HOW TO SAVE HUMANITY FROM THE EXTINCTION OF EXISTING THREATS ON PLANET EARTH AND COMING FROM OUTER SPACE
Fernando A.G. Alcoforado
PhD em Planejamento Territorial e Desenvolvimento Regional
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present the scientific advances that need to be made in Cosmology to contribute to the adoption of technological solutions to protect humanity from threats to its extinction that exist on planet Earth, coming from outer space and that can reach humans in space travel. There are countless threats to the survival of humanity today and in the short, medium and long term future. Some of these events may occur, in the short and medium term, such as the collision of asteroids, comets or pieces of comets on the planet Earth and the emission of cosmic rays and, in the long term, such as the cooling of the Earth's core, the consequences of changes catastrophic for the Earth's environment resulting from the progressive departure of the Moon from the Earth, the death of the Sun, the collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies where the Earth is located and the end of the Universe and can contribute to humanity being taken to the its extinction as a species. The future of humanity in facing these threats depends on the success achieved in the advancement of knowledge about the Universe, especially about 9 main cosmological questions that need to be elucidated so that humanity can, with scientific knowledge, defend itself from the existing threats to its survival on planet Earth and coming from outer space and look for places in the solar system or outside it with the possibility of being habitable by humans in the event that their existence is threatened on planet Earth.
There are countless threats to the survival of humanity today and in the short, medium and long-term future. The greatest threat to humanity existing on planet Earth concerns the cooling of the core of planet Earth which has remained hot for more than 4.5 billion years, but which is slowly and inevitably cooling [9][18]. The threats existing in outer space concern the collision on the planet Earth of asteroids, comets or pieces of comets, of planets of the solar system and of orphan planets that roam in outer space, the emission of cosmic rays, catastrophic changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the progressive distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, the death of the Sun, the collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies where the Earth is located and the end of the Universe [1].
The cooling of the Earth's core will cause numerous consequences, including the loss of the Earth's magnetic field that protects us from solar and cosmic radiation and a major imbalance in the planet's food chain [18]. The Earth is made up of an inner core, an outer core, the mantle and the crust. The Earth's core lies almost 3,000 km deep in the Earth's crust (the outermost layer of the planet). Core temperatures can fluctuate between 4,400°C and 6,000°C, temperatures similar to those of the Sun. The inner core is a solid sphere, composed mostly of iron. The outer core is formed by a malleable liquid, composed of iron and nickel. It is in the outer core that the Earth's magnetic field is formed. The colossal amount of thermal energy that emanates from the interior of planet Earth sets in motion phenomena such as the movement of tectonic plates and volcanic activity. As the Earth's core cools, tectonic plates, which are kept in motion by the Earth's mantle flow, slow down faster than expected. Without core activity, volcanoes would not erupt. But without the heat of the Earth's interior, fish and plants that live on the seafloor would be threatened, which would cause a major imbalance in the planet's food chain. Another big problem would be the loss of the Earth's magnetic field. Without it, planet Earth would be vulnerable to solar and cosmic radiation and humanity would be threatened in its survival. To save humanity from the threat of cooling of the Earth's core, it is very important that there is a constant monitoring of the temperature of the Earth's core to adopt, when necessary, strategies of escape of human beings to places that are habitable in the solar system (Mars, Saturn's moon Titan, and Jupiter's moon Callisto) before the loss of Earth's magnetic field and imbalance in the planet's food chain.
