of our capability to associate the digital and physical world in a means to have profound implications on both society and the economy. (IoT), has turned out as succor to provide relief to protecting human lives and livelihoods?and enabling certain industries to keep their operation continuing by a newly coined word – work from home.
Internet of Things definition
There is no universally accepted definition formed considering its scope, its ambit, its pace of innovation.
?The Internet of Things is an assembly of sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects that are linked through wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet. It bridges?the gap between the digital world and the physical world.?It is just a surprise that ?IoT is not inevitably part of the?Internet?but is still?referred to as?the Internet?of Things.
We may describe it as a concept of linking any device (enabled by an on/off switch) to the Internet and to other connected devices. Concisely,?the IoT is a massive and giant network of connected things and people serving all of which bring together and part data to adopt the way they are used and about the surrounding environment. Within its ambit comes almost all types of devices of objects of all shapes and sizes, which includes a smart microwave, self-driving car, fitness devices, connected footballs, etc. which are serving as tools to amplify its use and application to get simplified better decision and various desired inputs. IoT Analytics is a leading provider of strategic IoT market insights and a trusted advisor for several big corporate partners worldwide. intelligence for the Internet of Things (IoT), M2M, and Industry 4.0.
?Amazingly, a proposed development of the Internet in which objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data. The Internet of Things in 2014/2015 is certainly not a?“proposed development. But the Internet of Things is REAL.?Google has identified it precisely.?In January 2014, Google acquired Nest, a company currently selling more than 100,000 smart thermostats per month.?As?put it:?“at this stage, there’s no putting the [Internet of Things] genie back in the bottle”.?Some well-recognized application examples are Wearable devices/fitness trackers, Home Automation, Industrial asset monitoring, Smart energy meters, etc. However, is observed that within its ambit comes all spheres of the world, it only prove its multi-purpose application. As it bridges?the gap between the digital world and the physical world. The industrial multinational General Electric announced that they were about to get ?$1 billion in IoT-related revenue in 2014.?
?How does it work
Devices and objects have built-in sensors, linked to IoT, which put together data from several devices and apply analytics to fragment the most valuable information with applications built to address specific needs. It is capable of effortlessly identifying precise beneficial information and suggesting what to be cast-off without causing any harm. The extracted information can grasp to differentiate patterns, make confirmations, and perceive possible problems before the incident.
?The information picked up by connected devices enables one to make smart decisions about which components to stock up on, based on real-time information, which saves time and money. With the understanding provided by advanced analytics comes the power to make processes more efficient. Smart objects and systems mean automation of certain tasks, particularly when these are repetitive, routine, time-consuming, or even dangerous. Let’s look at some examples to see what this looks like in real life.
In an age of hyper-connectivity, the IoT is the basis for a flourishing sector in which countless innovators provide software and hardware for everything from almost all walks of life and industries.? Many products using IoT are prowess to improve better use comprising, health, education, medical, software, Augmented AI, defense, weather forecasting, home, transport, etc. It is used in many walks of our life and connects any number of devices, making its?immeasurable solution providing strength and widespread use in every segment of life aspects. ?
Disambiguation: clarification that follows from the removal of ambiguity, ?IoT vs IoE vs M2M vs Others
Internet of Things” is the most widespread term in describing the new interconnected world. Cisco has been driving the term Internet of Everything (IoE). Intel initially called it the “embedded internet”. Other terms proposed but don’t mean precisely all the same are: M2M (Machine to machine) communication, Web of Things, Industry 4.0, Industrial internet (of Things), Smart systems, Pervasive computing, and Intelligent systems. We can see below the different concepts features :
M2M:?The term Machine to Machine (M2M) has been in use in the Telecoms sector. M2M communication had initially been a one-to-one connection, linking one machine to another. But now an explosion of mobile connectivity means that data can now be more easily transmitted, via a system of IP networks, to a much wider range of devices.
Industrial Internet (of Things): The term coined by GE considering that it connects both machines and human interfaces. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) or the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 defines the same use of IoT technology in a business setting. Though the perception is the same?for consumers' IoT devices it has wide use after blending sensors, wireless networks, big data, AI, and analytics to measure and optimize industrial processes.?If introduced across an entire supply chain,?the impact could be even greater with just-in-time delivery of materials and the management of production from start to end. Increasing workforce productivity or cost savings are two potential aims, but the IIoT can also create new revenue streams for businesses.
Web of Things: The Web of Things is much narrower in scope as the other concepts as it solely focuses on software architecture. Internet of Everything (IoE): Still a rather vague concept, IoE aims to include all sorts of connections that one can envision. The concept has thus the highest reach. Industry 4.0: It has the largest scope of all the concepts. Industry 4.0 describes a set of concepts to drive the next industrial revolution. That includes all kinds of connectivity concepts in the industrial context. However, it goes further and includes real changes to the physical world around us such as 3D-printing technologies or the introduction of new augmented reality hardware. Both M2M as well as the industrial internet are not opposing concepts to IoT. In fact, both are a subset of the Internet of Things with a narrower reach.
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IoT can be divided into two segments: industry-specific offerings, or can be used in all industries..
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The Internet of Things and big data analytics
An IoT device will likely contain one or more sensors which it will use to collect data. Sensors are collecting will depend on the individual device and its task. Sensors inside industrial machinery might measure temperature or pressure; a security camera might have a proximity sensor along with sound and video. All this sensor data, ?and much more will have to be sent somewhere. That means IoT devices will need to transmit data and will do it via Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, etc
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The IoT generates vast amounts of data: from sensors attached to machine parts or environment sensors which means the IoT is a significant driver of big-data analytics projects because it allows companies to create vast data sets and analyse them. Giving a manufacturer vast amounts of data about how its components behave in real-world situations can help them to make improvements much more rapidly, while data culled from sensors around a city could help planners make traffic flow more efficiently.
