How will the Universe End..:)

If the universe is expanding, does it mean the diameter of planets are expanding too, or is it just their distances to each other that’s growing?

Unlike everyone else, I will tell you that the diameter of planets will change. The planet’s orbits around the Sun will grow larger. The diameter of galaxies will increase.

The reasoning is simple. I created a theory where Gravitation is epoch-dependent. This means that if you look at the Universe when it had half of today’s age (13.58/2 billion years), Gravitation was twice stronger. In 13.58 billion years from now, Gravitation will be half of what is today.

How do I know that?

I created a theory (The Hypergeometrical Universe Theory or HU). This theory derives from first principles a new Law of Gravitation:

Notice that the Gravitation Constant G is inversely proportional to the 4D Radius R_0.

Jupiter Grand Tack

Earth is suitable to Life for many reasons….Location (not too far… not to close to the Sun), Neighborhood (not too many asteroids around killing Dinosaurs and us… every other day)….

The asteroids distribution is particularly difficult to explain. Jupiter, the gas giant, is supposed to had vacuum cleaned the neighborhood. For that to happen in such an effective manner, astronomers have been speculating that SOMEHOW Jupiter traveled closer to Earth in the past, vacuum the neighborhood and then SOMEHOW moved back. This is ‘explained’ by the Great Tack… Some tremendous collision (that left no debris) kicked Jupiter closer and then some other tremendous collision move it back ..:) That is laughable…:) Even more when you read the Hypergeometrical Universe Theory (HU) explanation.

HU epoch-dependent Gravitation implies that in the past, all orbits had smaller radiuses. This means that Jupiter was closer to us. This also means that accretion rates (rate of planet formation from asteroids and dust coalescing). So, stronger Gravitation in the past accelerates the clock of liveability of Earth. Earth would be formed faster. Jupiter would vacuum the neighborhood more efficiently. HU epoch-dependent G provides a clean solution to this paradox and doesn’t requires any Tacks….:)

HOT JUPITERS

Hot Jupiters are gas giants that exist close to stars. It is puzzling how they are formed. Let’s consider what happens when the Star fires up. When the hydrogen gas coalesces into a Star, pressure increases to a point where nuclear fusion starts at the core. When that happens, the heat coming from the Star create winds that would dissipate any gas giant being formed. Under those conditions, there wouldn’t be any hot Jupiter being formed.

If the Jupiter were formed away from the central star, what would be the mechanism that would land that giant back into a closer orbit????

This is a puzzle to current astronomers. It gives them hope to get that Nobel Prize someday..:)

HU provides a simple solution to this problem….:) As you might had guessed, it is the same solution for everything. This paradigm of having a single factor in a theory to explain everything is identical to the solution to a PUZZLE

That is how HU solves the Physics Conundrum. A few (3) simple assumptions are considered. From their logical corollaries, everything else comes.

The Current Physics is more like this:

A Rube Goldberg apparatus that is entertaining to look at, that bewilders the viewer for its cleverness but that doesn't allow us to the the Forest for the Trees...:)

SOLUTION TO THE HOT JUPITER PUZZLE

HU epoch-dependent G would mean that if the central star had angular momentum (rotating star) as Gravity subsides, the outermost rotating layer would coalesce into a very hot Jupiter (actually a piece of the central Star).

As Gravitation weakens, the Hot Jupiter moves further and further from the central star.

SN1a Supernova Survey Distances

The same Law of Gravitation is used to recast type 1a Supernovae Explosions as epoch-dependent explosions. This is due to the fact that SN1a explodes when they reach the Chandrasekhar mass. That Chandrasekhar mass has a G^{-3/2} dependence.

That means that the farthest the SN1a is, the smaller its Mass is (CM is smaller). This means that those farthest SN1a are intrinsically smaller and weaker. This would lead to overestimation of the photometrically determined distances.

Correcting the distances and comparing to the d(z) predicted by HU yields:

So, these are predictions of corrected SN1a distances (to accommodate epoch-dependent G). They are made without a single parameter. Below is HU d(z):

HU and the Universe Map

HU applies its d(z) to the SDSS BOSS dataset containing 1.3 million galaxies information.

This is the map of the Current Universe (in absolute time). Like a snapshot of it….on instagram..:)

Cutting the Globe

Cutting this map (globe), and looking perpendicularly to the angular space (looking around the globe in any direction) yields this amazing observation:

This shows the galaxy density reminiscent of seesawing acoustic waves during the first 3012 years of the Universe life.

During those 3012 years, the Universe was basically a Neutron star density fluid…

HU proposes that the Universe is a lightspeed expanding hypersphere. This means that this neutronium fluid has a hyperspherical topology. The symmetry means that Gravitation plays no role on dynamics. Acoustic waves are created as Neutrons become free and decay into electrons, protons, antineutrinos and energy. That energy drives the density waves furthers (which feeds back localized neutron decays and localized energy release).

You can see the seesawing of those waves recompressing matter for at least 36 Bangs.

This means that the energy was released along the 36 Bangs and not in a single Big Bang…:) SO, BIG BANG IS WRONG… Unsupported by observations!!!!

THE END OF TIMES

As you can imagine, from that simple Law of Gravitation you can predict what will happen to the Universe. Gravitation will weaken and stars will expand, planets will disintegrate into atoms, matter will diffuse into its constituents...

Eventually matter itself will disintegrate back into smaller atoms...until they transmute back into protons and electrons..

Black Holes will not have to wait Gazillion years to evaporate through Hawking's radiation..:)...silly Hawkings...:) They will just expand into Neutron stars and evaporate neutrons... These neutrons will relax into protons, electron and antineutrinos..

In the end, we will have the HIGHEST POSSIBLE ENTROPIC STATE (electrons, protons, antineutrinos and relaxed space). In the past, I wrote about the Beginning of Times where the Universe started as a Zero Kelvin Blackholium (LOWEST POSSIBLE ENTROPIC STATE).

So, the Universe starts as a LOW ENTROPY HIGH ENTHALPY STATE (A Blackholium is a tightly coiled state - like a winded up winding-toy) and relaxed into the LOWEST POSSIBLE ENTROPY AND LOWEST ENTHALPY STATE.

You might notice that is exactly what you would expect and that is exactly what Physics/Thermodynamics would expect. HU provides no SURPRISES (unlike Inflation Theory which is offensive to our Intelligence).

HOW WILL THE UNIVERSE REWIND?

Remember, the Universe in HU, is a lightspeed expanding hypersphere. Below are the cross-sections of the Universe for different epochs:

HU was always agnostic with respect to what lies ahead of us. Are we creating space as we travel? That is a likely explanation. At least that would provide the key to the rewinding of the Universe.

If you remember, the Universe travels along the Radial direction to carry the information (entropy) that there is a dilation layer inside it. As the hypersphere expands that entropic change (per volume) might become comparable to the enthalpy of space creation. When that happens, perhaps the outermost layer will be finally caught up by the dilation layer and metric recombination will take place. When that happens, there will be not more information in the Universe and it will rewind.

THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE - THE ZERO KELVIN BLACKHOLIUM

Below is the Big Pop and the Many Bangs Cosmogenesis theory:

Here are selected postings:

Selected Postings by Marco Pereira on Hypergeometrical Universe