Hyper-scale markets, innovation ecosystems, International Sponsors of the War, and “in China, for the world”
Michael Horlick, MPM, M Ed., PMP
Educator, Lexicographer, and Incurable Idealist
Terms to note from today’s PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs press conference:
Today’s quote:
中国拥有世界上最有潜力的超大规模市场。政府出台的宏观政策措施有力推动经济恢复向好，加力实施货币政策和财政政策的空间充足。中国全面深化改革开放为经济持续健康发展注入强大动力。全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革也为中国经济发展提供了更为广阔的舞台。总的看，中国发展面临的有利条件强于不利因素，经济回升向好、长期向好的基本趋势没有改变，支持高质量发展的要素条件不断积聚增多。我们欢迎全球工商界朋友继续“在中国、为世界”，将持续扩大高水平对外开放，不断改善营商环境，加强知识产权保护，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态，与全球共享中国发展红利。?
China has a hyper-scale market with the biggest potential in the world. Macroeconomic policies introduced by the Chinese government have given the economy a strong push. There is ample room for enhanced implementation of monetary and fiscal polices. China’s deepening of reform and opening up across the board provides strong impetus for sustained sound economic development. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in the world also presents a broad stage for the Chinese economy. All in all, there are more favorable conditions than adverse factors for China’s development, the trend of economic rebound and sound long-term trajectory has not changed, and the factors and conditions supporting high-quality development are increasing. We welcome businesses from around the world to continue coming to China for global success. We will continue to expand high-level opening up, improve the business environment, step up intellectual property protection, form an open and globally competitive innovation eco-system and share with the world China’s development achievements.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 中国具有社会主义市场经济的体制优势、超大规模市场的需求优势、产业体系配套完整的供给优势、大量高素质劳动者和企业家的人才优势，经济发展具备强劲的内生动力、韧性、潜力。?
China enjoys distinct strengths such as a socialist market economy in systemic terms, a supersize market in terms of demand, a full-fledged industrial system in terms of supply, and abundant, high-caliber labor forces and entrepreneurs in terms of human resources. China’s economic development is self-generative, resilient and has many potentials.? (Xi_Jinping_Written Speech at the APEC CEO Summit_ Meeting Challenges with Unity of Purpose To Write a New Chapter for Asia-Pacific Cooperation_2023_11_16)?
? ?中国始终坚定推进高水平对外开放，打造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。 ... 中国具有社会主义市场经济的体制优势、超大规模市场的需求优势、产业体系配套完整的供给优势、大量高素质劳动者和企业家的人才优势。中国经济韧性强、潜力大、活力足，长期向好的基本面不会改变，将继续成为世界经济发展的重要支撑，为各国发展提供更多机遇。?
China is committed to high-level opening up and providing a world-class, market-oriented business environment governed by a sound legal framework. ... China enjoys several distinct advantages: a socialist market economy in systemic terms, a supersize market in terms of demand, a full-fledged industrial system in terms of supply, and abundant, high-caliber labor force and entrepreneurs in terms of human resources. The Chinese economy has strong resilience, tremendous potential and great vitality. The fundamentals sustaining China’s long-term growth will remain unchanged. China’s economy will remain a source of important support for global growth and more opportunities for the development of all countries.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on August 25, 2023)?
?? 随着我国超大规模市场和全产业链优势继续显现、区域经贸合作持续深化、外商投资环境不断改善、外贸新业态新模式蓬勃发展等、经过努力、稳外贸稳外资、保持国际收支基本平衡是可以实现的。?
As the strengths of our enormous market and complete industrial chains grow more evident, as our economic and trade cooperation with regional partners continues to grow, as our foreign investment environment continues to improve, and as new forms and models of foreign trade thrive, we can, with hard work, attain the goal of maintaining stability in foreign trade and foreign investment and achieving a basic equilibrium in the balance of payments.? (Report on the Implementation of the 2022 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and on the 2023 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development_2023_03_05)?
?? 依托我国超大规模市场优势，以国内大循环吸引全球资源要素，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应，提升贸易投资合作质量和水平。?
