Hydrogen Unveiled: The Case for White Hydrogen in a Low-Carbon World

White hydrogen synonymous with Clear Hydrogen and Gold Hydrogen and known as natural hydrogen, is hydrogen gas that is naturally generated within the Earth’s crust through water-rock reactions within the Earth’s Crust. It is formed through a process that involves interactions between water molecules and iron-rich minerals, such as olivine, at high temperatures and pressures. As water reacts with these minerals, it releases hydrogen gas, making it distinct from other hydrogen production methods unlike other forms of hydrogen that require industrial production methods, white hydrogen is generated naturally, making it a clean and emission-free alternative. Its significance in the oil and gas industry is underscored by its potential to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, aligning with global sustainability goals.

White hydrogen is a primary energy source, created by:

• Serpentinization, a reaction between ultrabasic rocks and water
• Degassing H2 found deep within the Earth’s crust and mantle
• Weathering, in which water interacts with freshly exposed rock surfaces
• A contact between water and reducing agents located in the Earth’s mantle
• Organic matter decomposition
• Hydroxyl ion decomposition in the structure of minerals
• Natural water radiolysis
• Biological activity

It was originally found in the town of Bourakébougou in Mali in 1987. Besides this discovery, there have been several underground white hydrogen deposits identified in reservoirs in locations such as France, the United States and over a dozen other countries

As of 2024, approximately 40 companies are actively exploring white hydrogen deposits, with significant discoveries reported in regions like France and Australia, where estimates suggest vast reserves could exceed current global hydrogen production levels. This blog aims to delve into the industrial implications, recent advancements, and key topics surrounding white hydrogen, highlighting its role in the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Understanding White Hydrogen: A Natural Energy Resource

Unlike other hydrogen variants that necessitate energy-intensive industrial production, white hydrogen is produced through natural reactions, such as the interaction of water with iron-rich minerals and the degassing of the Earth's mantle. This results in a clean, emission-free gas that can be extracted without contributing to carbon dioxide emissions when used as an energy source. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2024, global estimates suggest there could be up to five trillion tons of natural hydrogen available, highlighting its significant potential as a future energy resource.

Understanding Different Types of Hydrogen

Hydrogen can be produced through various methods, each classified by its source and environmental impact as goven:

1. Black Hydrogen: Black hydrogen is produced through the gasification of coal. This process involves converting solid coal into a gas by reacting it with oxygen and steam at high temperatures. While this method is effective for hydrogen production, it generates significant carbon emissions, making it less environmentally friendly.
2. Brown Hydrogen: Like black hydrogen, brown hydrogen is derived from brown coal (lignite) gasification. The process is similar but typically results in even higher emissions due to the lower energy content of brown coal. As a result, brown hydrogen is considered one of the least sustainable options.
3. Purple Hydrogen: Purple hydrogen is produced from coal or petcoke gasification combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. This method aims to reduce carbon emissions by capturing CO2 generated during the gasification process, offering a somewhat cleaner alternative to traditional coal gasification.
4. Grey Hydrogen: Grey hydrogen is produced via steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas. This widely used method separates hydrogen from carbon in methane, resulting in carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Grey hydrogen accounts for approximately 95% of the hydrogen production in the U.S., but it has a high environmental impact due to CO2 emissions.
5. Blue Hydrogen: Blue hydrogen also utilizes steam methane reforming but incorporates carbon capture and storage technologies to mitigate emissions. By capturing up to 90% of the CO2 produced during the process, blue hydrogen presents a more environmentally responsible option compared to grey hydrogen.
6. Turquoise Hydrogen: Turquoise hydrogen is generated through methane pyrolysis, which breaks down methane into hydrogen and solid carbon without producing CO2 emissions. This method is still under development but has the potential to offer a cleaner alternative for hydrogen production.
7. Pink Hydrogen: Pink hydrogen is produced using electrolysis powered by nuclear energy. This method splits water into hydrogen and oxygen without generating greenhouse gases, making it a low-carbon option for hydrogen production.
8. Green Hydrogen: Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable energy sources such as wind or solar power. This method is considered the most sustainable as it generates no emissions during production. Green hydrogen can also be derived from biogenic sources, further enhancing its sustainability profile.
9. Clear Hydrogen: Clear hydrogen is produced through underground partial oxidation of crude oil reserves. This method can vary in its environmental impact depending on how it’s executed, particularly regarding emissions control.
10. White Hydrogen: White hydrogen refers to naturally occurring geological hydrogen that can be extracted without industrial processes. It forms through natural geochemical reactions deep within the Earth and offers an emission-free alternative to other types of hydrogen.
11. Gold Hydrogen: Gold hydrogen is another term for natural/white hydrogen, emphasizing its purity and potential as a clean energy source.