The collision on planet Earth of bodies coming from outer space, such as asteroids, comets or pieces of comets, solar system planets and orphan or wandering planets that roam in outer space threaten to collide with Earth and could lead to the extinction of the human species. To deal with asteroids that could collide with planet Earth, the strategy is to divert them from their course if they are detected with enough time to launch rockets as interceptors. The same solution must be adopted for comets that can hit planet Earth. It is important that there is constant monitoring from space to identify not only asteroids, which are celestial bodies of small mass and irregular orbits, but also comets or pieces of comets, which can collide with Earth. To deal with the possibility of collision of the planets of the solar system with the Earth, it is important that there is a constant monitoring of the solar system to identify the threat of its destabilization by the planet Mercury and other planets and that research is carried out to identify habitable planets for beings humans aiming to plan their escape to exoplanets (planets located outside the solar system orbiting other stars) such as "Proxima b" orbiting a star that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, the closest to the solar system, which is 4.2 light-years from Earth , where space colonies would be implanted. In order to face the threat of collision of orphan planets with planet Earth, it is important that there is a constant monitoring of space to identify orphan planets that may collide with Earth and determine the time of their collision with the aim of adopting measures that indicate the need to plan the escape of human beings to other habitable places for human beings situated in the solar system such as Mars, Titan (Saturn's moon) and Callisto (Jupiter's moon) with the implantation of space colonies.
The emission of cosmic rays, especially the gamma rays emitted by supernova stars, which have the power to annihilate life on Earth, and the radiation and coronal mass of the Sun with its malevolent consequences on humans on Earth and in space travel require the adoption of strategies aimed at the protection of human beings on Earth and in space travel, as well as the escape of human beings to places that are habitable in the solar system to save humanity, when the need arises [1]. To save humanity from the threats posed by cosmic rays and the radiation and coronal mass of the Sun, it is necessary to adopt the following strategies: 1) monitor the explosion of supernovae permanently so that, before the explosion occurs, the necessary measures are taken aiming at the escape of human beings to possible habitable places in the solar system such as Mars, Titan (Saturn's moon) and Callisto (Jupiter's moon); 2) to promote technological advances that allow the implantation of space colonies on Mars, Titan (Saturn's moon) and Callisto (Jupiter's moon), all of them with numerous obstacles and the increase of the biological capacity of human beings to survive off Earth; 3) use the Soho satellite that acts in the intermediate position between the Earth and the Sun to detect explosions on the solar surface and send messages one hour before the arrival of the cosmic storm on Earth; and, 4) protect human beings from cosmic radiation in long-term space travel in outer space, promoting scientific and technological advances in addition to increasing the biological capacity of human beings to perform space travel and live off Earth.
How the Earth and Moon are bound together by a strong gravitational bond and affect each other. So, as the Earth's motion slows down, the Moon's speeds up. And when something that is in orbit accelerates, that acceleration pushes it out. The Moon's continuous distancing of 4 cm per year from the Earth can negatively impact the planet's environment [1]. The Moon is currently 384,400 km from Earth, 18 times farther than when it formed 4.5 billion years ago. Without the Moon, planet Earth would be unrecognizable. The oceans would have almost no tides, the days would have another length and we might not be here, according to some scientists who believe that the Moon was fundamental for the beginning of life on our planet.. To deal with the problem related to the Moon's continuous distancing from Earth and its catastrophic environmental consequences, it is very important that several teams of astronomers around the world dedicate themselves to detecting and monitoring the Moon's continuous distancing from Earth to measure its consequences on Earth's life and environment, aiming at the adoption of measures that progressively mitigate its negative impacts and point out, in extreme cases, the need to plan the escape of human beings to the most viable habitable places in the solar system such as Mars, Titan (Saturn's moon) and Callisto (Jupiter's moon).
Sun will reach the end of its existence within 4 billion years and the collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies will occur within 3.75 billion years [1]. Before the death of the Sun, humanity was supposed to leave the solar system and reach a new planet in another planetary system that is habitable for humans. Among several exoplanets (planets located outside the solar system orbiting other stars), the most viable is the exoplanet "Proxima b" orbiting the closest star to the Sun, pbelonging to the Alpha Centauri system, which is 4.2 light-years from Earth. Before the occurrence of the collision between the Andromeda and the Milky Way galaxies, it is very important that several teams of astronomers around the world dedicate themselves to the deepening of the analysis of the collision between these galaxies to assess the real consequences on planet Earth and trace escape plans for the humans to a habitable planet in a closer galaxy such as the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light-years from Earth which is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way located in the Canis Major constellation or the Large Magellanic Cloud that is located at 163 thousand light years from Earth.