We will leverage the strengths of China's enormous market, attract global resources and production factors with our strong domestic economy, and amplify the interplay between domestic and international markets and resources. This will position us to improve the level and quality of trade and investment cooperation.? (Xi_Jinping_Speech at the 20th National Party Congress_2022_10_16)
Today’s quote:
我们欢迎全球工商界朋友继续“在中国、为世界”，将持续扩大高水平对外开放，不断改善营商环境，加强知识产权保护，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态，与全球共享中国发展红利。?
We welcome businesses from around the world to continue coming to China for global success. We will continue to expand high-level opening up, improve the business environment, step up intellectual property protection, form an open and globally competitive innovation eco-system and share with the world China’s development achievements.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 中国市场拥有强大的研发和创新生态系统，是许多美国龙头企业重要收入来源地。?
China’s market also has a robust R&D and innovation ecosystem, and many leading American companies generate a substantial portion of their revenue from the Chinese market.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on May 18, 2022)?
?? 扩大国际科技交流合作，加强国际化科研环境建设，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。?
We will expand science and technology exchanges and cooperation with other countries, cultivate an internationalized environment for research, and create an open and globally-competitive innovation ecosystem.? (Xi_Jinping_Speech at the 20th National Party Congress_2022_10_16)?
?? 大力优化创新生态，调动各类创新主体积极性。?
We greatly improved the innovation ecosystem to keep innovators of all kinds fully motivated.? (政府工作报告_2019)?
?? 成员国支持加强创新领域合作，指出成员国就创新领域政策，包括在建立创新生态环境、技术平台、创新产业群、高科技公司及落实创新合作项目等方面协调立场十分重要。?
The Member States call for strengthening cooperation in innovation activities. They point out the importance of coordinating the SCO Member States' approaches in innovation politics, including the creation of an innovative ecosystem, technology platforms, innovation clusters and high-tech companies, and by implementing joint innovation projects.? (上海合作组织成员国元首理事会青岛宣言_Qingdao Declaration of the Council of Heads of State of Shanghai Cooperation Organization_10 June 2018)
Today’s quote:
近期，包括国际货币基金组织、经济合作与发展组织等在内的多家国际机构都纷纷调高了今年中国经济增长预期，看好明年中国经济增长势头。各方普遍认为，中国是全球经济增长的最大引擎。国际货币基金组织的研究表明，中国经济增长会对世界其他地区产生积极的溢出效应，中国经济每增长1个百分点，将使其他经济体的产出水平平均提高0.3个百分点。?
Lately, many international organizations like the IMF and the OECD have revised up their 2023 growth projections for China and are confident in China’s economic prospects next year. China is widely considered the biggest driver for the world economy. The research of the IMF shows that faster growth in China has positive spillovers on the rest of the world. A one percentage point increase in China would, on average, increase the level of output in other economies by 0.3 percent.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term;
?? 第二次世界大战后，美国主导建立布雷顿森林体系、国际货币基金组织和世界银行，与马歇尔计划共同确立起以美元为核心的国际货币体系。美国还利用加权投票制、重大事项85%以上多数通过等国际组织规则安排以及一系列国内贸易法规，建立起国际经济金融领域的制度性霸权。借助美元的主要国际储备货币地位向全世界收取“铸币税”，利用对国际组织的控制，胁迫他国服务美国政治经济战略。?
After World War II, the United States led efforts to set up the Bretton Woods System, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which, together with the Marshall Plan, formed the international monetary system centered around the U.S. dollar. In addition, the United States has also established institutional hegemony in the international economic and financial sector by manipulating the weighted voting systems, rules and arrangements of international organizations including "approval by 85 percent majority," and its domestic trade laws and regulations. By taking advantage of the dollar's status as the major international reserve currency, the United States is basically collecting "seigniorage" from around the world; and using its control over international organizations, it coerces other countries into serving America's political and economic strategy.? (US Hegemony and Its Perils_美国的霸权霸道霸凌及其危害_2023_02_20)?