As the demand for low-carbon energy solutions grows, understanding these various types of hydrogen and their respective impacts will be crucial for guiding future energy policies and investments.

Recent Developments in White Hydrogen

The global interest in white hydrogen, also known as natural or geological hydrogen, has seen a significant uptick, with 40 companies actively pursuing natural hydrogen deposits as of early 2024. This increase from just 10 companies in 2020 reflects a growing recognition of white hydrogen's potential as a low-carbon energy source. Key regions for exploration include:

• Australia: The government has issued numerous licenses for white hydrogen exploration, particularly in the southern region, where reserves are believed to be sufficient to power Adelaide for 40 years. Companies like Gold Hydrogen have secured licenses and are conducting drilling projects with promising results.
• United States: Notable efforts include the first white hydrogen well drilled in Nebraska and ongoing projects in Kansas. Companies such as HyTerra are focusing on natural hydrogen resources near major industrial hubs, aiming to tap into this emerging energy source.
• India: India is recognizing its geological potential for white hydrogen production. With sedimentary basins like Vindhyan and Gondwana near major cratonic blocks, there is optimism about exploring these regions for natural hydrogen deposits. The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) is assessing the feasibility of white hydrogen extraction, which could provide a cost-effective alternative to green hydrogen.
• China: China is also beginning to explore the possibilities of white hydrogen. With its vast geological diversity and advanced technological capabilities, the country is investigating various regions for natural hydrogen potential. The Chinese government’s focus on clean energy solutions may accelerate research and development in this area.
• Spain: In Spain, significant exploration efforts are underway, particularly in the Pyrenees region, which is estimated to yield between 5 million and 10 million tons of white hydrogen. The exploration company Helios Aragón has identified a reservoir containing over one million tons of hydrogen, with plans to commence drilling in 2024.
• France: In contrast, France's approach to white hydrogen exploration is exemplified by the “Sauve Terre H2” initiative, which aims to analyze approximately 225 km2 for natural hydrogen and related substances.

Technological Advancements in White Hydrogen Production

Innovations in detection and extraction methods are vital for advancing white hydrogen production. Some key developments as of 2024 are:

1. Hydrogen-Sensing Gas Probes: Advanced hydrogen-sensing gas probes are at the forefront of technological advancements. These probes can detect dissolved hydrogen in rock formations at depths of up to 3,000 meters. Utilizing spectrometers, they measure and analyze dissolved gases in deep boreholes, enhancing the ability to assess hydrogen reserves accurately. Recent developments include:

• Co3O4 Nanowire Sensors: Researchers at the University of Brescia have created highly sensitive sensors using cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanowires, which exhibit excellent response capabilities even in high-humidity conditions. This innovation allows for more reliable monitoring of hydrogen levels, crucial for safety and exploration efforts .
• Ag/Pd Nanoparticle-Functionalized ZnO Sensors: These sensors show exceptional selectivity for hydrogen detection over other gases like CO and NH?. The bimetallic Ag/Pd nanoparticles enhance the sensor's performance, making it suitable for real-time monitoring in industrial applications 2.