The end of the Universe requires the adoption of strategies aimed at the escape of human beings to parallel universes if their existence is verified [1]. To outline these strategies, it is necessary to research the fate of our Universe if it would end up contracting possibly starting a new Universe, if it would expand forever, cooling and finally freezing in total darkness with its thermal death, if it would turn into a cold, dark and empty place or if the expansion rate of the Universe continues indefinitely, it could expand so much that even atoms that form planets and galaxies will start to disintegrate, generating the biggest apocalypse of all. It is also necessary to elucidate the nature of “dark energy” and “dark matter”, which constitute 96% of the Universe, and to investigate the existence or not of a multiverse or parallel universes, which is another important issue to study because the existence of multiverse or parallel universes opens the possibility for human beings to survive with the end of our Universe heading towards other parallel universes. The development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the unified field theory, is another important issue to be elucidated because it would seek to explain and connect in a single theoretical framework all the physical phenomena of the Universe, joining quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity into a single theoretical and mathematical treatment.
To protect humanity from threats existing on planet Earth and from those coming from outer space, science and technology must evolve to make it possible for human beings to adopt escape strategies to places located inside or outside the solar system. To make possible the adoption of the strategies described above, it is necessary to elucidate the following 9 main cosmological questions: 1) Deepen the knowledge about the “Oort Cloud” and the “Kuiper Belt” located at the limits of the solar system where they are located, respectively, comets and asteroids; 2) Prove the existence of Nemesis, a brown dwarf star, which would constitute with the Sun a binary star that could throw, by its gravitational action, asteroids located in the “Kuiper Belt” and comets located in the “Oort cloud” towards Earth; 3) Detect gravitational waves aiming at the development of observational astronomy to probe the first moments of the Universe; 4) Know the nature of dark matter and dark energy to understand the Universe; 5) Increase possible alternative habitable sites for humans in the solar system and beyond; 6) Determine the size of the Universe to know if it is finite or infinite and its shape to know if it is flat or spherical; 7) Knowing the destiny of our Universe if there will be contraction starting a new Universe, expansion with its thermal death, the end of the Universe as a cold, dark and empty place or unlimited expansion until its disintegration; 8) Prove the existence or not of parallel universes; and, 9) Promote the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the unified field theory to explain and connect in a single theoretical framework, all physical phenomena joining quantum physics and the theory of general relativity in a single theoretical and mathematical treatment.
The first question to be clarified concerns the “Oort Cloud” [2] (Figure 1) where comets are located and the “Kuiper Belt” [3] [4] (Figure 2) where are asteroids located on the edge of the solar system. Faced with the threat of collision of comets coming from the "Oort Cloud" with the planet Earth and the collision of asteroids with the planet Earth coming from the "Kuiper Belt" it is of fundamental importance to understand the gravitational forces exerted by the "Oort Cloud" and by the “Kuiper Belt” located beyond the planet Neptune to assess the possibility of comets and asteroids being thrown in all directions, many of which could hit Earth, thus causing great extinctions of life on our planet.
Figure 1- Oort Cloud
Figure 2- Kuiper Belt
The second question to be clarified concerns the proof of the existence of Nemesis [5] that would constitute with the Sun a binary star, which would be located in a position at least seventeen times more distant from the Sun than Neptune, the last planet in the solar system, and could throw by its gravitational action asteroids located in the “Kuiper Belt” and comets located in the “Oort cloud” towards Earth and cause great extinctions of life on our planet (Figure 3).
