How To Use Hyphens in Academic & Scientific Writing

For such tiny marks on the page or screen, hyphens can be incredibly frustrating, and not only for the author who struggles to use them correctly and effectively, but also for the reader who struggles to understand a text in which they are not used as they should be. Using hyphens well can be particularly challenging in academic and scientific texts for two primary reasons: the research information communicated is often complex, requiring more hyphens than other material might, and that information must be reported with the utmost accuracy and precision. The three resources I introduce below offer advice on the principles of hyphenation in formal English writing and also discuss the many variations in the use of hyphens.?

Hyphens are often needed when prefixes are added to English nouns, verbs and other words, but rarely necessary when suffixes are tacked on to the end of those words. The?use of hyphens with prefixes and suffixes can be incredibly unpredictable, however, as this article explains. It also provides some detailed guidelines for ensuring that the hyphenation used in an academic or scientific text is correct and consistent, clarifying rather than obscuring detailed reports of methods and findings.?

Hyphens are used in compound nouns, verbs and adjectives in the English language as well. As with prefixes and suffixes, however, the?hyphenation associated with these compound words can vary widely. It can also become notoriously confusing for readers when it is incorrect and misleading. This article outlines the more predictable practices, such as hyphenating compound adjectives before a noun but not after it, and discusses the many variations and exceptions in both British and American English.?

This final article lists a number of more?miscellaneous ways in which hyphens can be used in academic and scientific English writing. Detailed instructions on using hyphens when writing numbers out as words, providing page ranges for references, omitting a common element and using double-barrelled names, compass points and more are provided. The importance of distinguishing between hyphens and en rules to ensure clarity and avoid confusion is also emphasised.

Why Scholarly Writing Should Always Be Carefully Proofread

Many authors fail to understand the importance of taking the time to proofread and polish their writing before they share it with readers. Even the simplest prose is much improved when its author reads it critically, reflects on how effectively it communicates what he or she intended, and then revises to correct errors and improve clarity and eloquence. With scholarly prose, which usually exists to present complicated information and therefore tends to become somewhat convoluted at times, this process is even more essential. ‘Should I proofread?’ is not a question an accomplished academic or scientist asks as a draft is completed. ‘When will I find the time to proofread?’ is far more common, and that time can be notoriously difficult to locate, but Proof-Reading-Service.com can help. A member of our professional academic and scientific team would be delighted to proofread your writing for you.

Before we tell you exactly what we do when we proofread for our clients, a few persuasive reasons why scholarly writing should always be proofread may prove inspiring.

·????????For one, accuracy and clarity are vital when communicating academic and scientific research in writing. Errors and ambiguities in language can confuse or even mislead readers, an unfortunate situation that tends to compromise opportunities for publication as well as careers. Accuracy and clarity are more effectively assessed when returning to a text as its critical reader than when drafting it as its author.

·????????References are often dreaded by scholarly authors, but precision, thoroughness and consistency are necessary in order to provide readers with accurate and adequate information about the sources consulted during a research project. These qualities are also required to follow guidelines and acknowledge the authors and researchers whose work has been cited. Yet errors creep with frustrating frequency and virtual invisibility into source documentation, and such errors can misrepresent a scholar’s work and that of his or her predecessors. In the worst of scenarios, an intellectual slight or accusation of plagiarism may be the result, so references of all kinds should always be proofread and corrected with great care.

·????????Formatting is an essential aspect of communicating detailed information with absolute precision, which is no doubt why the author instructions of so many scholarly journals and publishers are so very particular about the formatting of almost every aspect of academic and scientific documents, from the levels of heading used to organise a paper to the kinds of lines allowed in its tables. This vital element of scholarly writing is most effectively addressed when a paper is proofread with a critical eye alert to every detail.

At Proof-Reading-Service.com we pride ourselves on the exceptionally dedicated team of academic and scientific professionals who provide our editing and proofreading services. Our editors and proofreaders are highly educated native speakers of English who have undergone rigorous training in expert editing practices, and their fields of study and specialisation range so widely that we are able to help our clients improve and polish research manuscripts of all kinds for successful publication. Many members of our research paper editing and proofreading team focus on journal editing, manuscript editing, dissertation proofreading services, thesis editing services and phd thesis proofreading, assisting authors with articles that will be submitted to scientific and academic journals by ensuring that the formatting and references in their manuscripts conform to the relevant guidelines with precision and by correcting grammar, punctuation, spelling and typing errors to enable the clear and accurate communication of original research that acquisitions editors expect in publishable papers.

Our scientific editing services, medical editing services,and journal article editing services for authors of scientific and academic papers are especially popular, but we also excel at book editing and have the experience and expertise to proofread and edit papers of all kinds across every scholarly discipline. Some of our carefully trained editors and proofreaders work exclusively on PhD thesis editing, master’s dissertation proofreading, bachelor’s dissertation proofreading, thesis editing, dissertation editing, thesis proofreading and dissertation proofreading, applying their education and instructional skills in providing thesis editing and dissertation proofreading services that help advanced students to improve the formatting and language of their theses and dissertations and thereby increase their chances of degree success. Whether you are preparing a conference or class presentation, putting the final touches to a professional report for colleagues or tackling the challenging task of editing any kind of academic or scientific document for publication, a qualified member of our outstanding proofreading and editing team will be delighted to provide proofreading and editing services and boost your confidence in your written work.

If you are in the process of preparing an article for an academic or scientific journal, or planning one for the near future, you may well be interested in a new book, Guide to Journal Publication, which is available on our Tips and Advice on Publishing Research in Journals website.?

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