2. Enhanced Serpentinization Processes: Researchers are exploring ways to accelerate natural hydrogen production through enhanced serpentinization, where water interacts with iron-rich minerals at high temperatures. Utilizing catalysts like magnetite can significantly boost production efficiency. This method not only increases the yield of hydrogen but also reduces the time required for natural reactions to occur.

3. Radiolysis of Water: Another promising avenue is the radiolysis of water, a process involving radioactive elements within the Earth’s crust that split water molecules due to ionizing radiation. This method can contribute to natural hydrogen production and is being studied for its potential scalability.

4. Optical Hydrogen Sensors: Optical sensing technologies are increasingly being utilized for hydrogen monitoring. These sensors leverage materials such as palladium (Pd), which alter their optical properties in response to varying hydrogen concentrations. A notable advancement in this field is the development of Evanescent Field-Based Sensors, which employ tapered optical fibers coated with palladium or similar materials. These sensors detect hydrogen by measuring changes in light absorption, providing a highly sensitive and rapid response to hydrogen presence.

The White Hydrogen Revolution: A Market Poised for Explosive Growth

The white hydrogen market is rapidly gaining traction, driven by an escalating demand for sustainable energy solutions and a competitive pricing advantage, with costs around $0.5 per kilogram compared to green hydrogen, which can reach up to $12 per kilogram. As of 2024, the global market is projected to expand from $3.62 billion in 2023 to approximately $8.57 billion by 2032, reflecting a robust CAGR of 10.05%. This growth is underpinned by significant investments from both government and private sectors aimed at advancing research and development in this promising field. Key players such as Hydroma, Helios, and Gold Hydrogen Limited are strategically positioning themselves to capitalize on this trend, focusing on innovative extraction methods and forming partnerships to enhance their market presence.

The versatility of white hydrogen allows for its application across various sectors, including power generation, transportation, and industrial processes, making it a crucial component in the transition toward a sustainable and low-carbon economy. Additionally, the Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth due to the presence of key manufacturers in countries like South Korea and Australia. With increasing awareness of environmental impacts and a global push for clean energy solutions, the white hydrogen market is set to play a vital role in shaping the future of energy, offering a clean alternative that significantly reduces carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.

Challenges and Opportunities in the White Hydrogen Market

The white hydrogen market is at a pivotal juncture, facing both significant challenges and promising opportunities. One of the primary hurdles is the underdeveloped infrastructure for extraction and distribution. As the demand for hydrogen grows, establishing robust infrastructure—such as refueling stations, pipeline networks, and storage facilities—becomes crucial for a reliable supply chain. Governments and private investors are increasingly recognizing this need, channeling funds into infrastructure projects to facilitate the seamless integration of white hydrogen technologies into existing energy systems.

On the environmental front, white hydrogen presents a unique opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. Its production process generates only water vapor as a byproduct, contributing to cleaner air and water. Furthermore, safer industrial practices associated with white hydrogen extraction could lead to enhanced environmental outcomes. As nations prioritize decarbonization, investing in white hydrogen infrastructure not only addresses immediate energy needs but also aligns with long-term sustainability goals. With the potential for white hydrogen production to reach 17 million tonnes per annum by 2050, addressing these challenges could unlock a transformative energy resource that supports a low-carbon future.

Future Outlook for the White Hydrogen Market

The white hydrogen market is poised for substantial growth, with projections indicating it could reach 115.09 million tons by 2033. This anticipated expansion is primarily driven by the increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions and the urgent need to transition to a low-carbon economy. As nations strive to reduce carbon emissions, white hydrogen emerges as a clean alternative that aligns with global decarbonization goals.

In 2023, the global white hydrogen market was valued at approximately $3.62 billion and is expected to grow to around $8.57 billion by the end of 2032, reflecting a robust CAGR of nearly 10.05% during this period . The versatility of white hydrogen, particularly in power generation—where it accounted for nearly 72% of global market earnings in 2023—positions it favorably as industries seek cleaner energy sources .

