INTERNAL COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Computer architecture

Computer architectures represents the means of interconnectivity for a computer’s hardware components as well as mode of transfer and processing exhibited. Different computer architecture configuration have been developed to speed up the data movements , allowing for increased data processing.

Internal architecture of computer

Internal architecture of computer refers to organization and designs of computer’s hardware components. Is encompasses various elements. That work together to execute the instruction for a program and processing of data. In this document, we will explore the different aspects of computer architecture including? :

1.???????????????? central processing unit (CPU)

2.???????????????? Memory hierarchy

3.???????????????? Storage devices

4.???????????????? Busses and interconnects 5. input/output system central processing unit (CPU) it is often consider as brain of computer as almost all functions of computer are performed in CPU. It performs primary computational functions and execute the instructions stored in memory. A CPU consists of following components :

?????? ALU ( arithmetic logical unit)

?????? CU (control units)

?????? Registers

Arithmetic logical unit

This part performs the basic logical operations i.e addition , subtraction , multiplication and division and logical operations (AND , OR) on given data. For instance, when you perform mathematical calculations on computer it performs arithmetic function .

Control unit

?It manages the execution of instructions . The control unit manages the flow of instruction and make sure that instructions are being fetched from memory , decoded and executed in correct order. This sequence may include pipelining.? It manages the flow of data within CPU and between CPU and memory.

Registers

These are small , high-speed storage devices which functions as a temporary storage place for data processing at the moment. Registers are much faster to access than RAM (main memory), which makes them crucial for computer’s speed and efficiently.

2- Memory hierarchy

Computer systems use hierarchical memory structure to manage the data access This hierarchy includes:

?????? RAM ( random access memory) : primary memory that provides fast , volatile storage for instructions and data that are actively processed. It is fast but loses data whem computer is powered off. RAM is organized into cells, each with unique address, making it easy for CPU to access specific data quickly.

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?????? Secondary storage (hard drives , SSDs) : secondary storage devices such as hard drives and solid-state drives (SSDs), provides non-volatile , high capacity storage for long term data retention. They store our operating system , applications , documents and other data. Unlike RAM, data stored in it persists even when system is turned off.?

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?????? Cache memory : It serves as a bridge between ?CPU and RAM , storing frequently used data to reduce memory access times. Cache comes with different levels of L1 , L2 L3, with L1 being the closest and fastest.?

3-? Storage devices

Storage devices are essential for data persistence and retrieval. We will discuss the characteristics and differences between hard drives , SSDs and optical storage.?

?????? Hard drives (HDDs): they are spinning magnetic disk to store data. They offer large storage capacity with low cost but is slower than SSDs.

?????? Solid-state drives (SSDs): SSDs use flash memory to store data , providing faster access times and improved durability as compared to HDDs. They are commonly used for operating systems and application enhancing overall system performance .?

4- Busses and interconnects

Busses are communication pathways that connects various components of computer systems. There are three types of busses :

?????? Data bus : transfers data between CPU , memory and peripherals. Bus width (measured in bits) determines how much data can be transfer simultaneously. Data is transfer in patches.

?????? Address bus : specifies the memory location from data should be read? and should be written.

?????? Control bus : manages the control signals of data transfer such as indicating when to read and write.

5- Input/ Output systems

I/O system facilitates communication between computer and external devices. An example of I/O device within this framework is NIC card, a networking card that receives and send data from other network devices and computer.? We will explore? I/O interfaces, including USB , Ethernet and expansion slots.

§?? I/O interfaces : various interfaces allow computer to communicate with peripheral devices. For example , universal serial bus (USB) id used to connect various peripheral devices such as keyboard , mouse , speaker , scanner and external hard drives. Ethernet allows network connectivity an interface receives any of the four commands:

§?? Control – a command control is given to activate the peripheral an to inform its next task. Each peripheral receives its sequence of command, depending on its mode of operation.

§?? Status—a status command can test multiple conditions in the interface and the peripheral.

§?? Data output—a data output commands creates the interface counter to the command by sending data from the bus to one of its registers.

§?? Data input—the data input command is opposite to the data output command. In data input gets an element of data from the peripheral and place it in its buffer register.

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§?? Expansion slots : expansion slots on motherboard allow to add additional hardware components, such as graphic cards, sound cards, or internet cards, to enhance the computer’s capability. There are different types of expansion slots, each design to accommodate different types of expansion cards:

§?? Peripheral? component interconnect (PCI)

§?? PCI express (PCIe)

§?? Accelerated graphics port (AGP)

§?? Industry standard architecture (ISA)?

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Parallel processing and multi-core architecture

Modern computers often feature multi-core CPUs, enable parallel for improved functions. We will delve into the concepts of parallelism , threading and multi-processing.

Parallel processing :?

It allows simultaneous execution of multiple tasks or instructions to improve computational efficiently. Computers can use parallel processing in various forms including instruction-level parallelism and task-level parallelism.

Multi-cores CPUs:

Many modern computers have? multi-core CPUs , each performs execution independently.? Multi

–core CPU allows for true parallelism and are essential for handling multi-tasking and demanding applications like video editing and gaming etc.

Significance

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The internal architecture is of great significance due to several reasons:

?????? Performance: the design and organization of hardware components directly effects the performance of computer. A well-optimized internal hardware architecture can lead to faster data processing,? quicker program execution, and improved overall responsiveness.

?????? Scalability: computer architects design system to be scalable, meaning they can accommodate future update and expansion. This allows user to add more memory,? storage, or additional hardware components to meet changing needs without needs to change the entire system.?

?????? Compatibility: internal architecture of computer ensures compatibility between hardware and peripheral. For example , USB, HDMI, and PCIe standards enable different devices to connect and communicate seamlessly with computers, reducing compatibility issues.

?????? Efficiently:? efficient internal architecture ensures that computer uses its resources efficiently. This includes efficient data transfer between CPU and memory, power management to reduce energy consumption, and optimized instruction execution. Efficiency contributes to longer battery life in laptops and lower energy cost in data center.

?????? Reliability: some computer architectures incorporates error-checking and errorcorrecting machenisms in memory to prevent and recover form data corruption , enhancing system reliability.

?????? Redundancy: high-end server and enterprise-grade architectures often includes redundancy features to ensure uninterrupted operation even in the event of hardware failures.?

?????? Hardware security:? the architecture can include hardware-based security features such as Trusted platforms modules (TPMs) or secure boot mechanisms to protect against unauthorized access and tampering.

?????? Energy consumption: modern architects are designed with power efficiency in mind to reduce energy consumption and head generation?

Conclusion

These hardware components collectively make the internal architecture of computer. Their interaction and coordination enables computer to process data, execute instruction, store information, communication with other devices making them essential for the functioning of any computing system. Understanding these components and their roles is fundamental for both computer users and those involve in computer engineering and development.?

Internal architecture of computer is complex and highly interconnected system that involves various hardware components