That data will come in many different forms – voice requests, video, temperature or other sensor readings, all of which can be mined for insight. "Metadata is a prime candidate to be fed into NoSQL databases like MongoDB to bring structure to unstructured content or fed into cognitive systems to bring new levels of understanding, intelligence, and order to outwardly random environments.. Specially ?IoT will deliver large amounts of real-time data. Cisco calculates that machine-to machine connections that support IoT applications will account for more than half of the total 27.1 billion devices and connections, and will account for 5%of global IP traffic by 2021.
Internet of Things and the cloud
The huge amount of data that IoT applications generate means that many companies will choose to do their data processing in the cloud rather than build huge amounts of in-house capacity. Cloud computing giants are already courting these companies: Microsoft has its?Azure IoT suite , while?Amazon Web Services ?provides a range of IoT services, as does?Google Cloud .
The Internet of Things and smart cities
By spreading a vast number of sensors over a town or city, planners can get a better idea of what's really happening, in real time. As a result, smart cities projects are a key feature of the IoT. Cities already generate large amounts of data (from security cameras and environmental sensors) and already contain big infrastructure networks (like those controlling traffic lights). IoT projects aim to connect these up, and then add further intelligence into the system.
The ability to better understand how a city is functioning should allow planners to make changes and monitor how this improves residents' live
How do Internet of Things and 5G connect and share data?
5G is?a capital improvement project the size of the entire planet, replacing one wireless architecture created this century with another one that aims to lower energy consumption and maintenance costs.One area of growth in the next few years will undoubtedly be the use of 5G networks to support IoT projects. 5G offers the ability to fit?one million 5G devices in a square kilometre,?it will be possible to use a vast number of sensors in a very small area, making large-scale industrial IoT deployments more possible. The UK has just started a trial of 5G and the IoT at two 'smart factories'. However, it could be some time before 5G deployments are widespread: Outdoor surveillance cameras will be the largest market for 5G IoT devices in the near term, according to Gartner..
The analyst firm predicts that?the automotive industry will be the largest sector for 5G IoT use cases.
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IoT data and artificial intelligent
IoT devices generate vast amounts of data; All these IoT data has to be collected, stored and analysed. Now it is the most of this data is to entered ?it into artificial intelligence (AI) systems that will take that IoT data and use it to make predictions.
IoT evolution: What about Internet of Things short coming?:privacy and security?
?IoT are through?sensors,?collecting?extremely sensitive data . It is prone to security risks as many?IoT devices give little thought to the basics of security, like encrypting data in transit. IoT is a potentially vast privacy and security threat. Flaws in software can not be repaired as?IoT devices lack the ability, which means they are permanently at risk. Hackers , are on overdrive targeting ?IoT devices such as routers and webcams because their inherent lack of security makes them easy to become a prey and?spool up into massive botnets..
?Industrial espionage or a destructive attack on critical infrastructure are other?probable risks. It is very crucial to make sure that these networks are isolated and protected, with data encryption with security of sensors, gateways and other components. Presently it is hard?because of?consistent IoT security planning across organisations..
As IoT links the gap between the digital world and the physical world,?hacking into devices could prove very ?risky real-world consequences. It was proved?on the fateful day?21 October 2016, a multiple?distributed denial of service. outbursts systems operated by?domain name system?provider Dyn, which made the inaccessibility of several websites like?Twitter and others. This attack was ?effected by a botnet comprising of a huge number of IoT devices including IP cameras,?gateways, and even baby monitors.
Basically there are 4 security objectives that the IOT system necessitates:(1)data privacy: unauthorized parties cannot have access to the transmitted and stored data.(2)data?honesty : intentional and unintentional?damage?of transmitted and stored data must be detected.(3) the sender cannot deny having sent a given message.(4)data availability: the transmitted and stored data should be available to authorized parties even with the?denial of service?(DOS) attacks. DOS attack?powered by IoT devices running the?Mirai ?malware?took down a DNS provider and major web sites . The?Mirai Botnet ?had infected roughly down a DNS65,000 IoT devices within the first 20 hours.?Ultimately the infections increased to around 200,000 to 300,000 infections.?Brazil, Colombia and Vietnam made up of 41.5% of the infections.??Top vendors that contained the most infected devices were identified as Dahua, Huawei, ZTE, Cisco, ZyXEL and MikroTik.
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As the price of sensors and communications becoming cheaper day by day, it becomes cost-effective to add more devices to the IoT. Placements are at an early stage;?because the necessary technology , sensor technology, 5G and machine-learning powered analytics ?are still themselves at a infancy stage .Security will remain an ongoing issue.
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Environmental sustainability impact
A concern about IoT technologies relates to the environmental bearings of the manufacture, use, and eventual disposal of all these semiconductor-rich devices.?Modern electronics are full with a wide variety of heavy metals, rare-earth metals,?and potential ?toxic synthetic chemicals. This makes them really forbidding to properly recycle. Electronic components are often incinerated or placed in regular dumping ground.. Additionally , the human and environmental cost of mining the rare-earth metals that are integral to modern electronic components continues to grow.
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CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS
By 2025, forecasters predict, the?IoT industry ?will hit between?$1 trillion ?and?$3 trillion ?in revenue due to a shift from mere connectivity to IoT-powered applications, platforms and services.
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