?? 中国进出口银行还表示，支持斯方向国际货币基金组织申请贷款，将帮助斯方持续呼吁商业债权人提供同等可比的债务处理，并推动多边债权人尽最大努力作出相应的贡献。?
The Bank [Export-Import Bank of China] also noted that it will support Sri Lanka in its loan application to the IMF and that it will continuously call on commercial creditors to provide debt treatment in an equally comparable manner, and encourage multilateral creditors to do their utmost to make corresponding contributions.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on February 15, 2023)?
?? 日前，国际货币基金组织发布的《世界经济展望报告》也大幅上调今年中国经济增速预期至5.2%。?
The IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook also raised China’s economic growth forecast for this year to 5.2%.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on February 1, 2023)?
?? 国际货币基金组织要加快落实向低收入国家转借特别提款权进程。?
The IMF should speed up the on-lending of SDRs to low-income countries.? (Xi_Jinping_Speech at the Session I of the 17th G20 Summit_Working Together to Meet the Challenges of Our Times and Build a Better Future_2022_11_15)
Today’s quote:
红海水域是重要的国际货物和能源贸易通道，维护该地区安全稳定符合国际社会的共同利益。中方一贯主张维护国际水道安全，反对袭扰民用船只的行为。我们认为各方特别是有影响力的大国都应为维护红海水域航道安全发挥建设性、负责任的作用。?
The Red Sea is an important international trade route for goods and energy. Safeguarding the security and stability of the region serves the common interest of the international community. China stands for protecting the safety of international sea lanes and against causing disturbance to civilian ships. We believe relevant parties, especially major countries with influence, need to play a constructive and responsible role in keeping the shipping lanes safe in the Red Sea.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 南海是非常宽阔的，中方在自己的岛礁上部署必要的防卫设施就被指责为“破坏航行自由”，那么日方在狭窄的与西水道，这样一条连接东海和西太平洋的国际水道周边加强军事部署，这样的行为又该叫做什么？?
The South China Sea is very broad. If China’s deployment of necessary defense facilities on its islands and reefs is blamed for “undermining freedom of navigation”, what should Japan’s action be called when it strengthened military deployment around the narrow Yonaguni-Iriomote Channel, which is an international water channel connecting the East China Sea and the West Pacific?? (Regular Press Conference of China's Ministry of National Defense on March 15, 2016)
昨天乌克兰把中国铁建集团公司列入了“国际战争赞助商”名单。?
Ukraine yesterday [December 20, 2023] added China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC) to the list of international sponsors of the war.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)
Today’s quote:
政府出台的宏观政策措施有力推动经济恢复向好，加力实施货币政策和财政政策的空间充足。中国全面深化改革开放为经济持续健康发展注入强大动力。全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革也为中国经济发展提供了更为广阔的舞台。总的看，中国发展面临的有利条件强于不利因素，经济回升向好、长期向好的基本趋势没有改变，支持高质量发展的要素条件不断积聚增多。我们欢迎全球工商界朋友继续“在中国、为世界”，将持续扩大高水平对外开放，不断改善营商环境，加强知识产权保护，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态，与全球共享中国发展红利。?
Macroeconomic policies introduced by the Chinese government have given the economy a strong push. There is ample room for enhanced implementation of monetary and fiscal polices. China’s deepening of reform and opening up across the board provides strong impetus for sustained sound economic development. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in the world also presents a broad stage for the Chinese economy. All in all, there are more favorable conditions than adverse factors for China’s development, the trend of economic rebound and sound long-term trajectory has not changed, and the factors and conditions supporting high-quality development are increasing. We welcome businesses from around the world to continue coming to China for global success. We will continue to expand high-level opening up, improve the business environment, step up intellectual property protection, form an open and globally competitive innovation eco-system and share with the world China’s development achievements.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term;
领英推荐
?? 将发展置于全球宏观政策框架的突出位置，加强主要经济体政策协调，保持连续性、稳定性、可持续性，构建更加平等均衡的全球发展伙伴关系，推动多边发展合作进程协同增效，加快落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程。?
