Infection Control Protocols in Hospital in Developing countries by Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Infection Control Protocols in Hospital in Developing countries by Dr.T.V.Rao MD

What is Infection Control?

Infection Control in a health care facility is the prevention of the spread of microorganisms from:

? Patient to patient

? Patient to Staff member

? Staff member to patient

Who does Infection Control?

Every health care facility or ward should have a nominated person or team to ensure Infection Control Policies and Procedures are in place.

However, all employees who have contact with patients or items used in the care of patients must adhere to Infection Control Policies and Procedures, which means YOU, (it means all in the Hospital staff associated with patients, it is not just committee member) do Infection Control facilities?

In most health care facilities many sick and severely ill patients are treated or cared for in confined spaces. This means there are many microorganisms present. Patients will come into contact with many members of staff who can potentially spread the microorganisms and infections between patients.

Large amounts of waste contaminated with blood and body substances are handled and processed in health care settings increasing the risk of infection.

The following medical procedures also increase the risk of infection:

? Inserting a tubes or catheters into the body to drain or deliver fluids provides a pathway through which bacteria can enter; one should be familiar with safety and precaution in insertion of urinary catheters and I V and Arterial lines.

Already the activities’ are initiated with primary orientation of our Nurses and health care workers;

? Surgery requires invasion of the skin and other layers which is one of the body’s most important defences against infection, the Doctors and health care workers should document the surgical site infections.

? The over-use of antibiotics have caused the development of some drug resistant bacteria that are harder to destroy, The Microbiology department will submit the monthly audit of the MRSA, VRE, and Carbapenem resistant gram negative bacteria in confidence, for future implementation of effective measures to control the spread of similar bacteria in the patient surrounding,

Every health care worker should realise the importance of controlling the spread of infections in a health care facility,

Please remember the Health workers too at risk if they do not practice basic measures in infection control ; what is the risk of people working in health care facilities getting infections from patients? It is often said few Health care workers comply with practice the Infection care nurse should take active interest to supervise the matters, in particular matter on Needle stick injuries

However with our sustained efforts the risk can be reduced if all staff members follow good hygiene principles and other Standard Precautions.

What are Standard Precautions?

Standard Precautions (or Universal Precautions) are work practices that are required for the basic level of Infection Control. They include:

? Good hygiene practices

? Frequent hand washing

? The appropriate use of gloves

? The use of other personal protective equipment, such as eye protection, masks, aprons, gowns and overalls

? The safe use and disposal of sharp instruments, such as needle and syringes

? The use of disposable equipment where applicable and available

? Correct cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of non-disposable equipment

? Safe collection, storage and disposal of waste

? The appropriate use of cleaning agents

? Protocols for preventing and managing occupational exposures to blood or body substances

Why do we need Standard Precautions?

Standard Precautions will help stop the spread of infections. Often you can’t tell who is infected with a disease, or the person may be infected but have not yet developed any signs or symptoms. Some diseases can take several months before people become sick but they can still be infectious.

Therefore ALL body substances (except sweat and tears) of ALL people are considered to be potential sources of infection.

When should we use Standard Precautions?

For the treatment and care of ALL patients regardless of their infectious status.

Why is frequent hand washing important?

Hand washing is the most important procedure in the prevention and minimization of the spread of infection within health care settings.

Always wash your hands thoroughly using soap and running water:

? At the start and finish of your work shift

? Before and after physical contact with a patient

? After handling contaminated items, such as bedpans, urine bottles and dressings

? After removing gloves

? Before and after eating, drinking and smoking

? Before and after toileting

? After blowing your nose or covering a sneeze

? Whenever hands become obviously soiled

When should I wear gloves?

Gloves are worn as a barrier to protect the wearer’s hands from contamination or to prevent the transfer of organisms already on the hands.

Gloves ideally must be worn in situations where the worker can be potentially exposed to blood or body substances:

? When handling blood and body substances

? When handling non-intact skin

? When handling mucous membranes

? While suctioning a patient

? While handling items or surfaces that have come into contact with blood or body substances

? While performing invasive procedures, such as venepuncture or a finger or heel stick

? When handling contaminated sharps

What other precautions should I take?

Cover cuts with a waterproof occlusive dressing. If you have any concerns about old cuts, sores, rashes or other lesions seek the advice of your supervisor, Staff Health Coordinator or Infection Control Officer.

Get yourself vaccinated against hepatitis B and tetanus. Vaccination is the most effective protection against these diseases. Always make sure your vaccinations are up-to-date.

What is the best way to remove a needle and syringe that has been disposed of incorrectly?

? Put on a pair of gloves

? Ideally take a sharps container to the needle and syringe

? NEVER recap a needle and syringe even if a cap is there

? Use tongs, or similar implement, to pick up the needle and syringe. If no implement is available, carefully pick up the needle and syringe with the needle furthest away from your fingers and body

Place the sharps container on the floor or bench

? Carefully place the needle and syringe in the sharps container

? Report the incident to your supervisor

What should I do if I get a patient’s blood or body substance on my skin?

If the blood or body substance is on intact skin, wash the blood or body substance off thoroughly with soap and water.

The skin acts as a very effective barrier and most infections cannot get through intact skin. All skin cuts, skin breaks, or other lesions should be covered with a water-resistant occlusive dressing at the start of your shift.

If you accidentally get blood or body substance in an open cut, non-intact skin, rash or other lesion:

? Immediately wash the wound with soap and water

? Cover all skin cuts or breaks with a water-resistant occlusive dressing

If you accidentally prick yourself with a used needle:

? Let the wound bleed freely for a few seconds

? Immediately wash the wound with soap and water

? Do not use any solution stronger than soap and water

If you accidentally get blood or body substance in the eye:

? Irrigate it gently and thoroughly with water

? DO NOT USE SOAP

? Gently pour water over the eye while pulling the eye lids up and down

? If you wear contact lenses, keep them in while you wash the eye.

? Then take the contact lenses out, clean them in the normal manner and put them back in again

If you accidentally get blood or body substance in the mouth:

? Spit the blood or body substance out

? Rinse the mouth several times with water, spitting out after each rinse

After any exposure:

Report the injury or exposure to your supervisor or manager. You will need to see the person designated in your facility’s policy, such as the Infection Control Officer, who will determine the risk of infections and refer you for treatment if appropriate.

Most injuries are low risk for getting infections but they MUST be reported, documented and assessed by a medical professional.

It is advised all the needle stick injuries to be reported to Nursing super indent or Medical superintend without fail many times the Needle stick injuries from handling patients require immediate attention

The committed decided to develop the Infection control protocol for our hospital in a Graded and step wise way and in the coming few months we can increase the activities

HAND WASHING A BOON TO IMPROVE THE PATIENT CARE

I request all the Medical, and Paramedical staff to increase the frequency of the hand washing and follow the step wise fashion in hand washing it will certainly reduce the morbidity and mortality in every patient care area in the Hospital

Apply a playful of product in cupped hand

Rub hands palm to palm

Right palm over left hand with interlaced fingers

Palm to palm with fingers interlaced

Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked

Rub between thumb and forefinger

Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa once you dry your hands, they are safe, you can carry desired procedure on the Patient, all is well and safe, you can carry desired procedure on the Patient

by Dr.T.V.Rao MD

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