Strategic investments from both government and private sectors are crucial to fostering innovation and infrastructure development necessary for this market's growth. Key players such as Hydroma, Helios, and Natural Hydrogen Energy LLC are actively engaging in research and development, focusing on efficient extraction methods and expanding their operational capabilities.

As awareness of the environmental benefits of white hydrogen continues to grow, coupled with supportive policies and initiatives aimed at decarbonization, this market is set to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of clean energy. By addressing existing infrastructure challenges and enhancing collaboration across industries, white hydrogen can emerge as a cornerstone in the global transition towards sustainable energy solutions.

Strategic Recommendations for Oil and Gas Companies in the White Hydrogen Market

Oil and gas companies are uniquely positioned to lead in the emerging white hydrogen sector by leveraging their expertise in exploration and extraction. Here are key strategies, supported by examples of active players in this space:

1. Leverage Existing Expertise: Companies like Hydroma utilize their geological knowledge to identify and extract natural hydrogen deposits effectively. By adapting their existing methodologies, oil and gas firms can navigate the complexities of hydrogen extraction, ensuring efficient operations.

2. Form Strategic Partnerships: Collaborating with technology firms is essential for enhancing capabilities. For instance, Helios actively seeks partnerships to develop innovative extraction technologies that optimize white hydrogen production, facilitating knowledge sharing and accelerating advancements.

3. Invest in Research and Development: Prioritizing R&D is crucial for improving extraction methods. Natural Hydrogen Energy LLC focuses on research initiatives aimed at enhancing processes and assessing the viability of natural hydrogen sources, ensuring these companies stay competitive.

4. Adapt Regulatory Frameworks: Engaging with governments to shape supportive regulatory frameworks is vital. In the U.S., regulatory support for low-carbon hydrogen initiatives is being developed, which can facilitate exploration opportunities for white hydrogen while ensuring safety standards.

5. Diversify Energy Portfolios: Incorporating white hydrogen into their offerings allows companies to diversify while contributing to decarbonization efforts. Gold Hydrogen Limited explores how white hydrogen can complement existing operations alongside biomethane and green hydrogen initiatives, mitigating risks associated with fossil fuel markets.

Importance of Regulatory Frameworks: Insights from India and the United States

As the white hydrogen market expands, robust regulatory frameworks will be essential to ensure safety and compliance. Both India and the United States are taking significant steps to establish clear guidelines that promote safe extraction practices while fostering innovation.

India’s Regulatory Landscape

India is positioning itself as a global leader in hydrogen production through its National Hydrogen Mission, which aims to produce 5 million tons of green hydrogen by 2030. The government has introduced a comprehensive Green Hydrogen Policy that includes key regulatory measures such as:

• Waiver of Transmission Charges: For projects commissioned before June 30, 2025, inter-state transmission charges are waived for 25 years, incentivizing producers to invest in hydrogen infrastructure.
• Single Portal for Clearances: The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is establishing a streamlined portal for all statutory clearances related to the manufacture, transportation, storage, and distribution of green hydrogen. This initiative aims to provide approvals within 30 days, facilitating quicker project implementation.
• Environmental Compliance: The regulatory framework mandates adherence to environmental standards, ensuring that hydrogen production aligns with sustainability goals and minimizes ecological impact.

These measures not only encourage investment but also build public trust in hydrogen as a clean energy source.

United States’ Approach

In the United States, the regulatory landscape for hydrogen is evolving, with a focus on safety and innovation. The Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated several programs aimed at supporting hydrogen technologies, including:

• Safety Standards Development: The DOE is working with industry stakeholders to develop safety standards for hydrogen production, storage, and distribution. These standards are crucial for ensuring safe operations as the market scales.
• Investment in Infrastructure: Federal funding is being allocated to enhance infrastructure for hydrogen production and distribution, addressing one of the major challenges facing the industry.
• Supportive Policies: Various states are implementing policies that promote the use of hydrogen in transportation and industrial applications, creating a favorable environment for market growth.