We need to put development high on the global macro policy agenda, strengthen policy coordination among major economies, and ensure policy continuity, consistency and sustainability. We need to foster global development partnerships that are more equal and balanced, forge greater synergy among multilateral development cooperation processes, and speed up the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.? (Xi Jinping_Remarks at the General Debate of the 76th Session of The United Nations General Assembly_在第七十六届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话_2021_09_21)?
?? 围绕市场主体的急需制定和实施宏观政策，稳住了经济基本盘。?
We formulated and implemented macro policies to meet the urgent needs of market entities and kept the fundamentals of the economy stable.? (政府工作报告_2021)?
?? 创新宏观政策实施方式，对新增2万亿元中央财政资金建立直达机制，省级财政加大资金下沉力度，共同为市县基层落实惠企利民政策及时补充财力。?
We adopted new approaches in implementing macro policies. The central government established a mechanism to directly allocate two trillion yuan of new funding to prefecture- and county-level governments, while provincial-level governments also increased their funding allocations to governments at these levels. With these two steps, we provided prefecture- and county-level governments with additional and timely fiscal resources to assist local businesses and residents.? (政府工作报告_2021)?
?? 宏观政策要继续为市场主体纾困，保持必要支持力度，不急转弯，根据形势变化适时调整完善，进一步巩固经济基本盘。?
We will continue to ensure macro policies alleviate the difficulties of market entities and maintain necessary policy support for achieving this goal. We will avoid sharp turns in policy; instead, we should make adjustments and improvements based on new developments to reinforce the fundamentals of the economy.? (政府工作报告_2021)
Today’s quote:
近期，包括国际货币基金组织、经济合作与发展组织等在内的多家国际机构都纷纷调高了今年中国经济增长预期，看好明年中国经济增长势头。各方普遍认为，中国是全球经济增长的最大引擎。国际货币基金组织的研究表明，中国经济增长会对世界其他地区产生积极的溢出效应，中国经济每增长1个百分点，将使其他经济体的产出水平平均提高0.3个百分点。
Lately, many international organizations like the IMF and the OECD have revised up their 2023 growth projections for China and are confident in China’s economic prospects next year. China is widely considered the biggest driver for the world economy. The research of the IMF shows that faster growth in China has positive spillovers on the rest of the world. A one percentage point increase in China would, on average, increase the level of output in other economies by 0.3 percent.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 科技创新投入力度逐步加大。全社会研发投入由2012年的1.03万亿元增长到2021年的2.80万亿元，研发投入强度由1.91%提高到2.44%，已接近经合组织国家平均水平。?
China has intensified investment in scientific and technological innovation. The nation's gross domestic research and development (R&D) spending grew from RMB1.03 trillion in 2012 to more than RMB2.8 trillion in 2021. Its R&D spending intensity, or the expenditure on R&D as a percentage of its GDP, rose from 1.91 percent in 2012 to 2.44 percent in 2021, approaching the average level of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.? (White_Paper_China's Green Development in the New Era_2023_01_19)?
?? 中国政府优化调整疫情防控措施后，包括世界贸易组织、经合组织等在内的国际组织负责人都普遍看好中国经济发展前景，认为这将有助于支撑世界经济复苏和发展。?
After the Chinese government adjusted its COVID response measures, heads of international organizations including the WTO and the OECD have expressed optimism about China’s economic prospects and confidence that this will shore up the world economy’s recovery and growth.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on January 10, 2023)
Today’s quote:
红海水域是重要的国际货物和能源贸易通道，维护该地区安全稳定符合国际社会的共同利益。中方一贯主张维护国际水道安全，反对袭扰民用船只的行为。我们认为各方特别是有影响力的大国都应为维护红海水域航道安全发挥建设性、负责任的作用。?
