Innovative Applications of Traditional Silane Coupling Agent KH-550, 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, CAS:919-30-2
Chemical Name: 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
English Name: 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)
Alias: 3-Triethoxysilylpropylamine
CAS Number: 919-30-2
Molecular Formula: C9H23NO3Si
Molecular Weight: 221.37
Foreign Equivalent Product Models:
Product Model Supplier
Silquest? A-1100 Momentive
Z-6011 Dow Corning
Dynasylan? AMEO Evonik
GENIOSIL? GF 93 Wacker
KBE-903 Shin-Etsu
Sila-Ace? S330 Chisso
A0750 UCT (United Chemical Technologies, Inc)
Named by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the domestic common model is KH-550. It is a traditional mono-amine silane coupling agent with strong generality and a wide range of applications. Its molecular structure contains a reactive primary amine functional group and three hydrolyzable alkoxy groups. This dual reactivity can improve the bonding, adhesion, and compatibility between inorganic materials (such as glass, metals, fillers) and organic polymers (thermoset resins, plastics, elastomers) through bi-directional chemical reactions. It also enhances the mechanical properties of resin-based composites or improves the bonding strength and water resistance of resin coatings. In various applications, it can be used as a coupling agent, adhesion promoter, curing agent, or surface modifier for pigments and fillers.
2. Physical and Chemical Properties:
It dissolves in common aliphatic and aromatic solvents like alcohols, esters, ethers, and benzene, and reacts with acetone and carbon tetrachloride. It is soluble in water, but will undergo hydrolysis, which is unstable.
Reaction Mechanism:
In the presence of water, the alkoxy groups of APTES will hydrolyze to form reactive silanols, simultaneously releasing the hydrolysis byproduct—ethanol. The silanol groups will undergo condensation reactions with hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of various inorganic materials (substrates or pigments), forming chemical bonds. The amino group can react with suitable polymers or form physical bonds. Through the above bi-directional reactions, coupling and connection between inorganic fillers (or substrates) and organic polymer materials are achieved.
APTES hydrolysis occurs automatically in the presence of water without the need for acidic catalysts. Its hydrolysate is relatively stable, with concentrations above 10% potentially stable for over a year at room temperature. The hydrolysate solution is alkaline, with a pH of around 10–11.
APTES reacts with ketone and ester solvents, so their use as diluents is not recommended. The silane itself or silanized substrates can react with carbon dioxide in the air, forming corresponding carbonates or carbamates.
APTES is suitable for inorganic materials including glass, silica fibers, mineral wool, mica, quartz, and siliceous materials, as well as metals like aluminum, zinc, steel, and their oxides, but it has little effect on fillers like calcium carbonate, graphite, carbon black, and barium sulfate that lack surface hydroxyl groups.
Suitable polymers for APTES include (but are not limited to) thermoset resins like phenolic, epoxy, furan, urea-formaldehyde, polyurethane, acrylic, polyester, silicone, and nitrile, as well as thermoplastics like nylon, polycarbonate, PBT, PET, EVA, modified PP, PVC, PVB, PVAC, and PS.
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3. Traditional Uses:
As an additive or used to formulate primers for coatings, inks, adhesives, and sealants based on phenolic, urea-formaldehyde, furan, polyurethane, silicone, epoxy, nitrile, and acrylic, improving adhesion, corrosion resistance, weather resistance, boil resistance, and scrub resistance, while extending service life and enhancing pigment and filler dispersion and bonding in the resin phase.
In resin sand casting and resin grinding tools, to enhance the bonding strength and water resistance between resins and silica sand or abrasives.
In plastic, rubber, resin, and low-smoke halogen-free flame-retardant cable materials filled with mineral fillers or glass fibers, to improve filler or fiber dispersion and bonding in the resin phase.
For surface treatment of inorganic mineral fillers, flame retardants, and glass fibers, to enhance dispersion, compatibility, bonding strength, and reinforcing effects in the resin phase.
4. Innovative Applications of γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane:
Biomolecule Immobilization: Forms a stable silane layer on silicon substrates to immobilize biomolecules at specific locations for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization processes.
Heavy Metal Adsorption: Functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) nanocomposites, modified with APTES, are used to adsorb heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.
MXene Surface Stabilization and Functionalization: Covalent stabilization and functionalization via APTES improve MXene surface properties, preventing structural degradation from spontaneous oxidation.
Gas Separation Membranes: By adjusting the APTES content in chitosan/APTEOS mixed matrix membranes, gas separation performance is optimized.
Heterogeneous Catalysts: Functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites serve as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for aerobic decarboxylation of phenylacetic acid.
These innovative applications demonstrate the vast potential and versatility of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in various fields. With further research and technological advancements, its range of applications and effectiveness will continue to expand and improve.
5. By-products and Impurities in Traditional Silane Coupling Agents:
Low-boiling Structures:
For APTES, common low-boiling compounds may include:
These low-boiling compounds are usually volatile and are typically removed from the main product through distillation or other separation methods.
High-boiling Structures:
High-boiling compounds generally refer to impurities or byproducts produced during APTES synthesis or storage that are less volatile. For APTES, high-boiling compounds may include:
These high-boiling compounds, due to their higher molecular weight or complex molecular structures, are typically harder to remove through distillation or purification processes.
Contact information:
Linda Sun | 孙永玲
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