Figure 3- Sun and Nemesis
The third issue to be elucidated concerns the detection of gravitational waves [6] aiming at the development of observational astronomy to probe the first moments of the Universe (Figure 4). Gravitational waves are oscillations produced in the fabric of space-time that travel at the speed of light. This type of wave arises when extremely massive bodies, such as black holes or neutron stars, are orbiting each other or when they collide. This was one of Albert Einstein's assumptions was proven in early February 2016: gravitational waves were finally detected. Gravity, for the Theory of Relativity, is understood as a curvature created in space-time due to the presence of a massive body. Gravitational attraction is understood as a movement that occurs as a result of this curvature. The vibrations that arise in the space-time mesh generate gravitational waves, which, compared to other existing radiations, are extremely subtle and difficult to detect because gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces (magnetic force, electrical force, nuclear forces and gravitational). It is necessary to understand that gravitational waves are not propagating in space-time, but that the space-time “mesh” itself is oscillating due to the interaction between massive bodies. Gravitational waves are a new way of "seeing" what's going on in space. This is particularly important because light waves cannot penetrate the plasma that occupied all of space for the first few hundred thousand years following the Big Bang when our Universe was born, unlike gravitational waves. With the detection of gravitational waves, it will be possible to use gravity, not light, as a guide to probe the first moments of the Universe since the Big Bang.
Figure 4- Gravitational waves
The fourth question to be clarified concerns the nature of dark matter and dark energy [7] [8] to understand the Universe. The Universe is made up of 73% dark matter and 23% dark energy, while the rest is made up of galaxies, stars, planets, etc. which corresponds to 4% of the entire Universe (Figure 5). Without knowing the essence of dark matter and dark energy that corresponds to 96% of the Universe, we will not understand how it operates in its entirety.
Figure 5- Dark energy, dark matter and the known Universe
The fifth question to be clarified concerns the identification of possible alternative habitable places for humans in the solar system and outside it to make it possible for humans to escape from planet Earth in search of their survival with the implantation of space colonies in the solar system in places possible habitable habitats such as Mars [10] (Figure 6), Titan - moon of Saturn [11] (Figure 7), Callisto - moon of Jupiter [12] (Figure 8) or outside the solar system as in the exoplanet Proxima b situated in the Alpha Centauri System [13] (Figure 9). A greater challenge will be to seek humanity's escape to a planet in a closer galaxy such as the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light-years from Earth. Humanity needs to develop scientific and technological resources to make it possible to escape to a planet in the solar system, reach the habitable exoplanet, "Proxima b", orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, the closest galaxy like the Galaxy Canis Major Dwarf, and seek a way out to a parallel universe before the end of our Universe. Mars, Titan, one of Saturn's moons and Callisto, one of Jupiter's moons, are considered so far the best alternatives for human colonization within the solar system, while exoplanet Proxima B, an Earth-sized planet orbiting the Alpha Centauri System, presents as a possible alternative for human colonization outside the solar system.
Mars is the most habitable planet in the solar system (Figure 6). It has been considered as one of the main candidates for extensive and permanent human colonization, not only because it is closer to our planet but also because its surface conditions are more similar to Earth compared to other planets in the Solar System. In favor of Mars, for example, the availability of surface waters, although frozen, stands out. In 2018, a deposit of liquid water was discovered beneath the planet's ice. Mars is the number 1 option because it is a reasonably Earth-like planet in terms of gravity, and the fact that it is close to Earth allows for a trip of up to 9 months.
Figure 6- Planet Mars
Titan is Saturn's largest natural satellite (Figure 7). Titan is remarkably Earth-like and has a firm surface, a thick atmosphere, and even surface water. It has a dense atmosphere and is the only stellar object, other than Earth, where concrete evidence of the existence of stable liquid bodies on the surface has been found. The researchers think Titan's natural atmosphere and physical components make this moon a good candidate for eventual human settlement outside Earth, but it could also serve as a potential energy source for future missions.