The Red Sea is an important international trade route for goods and energy. Safeguarding the security and stability of the region serves the common interest of the international community. China stands for protecting the safety of international sea lanes and against causing disturbance to civilian ships. We believe relevant parties, especially major countries with influence, need to play a constructive and responsible role in keeping the shipping lanes safe in the Red Sea.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 近日，俄罗斯军事专家科诺瓦洛夫就10月2日美国核潜艇发生撞击事故发表评论指出，美国部署在亚太地区的船舶和潜艇经常与各类物体或民用船只发生碰撞，也造成过人员伤亡，其专业性屡遭批评。?
Recently, when commenting on the collision of a US nuclear submarine on October 7, Russian military expert Ivan Konovalov said that US ships and submarines deployed in the Asia-Pacific region often collide with various objects and civil vessels, causing casualties and drawing criticism about their professionalism.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on October 11, 2021)
Today’s quote:
中方重视美方在巴厘岛会晤中作出的有关积极表态。美方应该将不支持“台独”的表态体现在具体行动上，停止武装台湾，支持中国和平统一。?
China takes seriously the positive statements made by the United States in the Bali meeting, and the US side should take real actions to honor its commitment of not supporting “Taiwan independence,” stop arming Taiwan, and support China’s peaceful reunification.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 台湾问题是中国内政，不容任何外来干涉。我们坚决反对美方向中国台湾地区出售武器，要求美方言行一致，将不支持“台独”的表态落实在具体行动上，停止武装台湾，停止损害中方核心利益。中国人民解放军将采取一切必要措施坚决捍卫国家主权和领土完整，坚定维护台海和平稳定。?
The Taiwan question is China's internal affair and brooks no foreign interference. We firmly oppose the US arms sale to China's Taiwan region. China requires the US side to take real actions to honor its commitment of not supporting "Taiwan Independence", stop arming Taiwan or undermining China's core interests. The PLA will take all necessary measures to resolutely safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait.? (Regular Press Conference of China's Ministry of National Defense on November 30, 2023)?
?? 习近平主席是应拜登总统邀请，赴美举行两国元首旧金山会晤，同时应邀出席亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议。... 台湾问题始终是中美关系中最重要、最敏感的问题。习近平主席详细阐明了中方的原则立场。中方要求美方恪守一个中国原则，反对“台湾独立”，停止武装台湾，停止干涉中国内政，支持中国的和平统一。?
At the invitation of President Joe Biden, President Xi Jinping traveled to San Francisco for a China-U.S. summit meeting and the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting. ... The Taiwan question remains the most important and most sensitive issue in China-U.S. relations. President Xi Jinping elaborated on China’s principled position on the issue. China urges the U.S. to honor the one-China principle, oppose “Taiwan independence,” stop arming Taiwan, stop interfering in China’s internal affairs, and support China’s peaceful reunification.? (Wang Yi Speaks to the Press about the Summit Meeting Between Chinese and U.S. Presidents in San Francisco_2023_11_15)?
?? 我们敦促美方切实恪守一个中国原则和中美三个联合公报规定，停止借任何名义、以任何方式加强美台军事联系和武装台湾，停止制造台海局势紧张因素，停止纵容支持“台独”分裂势力“以武谋独”。?
We urge the US to earnestly abide by the one-China principle and the stipulations of the three China-US joint communiqués, stop enhancing military contact with the Taiwan region or arming it by any means or under whatever pretext, stop creating factors that could heighten tensions in the Taiwan Strait, and stop conniving at and supporting the separatists’ attempt to seek “Taiwan independence” by force.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on August 31, 2023)?
?? 需要强调的是，台湾是中国的，是中国领土神圣不可分割的一部分。任何强化美台军事联系的做法都是干涉中国内政、违反美方承诺的错误行径，任何通过武装台湾遏制中国大陆的企图都不过是痴人说梦，都注定在中国人民解放军这座钢铁长城面前碰得头破血流。?
