Important points in the book physics from the beginning to now

Today, knowledge is divided into different disciplines, each of which has its own place. A person may not be familiar with the laws of many science disciplines during his lifetime and he doesn't have any problems. For example, one may not be familiar with sociological or psychological theories at all. But physics is not like that. Thousands of years before Archimedes, early humans knew and applied the law of bodies floating in the water. The laws of physics are so fundamental and binding that even animals cannot live without knowing and following them. For example, birds know in what weather they can easier do fly. Or the lion decides to continue or give up when hunting by comparing its relative speed with the prey. Hunting also knows that with more endurance and speed, it can tire and dissuade the hunter. But human privilege as a living thing, thinker, and instrument maker relative to other animals is theorizing.

By studying valid physical theories, one point attracts more attention than anything else, each new theory is rooted in previous theories. So much so that the roots of the first physical theories are hidden in the unwritten history of different societies. "The history of knowledge is a great fugue in which the voices of the nations one after the other emerge", Goethe said.

Physics history is often overlooked in textbooks or a brief is hinted to. So in this book, the history of physical theories is also considered. In the history of physics, we learn about the emergence of ideas and their evolution. The history of physics shows how the first theories are formed, discussion, exchange of views, and sometimes controversy lead to the development of theories. In this book, in addition to the history of theories, problems, and failures of theories have also been raised to acquaint the reader with the basis of subsequent theories. It is characterized by such an approach that the founders of the great and authoritative theories have taken the last step of a long journey, and they owe their success to the defeat of their predecessors. This is an important point that shows that there are always problems in physics and is waiting for someone to take the last step.

The knowledge of physics is our understanding of the laws that govern nature and we have to deepen our understanding. In the past, it was thought that our knowledge of nature is precisely the laws that govern nature. In a period of nearly two hundred years, physicists thought so Newton's laws well justify nature, which was not true. Even in Newton's time, this question was raised, if the law of gravity is correct and everything attracts each other, why doesn't the universe collapse? And gradually other questions arose that classical physics could not answer. These were philosophical questions that sought to expand the knowledge of physics to such an extent to answer more questions.

After Newton discovered the law of gravity the question arose that if gravity causes the planets to orbit the sun, what causes gravity? And how does gravity work? And Newton had no answer and tried to avoid philosophical questions. The cause and mechanism of gravity, now known as quantum gravity, is still an unresolved issue in physics. Someone may claim physics does not need philosophy and with the advancement of science, new questions arise and scientists will be trying to answer them.

But the reality is something else. The fact is that science, physics, for example, cannot determine the value of scientific propositions. Determining the value of scientific propositions is the responsibility of the philosophy of science. Because the properties of nature are not limited to its physical properties, rather, physical properties are part of the natural properties of objects. So determining the value of scientific propositions must be determined on a larger horizon than scientific disciplines and that's what philosophy of science does. For example, let's ask a simple question and find the answer in the philosophy of science. Is the number of men and women teeth equal? With the knowledge and scientific freedom that exists in the world today, don't look at this question. We must first see what we want to use what logically to answer this question.

In a deductive logic device, the number of women teeth is less than the number of men teeth, which was the view of Aristotle, who was the founder of deductive logic which was valid until the advent of inductive logic. When Galileo began his famous experiments, he wanted to replace the deductive logic by an unfamiliar inductive logic. Is the number of men and women teeth equal in inductive logic? In inductive logic, ask someone who has counted the teeth of a man and a woman. If you can't find anyone, you count them. Inductive logic also has its own problems. Today, both logics are used. Their scope of application is different. In the book Physics from the Beginning to now, attempts have been made to provide knowledge and physical equations at crucial historical moments along with the philosophy of physics.

In addition, when presenting the theory, its advantages and disadvantages have also been examined to make the reader intellectually ready to accept newer theories and probably familiarized with the method of theorizing. The applications of theories also have been expressed and the method of today's new and complex experiments is also part of the book. I hope dear readers find this book useful.

Download's links of Physics from the Beginning to Now

General Science Journal

RegeasrchGate

References:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Quote, https://libquotes.com/goethe/quote/lbl1w7c

Lexxi Reddington, 6 Reasons Why the History of Physics Matters, University of Denver, 2017

https://www.spsnational.org/the-sps-observer/fall/2017/6-reasons-why-history-physics-matters

Carlo Rovelli, Physics Needs Philosophy/Philosophy Needs Physics, Scientific American, July 18, 2018

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/physics-needs-philosophy-philosophy-needs-physics/