Figure 7- Titan (Saturn's moon)
Callisto is one of the alternatives for human colonization because being further from Jupiter means that it receives less radiation from the gas giant (Figure 8). There is a possibility that there is an underground ocean, at a depth of 100 to 150 kilometers, and a small rocky core. The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto leaves open the possibility that it may harbor life. Because of the low levels of radiation on its surface, Callisto has been considered the most suitable location for a base for future human exploration of the Jupiter system. NASA itself has already begun to study the possibility of sending humans to Callisto for its geological stability and the possibility of turning the surface ice into rocket propellant.
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Figure 8- Callisto (moon of Jupiter)
The exoplanet Proxima B is an Earth-sized planet orbiting the Alpha Centauri System (Figure 9). This planet is practically a neighbor of Earth. It's just 4 light years away. Scientists believe it to be a solid, rocky planet. The exoplanet is not too hot or too cold for liquid water to exist on its surface. If there is, there might also be life in it. But it remains to be determined whether or not it has an atmosphere. Getting there is still an impossible mission with current technology, because it would be necessary to travel 40 trillion kilometers that separate us from it.
Figure 9- Exoplanet Proxima B located in the Alpha Centauri system
Source: https://austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Essays/Naturwissenschaften/Proxima_Centauri_b
The sixth question to be clarified concerns the size of the Universe [13] to determine if it is finite or infinite and its shape to determine if it is flat or spherical. Determining the size of the Universe is an important and complex task because, until now, we don't know if there is anything beyond what our most powerful telescopes have already been able to record. All the cosmological data collected to date fit the idea that the Universe is flat. There are, however, opponents of the Flat Universe Theory who defend the thesis of a spherical or closed Universe. Determining the size and shape of the Universe (flat or spherical) needs to be elucidated to better understand the Universe (Figure 10).
Figure 10- Observable universe seen from planet Earth
The seventh question to be clarified concerns the fate of our Universe whether there will be contraction initiating a new Universe, expansion with its thermal death, the end of the Universe as a cold, dark and empty place or unlimited expansion until its disintegration [13] [15] . Knowing the future evolution and destiny of the Universe is of fundamental importance for the formulation of strategies for the survival of humanity.
The eighth question to be clarified concerns the existence or not of a multiverse or parallel universes [14] [16] because the elucidation of their existence opens the possibility of human beings surviving the end of our Universe by heading to other parallel universes. The idea that we live in a “multiverse” made up of an infinite number of parallel universes has for many years been considered a scientific possibility. The challenge is to find a way to test this theory. The universes would be, in an analogy, similar to bubbles floating in a larger space capable of housing them (Figure 11).
Figure 11- Parallel Universes
Source: https://www.epochtimes.com.br/assets/uploads/2013/08/ct-multiverso-dimensoes-energia-795x447.jpg
Finally, the ninth question to be elucidated concerns the development of the final theory or theory of everything [17], that is, of the unified field theory that would seek to explain and connect in a single theoretical framework all physical phenomena by joining quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity in a single theoretical and mathematical treatment. The unified field theory would collaborate in the sense of science providing the conditions for humanity to face the threats to its survival that exist in outer space and would allow verifying the consequences of the use of advanced technologies for the benefit of humanity. There is yet no accepted unified field theory, and this subject remains an open field for research.
The 9 main cosmological questions presented in this article need to be elucidated immediately. The success in elucidating these cosmological questions will provide the conditions to know the Universe and, consequently, promote the technological advance essential to the adoption of strategies aimed at the survival of humanity as a species.
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* Fernando Alcoforado, 82, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and IPB - Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning, urban planning and energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, Secretary of Planning of Salvador, is author of the books Globaliza??o (Editora Nobel, S?o Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, S?o Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, S?o Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,https://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globaliza??o e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, S?o Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporanea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, S?o Paulo, 2010), Amaz?nia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, S?o Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econ?mico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudan?a Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revolu??es Científicas, Econ?micas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Inven??o de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017),?Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associa??o Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019) and A humanidade amea?ada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência (Editora Dialética, S?o Paulo, 2021).