It needs to be emphasized that Taiwan belongs to China, and is an inalienable part of China's territory. Any attempt to strengthen US-Taiwan military contact is wrong and interferes in China's internal affairs and violates the commitment of the US side. Any attempt to contain the Chinese mainland by arming Taiwan is just a pipe dream, bound to get badly battered before the steel-willed PLA.? (Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on November 24, 2022)
我们欢迎全球工商界朋友继续“在中国、为世界”，将持续扩大高水平对外开放，不断改善营商环境，加强知识产权保护，形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态，与全球共享中国发展红利。?
We welcome businesses from around the world to continue coming to China for global success. We will continue to expand high-level opening up, improve the business environment, step up intellectual property protection, form an open and globally competitive innovation eco-system and share with the world China’s development achievements.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)
Today’s quote:
中方早就指出，贸易战、关税战没有赢家。美方单边加征关税违背市场经济和公平竞争原则，威胁全球产业链供应链安全，是赤裸裸的保护主义，涉嫌违反世贸组织最惠国待遇、国民待遇等原则，中方对此坚决反对。我们敦促美方遵守世贸组织规则，维护公平竞争的贸易秩序，为各国企业提供公平、公正、非歧视的营商环境。?
China has made it very clear that there is no winner in a trade or tariff war. The US unilateral tariff increases are against the principles of market economy and fair competition and threaten global industrial and supply chain security. This is textbook protectionism and may have violated WTO’s most-favored-nation principle and national treatment principle. China is strongly opposed to it. We urge the US to abide by WTO rules, uphold the trade order for fair competition and provide a fair, just and nondiscriminatory business environment for foreign companies.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on December 21, 2023)?
Previous PRC history of the term:
?? 1月1日，《鼓励外商投资产业目录（2022年版）》正式实施，新版目录增加条目数为近年来最多。中国对1020项商品实施低于最惠国税率的进口暂定税率。今年7月1日起，还将对62项信息技术产品的最惠国税率实施第八步降税。?
On January 1 [2023], the 2022 edition of Catalogue of Industries Encouraged for Foreign Investment came into force, which has more newly-added items than previous editions in recent years. China started to implement provisional import tax rates lower than the most-favored-nation tariff rates for 1,020 commodities. Starting from July 1, China will make the eighth reduction of most-favored-nation tariff rates for 62 IT products.? (Foreign Ministry Regular Press Conference on January 13, 2023)?
?? 中方对美方近期通过的《通胀削减法案》中有关歧视性电动汽车补贴条款表示关切。相关措施以整车北美当地组装等条件作为提供补贴的前提，对其他进口同类产品构成歧视，涉嫌违反世贸组织最惠国待遇、国民待遇等原则。?
China expresses its concern about the discriminatory electric vehicle subsidies in the recently passed US Inflation Reduction Law. Related measures condition the subsidies on complete vehicle assembly in North America, which constitutes discrimination against imported like products and allegedly violates the most favored nation and national treatment principles.? (MOFCOM Regular Press Conference_September 22, 2022)?
?? 2018年以来，中国进一步主动将汽车整车最惠国税率降至15%，将汽车零部件最惠国税率从最高25%降至6%；大范围降低部分日用消费品进口关税，涉及1449个税目，其最惠国平均税率从15.7%降至6.9%，平均降幅达55.9%。?
From the beginning of 2018, China further voluntarily cut the MFN rate on whole vehicles to 15%, and the MFN rate on auto parts from a maximum 25% to 6%. China has reduced import tariffs for 1,449 daily necessities, with the MFN rate down by an average of 55.9%from 15.7% to 6.9%.? (White_Paper_Facts and China’s Position on China-US Trade Friction_《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》_2018_09_24)?
?? 美国依据国内法发起“201”“232”“301”等一系列单边调查，并采取加征关税措施，严重违反世界贸易组织最基本 最核心的最惠国待遇、关税约束等规则。?
The US has launched a series of unilateral investigations, including those under Sections 201, 232 and 301, and imposed tariff measures. These are a serious breach of the most fundamental and central WTO rules, including most-favored-nation treatment and tariff binding.? (White_Paper_China’s Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations_《关于中美经贸磋商的中方立场》2019_06_02)
Read in parallel: https://tinyurl.com/27rw9rs7